We report an extremely rare example of a thoracocervicofacial subcutaneous emphysema after Heimlich maneuver case

Bouayed, S.

Hallak, B.

Sandu, K.

Teiga, P.S.

PubMed

We report an extremely rare example of a thoracocervicofacial subcutaneous emphysema after Heimlich maneuver case.</jats:p

Salim Bouayed

Kishore Sandu

Pedro S. Teiga

Bassel Hallak

Crossref

Case ReportThoracocervicofacial Emphysema after Heimlich’s ManeuvreSalim Bouayed, Kishore Sandu, Pedro S. Teiga, and Bassel HallakDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital of Sion, 1950 Sion, SwitzerlandCorrespondence should be addressed to Bassel Hallak; bassel2004@hotmail.comReceived 6 August 2014; Accepted 15 February 2015Academic Editor: Manish GuptaCopyright © 2015 Salim Bouayed et al.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.We report an extremely rare example of a thoracocervicofacial subcutaneous emphysema after Heimlich maneuver case.1. IntroductionIn 1974, Henry Heimlich described his life saving manoeuvreof abdominal infradiaphragmatic pressure to dislodge aspi-rated food from upper airways. The manoeuver of Heimlichconsists in creating an increased intrathoracic pressure bymeans of an abrupt epigastric compression directed upwards[1], forcing expiry of the residual trapped intrapulmonaryair followed by an expulsion of the foreign body in theairway.This forced air expiration, sometimes against a closedglottis, can be associated with complications which can bemultiplied by the actual foreign body impaction in the upperaerodigestive tract. Here we report a case of subcutaneousthoracocervicofacial emphysema after Heimlich’s maneuver.2. Clinical CaseA 45-year-old Caucasian woman, mentally disabled, livingin an institution of special care, presented with an acuteonset chocking with respiratory distress during her meal.The care-taker nurse had noticed that she had eaten a largepiece of chicken meat. Instantaneously, the nurse performedHeimlich’s maneuver on three separate occasions. Imme-diately after the maneuver, the acute respiratory distresspartially resolved, though the patient developed subcuta-neous emphysema extending from the thorax to the faceclosing the eyelids completely. The blood oxygen saturationwas above adequate. A transnasal fibreoptic laryngoscopyshowed salivary stasis in both piriform sinuses. There wasno laryngeal edema and vocal cord mobility was conserved.An urgent cervicothoracic CT scan (Figure 1) done in thefollowing hour revealed a three cm long foreign body ofbone density located at the esophageal opening. In addition,massive subcutaneous emphysema was seen, cranially fromthe fat pad of Bichat extending posteriorly to the retropha-ryngeal space, the occipital region descending caudally to theaxilla, and the mediastinum (Figures 2(a), 2(b), and 3).Therethe lung parenchyma was normal and there was no pleuraleffusion. A rigid pharyngoesophagoscopy was done 6 hourslater extracting a large piece of bony chicken meat which wasimpacted in the right piriform sinus. On repeated endoscopya 3mm tear was seen at the apex of the right piriform sinusextending until the cricopharynx. Because the size of the tearwas small we decided against an endoscopic repair of the tearonly inserting a nasogastric feeding tube under endoscopiccontrol. The patient was covered with amoxyclavulanic acid1.2 g three times a day.Twenty-four hours later, the patient redeveloped a pro-gressive respiratory distress with increasing inflammatoryparameters. The patient was febrile and had tachycardia (HR> 110/min). A new cervicothoracic CT scan was performed.It revealed a regression of the subcutaneous emphysema andthe pneumomediastinum but showed evidence of bilateralpleural effusion and atelectasis. Bilateral intercostal drainswere inserted in emergency. A new pharyngoesophagoscopyshowed pus in the right piriform sinus. A right exploratorycervicotomy was performed to evacuate the abscess andshowed no evidence of residual foreign body. The site wasrinsed with dilute hydrogen peroxide and betadeneR andclosed over 2 easy-flow drains. The wound was rinsed withdilute betadine solution 2 times a day for the next 3 days.Antibiotherapy (amoxicillin-clavulanate) was continued forHindawi Publishing CorporationCase Reports in OtolaryngologyVolume 2015, Article ID 427320, 3 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/4273202 Case Reports in OtolaryngologyFigure 1: CT scan axial section showing the foreign body and subcutaneous emphysema.(a) (b)Figure 2: (a) Axial, (b)coronal cervicothoraco CT scan with 2D reconstruction obtained urgently.Figure 3: 3D reconstruction from images of the cervical-thoracicCT obtained emergency shows the distribution of emphysema inrelation to other structures aeric content. Emphysema is shown inred; the trachea and bronchi are shown in blue, light green lung.10 days. The thoracic tubes were pulled out at day 5. Overthe next few days the inflammatory parameters settledand the general condition improved. The cervical drainswere removed on the sixth day. A cervicothoracic CT scanperformed on day 9 showed a complete resolution of thecervical pneumomediastinum, the pleural effusion, and thesubcutaneous emphysema. A barium study done at 2 weekswas normal and the patient was restarted on feeds.3. DiscussionHeimlich’s maneuver is used commonly in case of foreignbody blockage in the superior aerodigestive tract but has beenassociated with many complications reported in the medicalliterature.Complications associated with this maneuver mentionedin the literature include vomiting, pharyngeal or oesophagealtears, and rib fractures. Other more serious complicationsdescribed are esophagogastric and jejunal ruptures [2–4],thrombosis of the abdominal aorta [5], diaphragmatic hernia[6], and pneumomediastinum [4, 7]. The pneumomedi-astinum and the subcutaneous emphysema although rare,they can occur following bronchopleural and pharyngoe-sophageal tears [8].Pharyngoesophageal perforations can be caused by sharpforeign body impactions, external trauma, caustic injuries,and iatrogenically induced endoscopic interventions. Theimpaction of pharyngeal or oesophageal foreign body isresponsible for a perforation in 2% of the cases [9, 10]. Tothe best of our knowledge, Heimlich’s maneuver performedfor a sharp foreign body impaction leading to a secondaryhypopharyngeal perforation has not yet been described in theliterature. Following a foreign body impaction, subcutaneousemphysema on clinical examination andmediastinal emphy-sema on radiological imaging should evoke suspicion ofCase Reports in Otolaryngology 3a pharyngoesophageal tear. The emphysema can be exagger-ated by raised intrathoracic and abdominal pressures duringHeimlich’smaneuverwhich is commonly advocated to relieveforeign body impactions in the upper aerodigestive tract.Thisis exactly what happened in our patient in whom Heim-lich’s maneuver unfortunately complicated a foreign bodyimpaction causing a more serious pneumomediastinum. Inour patient the pharyngeal perforation led to a fistula andsubsequently mediastinitis. Prompt surgical drainage of theabscess, intercostal drains, and intravenous broad-spectrumantibiotics were given to treat the patient.Subcutaneous emphysema usually regresses by itself over3–10 days. Surgical exploration allows the release of emphy-sema, but it is important to drain this wound by an easy-flow, Penrose, or corrugated rubber drains. A tight closurewithout a drain will not allow the release of the air trappedwithin the subcutaneous planes. Oral feeds are started onlywhen there is evidence of complete pharyngeal fistula healingon a barium swallow study and the inflammatory parameterssettle. In case of pharyngeal or esophageal perforation, thetraditional treatment is surgery. Many writers described themedical treatment without serious complications [10–12]. ForSkinner et al., the treatment of perforation in the piriformsinus must be based on the extension [13]. High pharyngealfistulas can be closed by an endoscopic approach, whereasdistal or esophageal fistulas need open approach and closure.In our case, medical treatment failed probably because ofextensive subcutaneous emphysema. It would have been idealif we had extracted the sharp foreign body endoscopicallyand explored the neck during the same time to evacuatethe emphysema which could have avoided the mediastinalcomplications.4. ConclusionsHeimlich’s maneuver is practiced commonly to relieve atrapped foreign body in the upper aerodigestive tract. How-ever, its use in case of a sharp pointed foreign body may leadto an esophageal perforation with extensive cervicomediasti-nal emphysema, which warrants foreign body extraction andis combined with an open exploration.ConsentThe authors have taken the consent of the patient and usedher CT scans to write this paper. A copy of this can be madeavailable to the office of the editor.Conflict of InterestsThe authors declare no conflict of interests in the preparationof the paper.References[1] H. J. Heimlich, “A life-saving maneuver to prevent food-choking,”The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.234, no. 4, pp. 398–401, 1975.[2] J. Ayerdi, S. K. Gupta, L. N. Sampson, and N. Deshmukh,“Acute abdominal aortic thrombosis following the Heimlichmaneuver,” Cardiovascular Surgery, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 154–156,2002.[3] A. Gallardo, R. Rosado, D. Ramı´rez, P. Medina, S. Mezquita,and J. Sa´nchez, “Rupture of the lesser gastric curvature after aHeimlich maneuver,” Surgical endoscopy, vol. 17, no. 9, p. 1495,2003.[4] M. J. Meredith and R. Liebowitz, “Rupture of the esopha-gus caused by the Heimlich maneuver,” Annals of EmergencyMedicine, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 106–107, 1986.[5] R. L. Kirshner and R. M. Green, “Acute thrombosis of abdom-inal aortic aneurysm subsequent to Heimlich maneuver: a casereport,” Journal of Vascular Surgery, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 594–596,1985.[6] V. Ujjin, S. Ratanasit, and T. Nagendran, “Diaphragmatic herniaas a complication of the Heimlich maneuver,” InternationalSurgery, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 175–176, 1984.[7] G. H. Rich, “Pneumomediastinum following the Heimlichmaneuver,”Annals of EmergencyMedicine, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 279–280, 1980.[8] T. Okada, F. Sasaki, and S. Todo, “Perforation of the piriformrecessus by a swallowed glass splinter presenting as pneumo-mediastinum in a child,” Pediatric Surgery International, vol. 20,no. 8, pp. 643–645, 2004.[9] P. Nandi and G. B. Ong, “Foreign body in the esophagus: reviewof 2394 cases,” British Journal of Surgery, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 5–9,1978.[10] P. J. Radford and F. C. Wells, “Perforation of the oesophagusby a swallowed foreign body presenting as a mediastinal andpulmonary mass,”Thorax, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 416–417, 1988.[11] A´. Altorjay, J. Kiss, A. Vo¨ro¨s, and A´. Boha´k, “Nonoperativemanagement of esophageal perforations: is it justified?” Annalsof Surgery, vol. 225, no. 4, pp. 415–421, 1997.[12] W. G. Jones II and R. J. Ginsberg, “Esophageal perforation: acontinuing challenge,” Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 53, no. 3,pp. 534–543, 1992.[13] D. B. Skinner, A. G. Little, and T. R. DeMeester, “Managementof esophageal perforation,”TheAmerican Journal of Surgery, vol.139, no. 6, pp. 760–764, 1980.Submit your manuscripts athttp://www.hindawi.comStem CellsInternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014MEDIATORSINFLAMMATIONofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Behavioural NeurologyEndocrinologyInternational Journal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Disease MarkersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014BioMed Research InternationalOncologyJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Oxidative Medicine and Cellular LongevityHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014PPAR ResearchThe Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Journal ofObesityJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 Computational and  Mathematical Methods in MedicineOphthalmologyJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Diabetes ResearchJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Research and TreatmentAIDSHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Gastroenterology Research and PracticeHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Parkinson’s DiseaseEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com

Case Reports in Otolaryngology

Thoracocervicofacial Emphysema after Heimlich’s Maneuvre

Directory of Open Access Journals

Serveur académique lausannois

Case ReportThoracocervicofacial Emphysema after Heimlich’s ManeuvreSalim Bouayed, Kishore Sandu, Pedro S. Teiga, and Bassel HallakDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital of Sion, 1950 Sion, SwitzerlandCorrespondence should be addressed to Bassel Hallak; bassel2004@hotmail.comReceived 6 August 2014; Accepted 15 February 2015Academic Editor: Manish GuptaCopyright © 2015 Salim Bouayed et al.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.We report an extremely rare example of a thoracocervicofacial subcutaneous emphysema after Heimlich maneuver case.1. IntroductionIn 1974, Henry Heimlich described his life saving manoeuvreof abdominal infradiaphragmatic pressure to dislodge aspi-rated food from upper airways. The manoeuver of Heimlichconsists in creating an increased intrathoracic pressure bymeans of an abrupt epigastric compression directed upwards[1], forcing expiry of the residual trapped intrapulmonaryair followed by an expulsion of the foreign body in theairway.This forced air expiration, sometimes against a closedglottis, can be associated with complications which can bemultiplied by the actual foreign body impaction in the upperaerodigestive tract. Here we report a case of subcutaneousthoracocervicofacial emphysema after Heimlich’s maneuver.2. Clinical CaseA 45-year-old Caucasian woman, mentally disabled, livingin an institution of special care, presented with an acuteonset chocking with respiratory distress during her meal.The care-taker nurse had noticed that she had eaten a largepiece of chicken meat. Instantaneously, the nurse performedHeimlich’s maneuver on three separate occasions. Imme-diately after the maneuver, the acute respiratory distresspartially resolved, though the patient developed subcuta-neous emphysema extending from the thorax to the faceclosing the eyelids completely. The blood oxygen saturationwas above adequate. A transnasal fibreoptic laryngoscopyshowed salivary stasis in both piriform sinuses. There wasno laryngeal edema and vocal cord mobility was conserved.An urgent cervicothoracic CT scan (Figure 1) done in thefollowing hour revealed a three cm long foreign body ofbone density located at the esophageal opening. In addition,massive subcutaneous emphysema was seen, cranially fromthe fat pad of Bichat extending posteriorly to the retropha-ryngeal space, the occipital region descending caudally to theaxilla, and the mediastinum (Figures 2(a), 2(b), and 3).Therethe lung parenchyma was normal and there was no pleuraleffusion. A rigid pharyngoesophagoscopy was done 6 hourslater extracting a large piece of bony chicken meat which wasimpacted in the right piriform sinus. On repeated endoscopya 3mm tear was seen at the apex of the right piriform sinusextending until the cricopharynx. Because the size of the tearwas small we decided against an endoscopic repair of the tearonly inserting a nasogastric feeding tube under endoscopiccontrol. The patient was covered with amoxyclavulanic acid1.2 g three times a day.Twenty-four hours later, the patient redeveloped a pro-gressive respiratory distress with increasing inflammatoryparameters. The patient was febrile and had tachycardia (HR> 110/min). A new cervicothoracic CT scan was performed.It revealed a regression of the subcutaneous emphysema andthe pneumomediastinum but showed evidence of bilateralpleural effusion and atelectasis. Bilateral intercostal drainswere inserted in emergency. A new pharyngoesophagoscopyshowed pus in the right piriform sinus. A right exploratorycervicotomy was performed to evacuate the abscess andshowed no evidence of residual foreign body. The site wasrinsed with dilute hydrogen peroxide and betadeneR andclosed over 2 easy-flow drains. The wound was rinsed withdilute betadine solution 2 times a day for the next 3 days.Antibiotherapy (amoxicillin-clavulanate) was continued forHindawi Publishing CorporationCase Reports in OtolaryngologyVolume 2015, Article ID 427320, 3 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/4273202 Case Reports in OtolaryngologyFigure 1: CT scan axial section showing the foreign body and subcutaneous emphysema.(a) (b)Figure 2: (a) Axial, (b)coronal cervicothoraco CT scan with 2D reconstruction obtained urgently.Figure 3: 3D reconstruction from images of the cervical-thoracicCT obtained emergency shows the distribution of emphysema inrelation to other structures aeric content. Emphysema is shown inred; the trachea and bronchi are shown in blue, light green lung.10 days. The thoracic tubes were pulled out at day 5. Overthe next few days the inflammatory parameters settledand the general condition improved. The cervical drainswere removed on the sixth day. A cervicothoracic CT scanperformed on day 9 showed a complete resolution of thecervical pneumomediastinum, the pleural effusion, and thesubcutaneous emphysema. A barium study done at 2 weekswas normal and the patient was restarted on feeds.3. DiscussionHeimlich’s maneuver is used commonly in case of foreignbody blockage in the superior aerodigestive tract but has beenassociated with many complications reported in the medicalliterature.Complications associated with this maneuver mentionedin the literature include vomiting, pharyngeal or oesophagealtears, and rib fractures. Other more serious complicationsdescribed are esophagogastric and jejunal ruptures [2–4],thrombosis of the abdominal aorta [5], diaphragmatic hernia[6], and pneumomediastinum [4, 7]. The pneumomedi-astinum and the subcutaneous emphysema although rare,they can occur following bronchopleural and pharyngoe-sophageal tears [8].Pharyngoesophageal perforations can be caused by sharpforeign body impactions, external trauma, caustic injuries,and iatrogenically induced endoscopic interventions. Theimpaction of pharyngeal or oesophageal foreign body isresponsible for a perforation in 2% of the cases [9, 10]. Tothe best of our knowledge, Heimlich’s maneuver performedfor a sharp foreign body impaction leading to a secondaryhypopharyngeal perforation has not yet been described in theliterature. Following a foreign body impaction, subcutaneousemphysema on clinical examination andmediastinal emphy-sema on radiological imaging should evoke suspicion ofCase Reports in Otolaryngology 3a pharyngoesophageal tear. The emphysema can be exagger-ated by raised intrathoracic and abdominal pressures duringHeimlich’smaneuverwhich is commonly advocated to relieveforeign body impactions in the upper aerodigestive tract.Thisis exactly what happened in our patient in whom Heim-lich’s maneuver unfortunately complicated a foreign bodyimpaction causing a more serious pneumomediastinum. Inour patient the pharyngeal perforation led to a fistula andsubsequently mediastinitis. Prompt surgical drainage of theabscess, intercostal drains, and intravenous broad-spectrumantibiotics were given to treat the patient.Subcutaneous emphysema usually regresses by itself over3–10 days. Surgical exploration allows the release of emphy-sema, but it is important to drain this wound by an easy-flow, Penrose, or corrugated rubber drains. A tight closurewithout a drain will not allow the release of the air trappedwithin the subcutaneous planes. Oral feeds are started onlywhen there is evidence of complete pharyngeal fistula healingon a barium swallow study and the inflammatory parameterssettle. In case of pharyngeal or esophageal perforation, thetraditional treatment is surgery. Many writers described themedical treatment without serious complications [10–12]. ForSkinner et al., the treatment of perforation in the piriformsinus must be based on the extension [13]. High pharyngealfistulas can be closed by an endoscopic approach, whereasdistal or esophageal fistulas need open approach and closure.In our case, medical treatment failed probably because ofextensive subcutaneous emphysema. It would have been idealif we had extracted the sharp foreign body endoscopicallyand explored the neck during the same time to evacuatethe emphysema which could have avoided the mediastinalcomplications.4. ConclusionsHeimlich’s maneuver is practiced commonly to relieve atrapped foreign body in the upper aerodigestive tract. How-ever, its use in case of a sharp pointed foreign body may leadto an esophageal perforation with extensive cervicomediasti-nal emphysema, which warrants foreign body extraction andis combined with an open exploration.ConsentThe authors have taken the consent of the patient and usedher CT scans to write this paper. A copy of this can be madeavailable to the office of the editor.Conflict of InterestsThe authors declare no conflict of interests in the preparationof the paper.References[1] H. J. Heimlich, “A life-saving maneuver to prevent food-choking,”The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.234, no. 4, pp. 398–401, 1975.[2] J. Ayerdi, S. K. Gupta, L. N. Sampson, and N. Deshmukh,“Acute abdominal aortic thrombosis following the Heimlichmaneuver,” Cardiovascular Surgery, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 154–156,2002.[3] A. Gallardo, R. Rosado, D. Ramı´rez, P. Medina, S. Mezquita,and J. Sa´nchez, “Rupture of the lesser gastric curvature after aHeimlich maneuver,” Surgical endoscopy, vol. 17, no. 9, p. 1495,2003.[4] M. J. Meredith and R. Liebowitz, “Rupture of the esopha-gus caused by the Heimlich maneuver,” Annals of EmergencyMedicine, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 106–107, 1986.[5] R. L. Kirshner and R. M. Green, “Acute thrombosis of abdom-inal aortic aneurysm subsequent to Heimlich maneuver: a casereport,” Journal of Vascular Surgery, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 594–596,1985.[6] V. Ujjin, S. Ratanasit, and T. Nagendran, “Diaphragmatic herniaas a complication of the Heimlich maneuver,” InternationalSurgery, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 175–176, 1984.[7] G. H. Rich, “Pneumomediastinum following the Heimlichmaneuver,”Annals of EmergencyMedicine, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 279–280, 1980.[8] T. Okada, F. Sasaki, and S. Todo, “Perforation of the piriformrecessus by a swallowed glass splinter presenting as pneumo-mediastinum in a child,” Pediatric Surgery International, vol. 20,no. 8, pp. 643–645, 2004.[9] P. Nandi and G. B. Ong, “Foreign body in the esophagus: reviewof 2394 cases,” British Journal of Surgery, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 5–9,1978.[10] P. J. Radford and F. C. Wells, “Perforation of the oesophagusby a swallowed foreign body presenting as a mediastinal andpulmonary mass,”Thorax, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 416–417, 1988.[11] A´. Altorjay, J. Kiss, A. Vo¨ro¨s, and A´. Boha´k, “Nonoperativemanagement of esophageal perforations: is it justified?” Annalsof Surgery, vol. 225, no. 4, pp. 415–421, 1997.[12] W. G. Jones II and R. J. Ginsberg, “Esophageal perforation: acontinuing challenge,” Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 53, no. 3,pp. 534–543, 1992.[13] D. B. Skinner, A. G. Little, and T. R. DeMeester, “Managementof esophageal perforation,”TheAmerican Journal of Surgery, vol.139, no. 6, pp. 760–764, 1980.

Thoracocervicofacial Emphysema after Heimlich's Maneuvre.

https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_B258ECC6D085.P001/REF.pdf

Thoracocervicofacial Emphysema after Heimlich's Maneuvre.

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Crossref

Directory of Open Access Journals

Serveur académique lausannois