de Maat, E.

English

Er wordt met succes gewerkt aan allerlei computersystemen om wet- en regelgeving makkelijker toegankelijk te maken. Portals en zoekmachines maken het makkelijker om relevante stukken tekst te vinden; expertsystemen helpen met het toepassen van de regels. Echter, om deze systemen te kunnen gebruiken, moet de regelgeving aan het systeem worden toegevoegd. Dit betekent dat de structuur van de regels moet worden gemarkeerd in HTML of XML, of dat er computermodellen van de tekst moeten worden gemaakt. Emile de Maat onderzocht in hoeverre dit markeren van teksten en het maken van modellen geautomatiseerd kan worden. Hierbij keek hij uitsluitend naar Nederlandse wetteksten. De Maat bestudeerde een aantal verschillende taken: het bepalen van de structuur van de wettekst, het vinden van verwijzingen in de wettekst, het classificeren van zinnen in de wettekst, het modelleren van die zinnen en het samenvoegen van de losse modellen voor de zinnen tot een model voor de gehele wet. De Maat concludeer

International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion online publications

UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl)UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)Making sense of legal textsde Maat, E.Publication date2012Link to publicationCitation for published version (APA):de Maat, E. (2012). Making sense of legal texts. [Thesis, fully internal, Universiteit vanAmsterdam].General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s)and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an opencontent license (like Creative Commons).Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, pleaselet the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the materialinaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letterto: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Youwill be contacted as soon as possible.Download date:11 Feb 2023i  Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Parsing Structure .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Structure of Dutch Laws ...................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Numbering ............................................................................................................................. 12 2.3 Automated Detection ........................................................................................................... 13 2.3.1 Separating the Different Parts of a Law ................................................................... 14 2.4 Splitting the Body of a Document in Parts and Articles ................................................ 14 2.5 Splitting Articles .................................................................................................................... 16 2.6 Recognising Quoted Text to be Added Elsewhere ......................................................... 17 2.7 Tables, Images and Other Content .................................................................................... 19 2.8 Experiment ............................................................................................................................. 19 2.9 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 24 3 References ....................................................................................................................................... 27 3.1 References to Documents ................................................................................................... 29 3.2 References to Parts of Documents .................................................................................... 30 3.3 Resolving References ............................................................................................................ 31 3.4 Experiment ............................................................................................................................. 33 3.5 Generalisation to Other Sources ........................................................................................ 34 3.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 35 4 Classification of Sentences ........................................................................................................... 39 4.1 Norms ..................................................................................................................................... 46 4.1.1 Obligations ..................................................................................................................... 46 4.1.2 Rights .............................................................................................................................. 47 4.1.3 Application Provisions ................................................................................................. 47 4.1.4 Penalisations .................................................................................................................. 48 4.1.5 Calculations .................................................................................................................... 48 4.1.6 Delegation ...................................................................................................................... 49 4.1.7 Publication provision ................................................................................................... 50 4.2 Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 50 4.2.1 Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 50 4.2.2 Type Extensions ........................................................................................................... 52 4.3 Deeming Provisions ............................................................................................................. 52 ii    4.4 Lifecycle and maintenance ................................................................................................... 53 4.4.1 Enactment Date ............................................................................................................ 53 4.4.2 Short Title ...................................................................................................................... 54 4.4.3 Change Provisions ........................................................................................................ 54 4.5 Experiment: Pattern-based Approach ............................................................................... 56 4.5.1 Results ............................................................................................................................. 59 4.6 Experiment: Machine Learning Approach ....................................................................... 62 4.6.1 Data representation ...................................................................................................... 63 4.6.2 First Experiment: Pre-processing .............................................................................. 64 4.6.3 Second Experiment: Generalisation Across Laws .................................................. 66 4.6.4 Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 68 4.7 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 70 5 Creating Model Fragments ........................................................................................................... 73 5.1 Sentences Dealing With the Law ........................................................................................ 77 5.1.1 Scope Declaration ......................................................................................................... 77 5.1.2 Repeal ............................................................................................................................. 77 5.1.3 Insertion ......................................................................................................................... 78 5.1.4 Replacement .................................................................................................................. 79 5.1.5 Renumbering ................................................................................................................. 80 5.1.6 Enactment Date ............................................................................................................ 80 5.1.7 Short Title ...................................................................................................................... 81 5.1.8 Application Provision .................................................................................................. 82 5.1.9 Delegation ...................................................................................................................... 82 5.1.10 Publication Provision ................................................................................................... 83 5.2 Experiment ............................................................................................................................. 84 5.3 Sentences Dealing With Subject Matter ............................................................................ 88 5.3.1 Normative Sentences ................................................................................................... 89 5.3.2 Definitions and Deeming Provisions ........................................................................ 96 5.4 Example: Converting Frames to OWL ............................................................................. 97 5.5 Experiences .......................................................................................................................... 102 5.6 Integrating models .............................................................................................................. 103 5.6.1 Linking Provisions that are Related to Other Provisions as a Whole ................ 104 5.6.2 Linking Concepts to Their Definitions ................................................................... 104 5.6.3 Linking Concepts That Represent the Same Class ............................................... 105 iii  5.6.4 Example........................................................................................................................ 107 5.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 109 6 Applications .................................................................................................................................. 111 6.1 Semantic Network for the Dutch Tax and Customs Administration ........................ 111 6.2 MetaVex ................................................................................................................................ 112 6.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 118 7 Conclusions and Future Work .................................................................................................. 119 7.1 Regularity of Legislative Sources ...................................................................................... 122 7.2 Architecture for an Integrated Application .................................................................... 123 7.3 Future Expansions .............................................................................................................. 126 7.4 Text First or Model First? .................................................................................................. 128 Appendix A Detecting Structure Using JAPE ......................................................................... 131 A.1 A Short Introduction to JAPE .......................................................................................... 131 A.2 Detecting Headings ............................................................................................................ 132 A.3 Detecting Fixed Elements ................................................................................................. 133 Appendix B Detecting References using JAPE ....................................................................... 137 B.1 Basic References .................................................................................................................. 137 B.2 References to Ranges .......................................................................................................... 138 B.3 Multiple References ............................................................................................................ 141 B.4 Zooming-In Layered References ...................................................................................... 142 B.5 Zooming-Out Layered References ................................................................................... 143 B.6 Putting It All Together ....................................................................................................... 143 Appendix C Sentence Classification Patterns ........................................................................... 145 C.1 Patterns for Obligations and Duties ................................................................................ 145 C.2 Patterns for Short Titles ..................................................................................................... 145 References ............................................................................................................................................. 147 Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 155 Samenvatting ......................................................................................................................................... 161 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. 167 SIKS Dissertation Series ..................................................................................................................... 169   

Making sense of legal texts

https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1516451/109833_03.pdf

Making sense of legal texts

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion online publications