CORE
🇺🇦
make metadata, not war
Services
Services overview
Explore all CORE services
Access to raw data
API
Dataset
FastSync
Content discovery
Recommender
Discovery
OAI identifiers
OAI Resolver
Managing content
Dashboard
Bespoke contracts
Consultancy services
Support us
Support us
Membership
Sponsorship
Community governance
Advisory Board
Board of supporters
Research network
About
About us
Our mission
Team
Blog
FAQs
Contact us
how much more and how much better?
Authors
J. P. B. Affana
N. Amerasinghe
+12 more
J. Atela
B. Buchner
R. J. T. Klein
K. L. Mbeva
U. Moslener
W. P. Pauw
J. Puri
J. T. Roberts
Z. Shawoo
C. Watson
R. Weikmans
L. H. Zamarioli
Publication date
1 January 2022
Publisher
'Informa UK Limited'
Doi
Cite
Abstract
Funding Information: We thank two autonomous reviewers and the team of Climate Policy editors for their excellent comments and suggestions. We are thankful for the financial support of the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) for this research. The research was done independently, BMZ had no role in the preparation, analysis or writing of this article or its outcomes. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Formal deliberations for the new collective quantified goal on climate finance began at COP26 in Glasgow. This Perspectives article aims to inform this process by discussing the potential size and nature of is post-2025 target. We argue that the climate finance system around the current target to mobilise US
100
b
i
l
l
i
o
n
p
e
r
y
e
a
r
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
f
r
a
u
g
h
t
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
i
e
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
a
t
i
t
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
t
o
s
i
m
p
l
y
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
f
i
n
a
n
c
e
t
a
r
g
e
t
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
w
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
f
i
v
e
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
n
e
g
o
t
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
:
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
2.1
(
c
)
o
f
t
h
e
P
a
r
i
s
A
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
;
t
h
e
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
−
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
;
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
s
;
m
o
b
i
l
i
s
i
n
g
p
r
i
v
a
t
e
f
i
n
a
n
c
e
;
a
n
d
‘
n
e
w
a
n
d
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
’
f
i
n
a
n
c
e
.
T
o
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
,
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
t
r
u
s
t
i
n
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
f
i
n
a
n
c
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
U
N
F
C
C
C
a
n
d
t
o
s
i
m
u
l
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
l
y
a
l
l
o
w
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
o
b
i
l
i
s
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
i
n
a
n
c
e
a
t
s
c
a
l
e
,
w
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
a
s
u
b
−
t
a
r
g
e
t
f
o
r
g
r
a
n
t
s
.
I
n
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
(
s
u
b
)
t
a
r
g
e
t
(
s
)
,
t
h
i
s
c
o
u
l
d
d
e
f
i
n
e
a
n
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
n
e
w
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
q
u
a
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
g
o
a
l
t
h
a
t
i
s
b
e
t
t
e
r
s
u
i
t
e
d
t
o
s
e
r
v
e
t
h
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
i
n
g
d
u
a
l
r
o
l
e
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
i
s
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
n
c
e
a
t
s
c
a
l
e
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
r
i
n
g
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
.
K
e
y
p
o
l
i
c
y
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
s
:
A
m
b
i
g
u
o
u
s
d
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
f
i
n
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
U
S
100 billion per year to support developing countries has been fraught with difficulties, and that it would be ineffective to simply increase the climate finance target without addressing these difficulties. Therefore, we identify and discuss five priority elements for negotiations: the relation to Article 2.1(c) of the Paris Agreement; the adaptation-mitigation balance; financial instruments; mobilising private finance; and ‘new and additional’ finance. To increase transparency, accountability, and trust in climate finance under the UNFCCC and to simultaneously allow for the mobilisation of finance at scale, we suggest setting a sub-target for grants. In combination with additional (sub)target(s), this could define an overall new collective quantified goal that is better suited to serve the challenging dual role of mobilising finance at scale and transferring resources to developing countries. Key policy insights: Ambiguous definitions of climate finance and the US
100
bi
ll
i
o
n
p
erye
a
r
t
os
u
pp
or
t
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
in
g
co
u
n
t
r
i
es
ha
s
b
ee
n
f
r
a
ug
h
tw
i
t
h
d
i
ff
i
c
u
lt
i
es
,
an
d
t
ha
t
i
tw
o
u
l
d
b
e
in
e
ff
ec
t
i
v
e
t
os
im
pl
y
in
cre
a
se
t
h
ec
l
ima
t
e
f
inan
ce
t
a
r
g
e
tw
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
dd
ress
in
g
t
h
ese
d
i
ff
i
c
u
lt
i
es
.
T
h
ere
f
ore
,
w
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
an
dd
i
sc
u
ss
f
i
v
e
p
r
i
or
i
t
ye
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
or
n
e
g
o
t
ia
t
i
o
n
s
:
t
h
ere
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
2.1
(
c
)
o
f
t
h
e
P
a
r
i
s
A
g
ree
m
e
n
t
;
t
h
e
a
d
a
pt
a
t
i
o
n
−
mi
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
nba
l
an
ce
;
f
inan
c
ia
l
in
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
s
;
m
o
bi
l
i
s
in
g
p
r
i
v
a
t
e
f
inan
ce
;
an
d
‘
n
e
w
an
d
a
dd
i
t
i
o
na
l
’
f
inan
ce
.
T
o
in
cre
a
se
t
r
an
s
p
a
re
n
cy
,
a
cco
u
n
t
abi
l
i
t
y
,
an
d
t
r
u
s
t
in
c
l
ima
t
e
f
inan
ce
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
U
NFCCC
an
d
t
os
im
u
lt
an
eo
u
s
l
y
a
ll
o
w
f
or
t
h
e
m
o
bi
l
i
s
a
t
i
o
n
o
ff
inan
ce
a
t
sc
a
l
e
,
w
es
ugg
es
t
se
tt
in
g
a
s
u
b
−
t
a
r
g
e
t
f
or
g
r
an
t
s
.
I
n
co
mbina
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
ha
dd
i
t
i
o
na
l
(
s
u
b
)
t
a
r
g
e
t
(
s
)
,
t
hi
sco
u
l
dd
e
f
in
e
an
o
v
er
a
ll
n
e
w
co
ll
ec
t
i
v
e
q
u
an
t
i
f
i
e
d
g
o
a
lt
ha
t
i
s
b
e
tt
ers
u
i
t
e
d
t
oser
v
e
t
h
ec
ha
ll
e
n
g
in
g
d
u
a
l
ro
l
eo
f
m
o
bi
l
i
s
in
g
f
inan
ce
a
t
sc
a
l
e
an
d
t
r
an
s
f
err
in
g
reso
u
rces
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
in
g
co
u
n
t
r
i
es
.
Key
p
o
l
i
cy
in
s
i
g
h
t
s
:
A
mbi
gu
o
u
s
d
e
f
ini
t
i
o
n
so
f
c
l
ima
t
e
f
inan
ce
an
d
t
h
e
U
S
100 billion target allow for multiple interpretations, reducing transparency and trust between countries. Climate finance targets can be interpreted in a dual and sometimes contrasting way: mobilising investment at scale and transferring resources from developed to developing countries. Recognising this duality may help to find common ground for a post-2025 climate finance target. Increasing the climate finance target may prove ineffective without further clarity on private finance mobilisation, the relation to Art. 2.1(c), and other priority elements. More detailed assessments of needs, priorities, costs, and support are needed to inform the post-2025 target and assess climate finance provision effectiveness. A sub-target for grants could increase accountability, trust, and transparency, and target the needs of the most vulnerable developing countries. Negotiations on the post-2025 climate finance target could also consider additional aspects such as access to and prioritisation of finance, and loss and damage.publishersversionpublishe
Similar works
Full text
Open in the Core reader
Download PDF
Available Versions
Repositório da Universidade Nova de Lisboa
See this paper in CORE
Go to the repository landing page
Download from data provider
oai:run.unl.pt:10362/149568
Last time updated on 08/03/2023