Armengol, J.

Makowka, O.

Mohr, C.

Schrag, Y.

Sierro, G.

Tremea, A.

Serveur académique lausannois

Magical beliefs and experiences are part ofthe schizotypy concept. Religiosity tooinvolves magical beliefs and experiences. Inthe case of schizotypy, experiences arepersonal, non-institutionalized and mostlynon-intentional. In the case of religiosity,experiences are part of the culturalinheritance, to a big part institutionalized, andfor various occasions intentional.Assumption: free will may play a minor roleand determinism a major role in schizotypywith the opposite relationship being true forreligiosity.IntroductionOur results indicate:1) Free Will beliefs are unrelated to schizotypy, religiosity and deterministic beliefs, respectively.2) Enhanced deterministic beliefs associate with lower IntAn across all participants, and to reduced ImpNon, UnExp, and CogDis in non-believers only.These results show that free will beliefs are unrelated to deterministic beliefs contrary to the usual philosophical assumption. Moreover, enhanced deterministic beliefsrelate to lower schizotypy scores, thought to be beneficial when taking a psychiatric high-risk approach. Deterministic thinking might thus associate to mental health inparticular when being a non-believer. Potentially, believers understand the concept of determinism very differently, because they are likely to have different worldviews, or the relationships did not emerge in believers because their overall score range is lower.Future studies on free will and determinism should account for the possibility that leaving religious belief unaccounted for adds serious noise to the data.DiscussionMethodsResultsGroup comparisonsANOVA on UnExp showed sex difference for UnExp, F(1, 132)=5.60, p=.019, women µ=3.76 > men µ=2.64.ANOVA on ImpNon showed an effect of belief group (F(1,132)=4.307, p=.04, non-believers µ=3.29 > believersµ=2.57).The ANOVA on deterministic belief showed an effect of belief group (F(1, 132)=5.649, p=.019, non-believersµ=3.88 > believers µ=3.55), contrary to free will beliefs (F(1, 132)=.870, p=.353.Free will and determinism as a function of schizotypy and religiosityYann Schrag12, Jerome Armengol1, Alessandro Tremea1, Oriane Makowka1, Guillaume Sierro12, Christine Mohr12University of Lausanne1, Institute of Psychology, LERB21Mason O, Linney Y, Claridge G. (2005) Short scales for measuring schizotypy. Schizophr Res; 78: 293-6.2Paulhus, D. L., & Carey, J. M. (2011). The FAD-Plus: Measuring lay beliefs regarding free will and related constructs. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(1), 96–104.3Rakos, R. F., Laurene, K. R., Skala, S., & Slane, S. (2008). Belief in free will: Measurement and conceptualization innovations. Behavior and Social Issues, 17,20–39.Participants• 95 women and 39 men (n=134), mean age (in years) 20.99 (SD=1.94, range 18 - 30).• 57 declared themselves as believers (of any kind of religion that involves the existence of a god)• 77 non-believers (including atheists and agnostics).Psychometric measuresSchizotypy (O-LIFE): Self-reporting questionnaire measuring Cognitive Disorganization (CogDis), Unusual Experiences (UnEx),Impulsive non-conformity (ImpNon and Introvertive Anhedonia (IntAn)1Examples:CogDis: Are you easily distracted when you read or talk to someone?UnExp: When in the dark do you often see shapes and forms even though there is nothing there?InAn: Do you feel that making new friends isn’t worth the energy it takes?ImpNon : do you at times have an urge to do something harmful or shocking ?Religious beliefs: Self-created to test for research question asking several details on i) beliefs in supernatural entity, ii)individual religious behaviors, i.e. praying, iii) social oriented religious practice, i.e. going to the church.Free will beliefs (FAD-plus2 and Free Will and Determinism Scale3) : FAD-plus in experiment 1 and FWD inexperiments 2 & 3.Examples :FAD-plus : people have complete control over the decisions they make.FWD : I have free will even when my choices are limited by external circumstances.Deterministic beliefs (FAD-plus determinist subscale in all three experiments.Example : your genes determine your future.Believers vs non-believers (in god)Spearman’s rho analysis on separate groups between believers and non believers showed a negativecorrelation between deterministic beliefs and 3 of the schizotypal subscales for non-believers only,respectively (see Figure 2A, B, C) :A) impulsive non-conformity (rs[134]=-,299, p=.008, vs rs[134]=.085, p=.528), B) unusual experience (rs[134]=-.255, p=.025, vs rs[134]=.120, p=.374) C) cognitive disorganisation (rs[134]=-.229, p=.045, vs rs[134]=-.096, p=.479).Contact : yann.schrag@unil.chReferencesFigure 2: Scatterplots between determinism scores and the O-LiFE subscale scores (A: ImpNon, B, UnEx, C: CogDis) for believers and non-believers separately. Figure 1 : partial correlations between IntAn and determinism belief(belief in god and gender controled)Partial correlations(with belief in god and sex as control variables) showedthat belief in determinism correlate negatively withIntAn scores (r=-.191, p=.028), see figure below.N=134 UnExp DetBeliefgroup Male Female NonBeliever BelieverMeans 2,64 3,76 3.88 3.55SD 1,84 2,70 0.82 0.76ImpNon FW beliefsgroup NonBeliever Believer NonBeliever BelieverMeans 3.30 2.58 5.00 5.16SD 2.03 1.93 1.11 0.88

Free will and determinism as a function of schizotypy and religiosity

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Free will and determinism as a function of schizotypy and religiosity

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