Aim: To estimate the impact of C60 fullerene aqueous solution (C60FAS) on the rate of transplanted malignant tumor growth and metastasis. Methods: Lewis lung carcinoma was transplanted into С57Bl/6J male mice. Conventional methods for the evaluation of antitumor and antimetastatic effects have been used. Results: The C60FAS at low single therapeutic dose of 5 mg/kg inhibited the growth of transplanted malignant tumor (antitumor effect) and metastasis (antimetastatic effect): the maximum therapeutic effect was found to be of 76.5% for the tumor growth inhibition; the increase of animal life span by 22% was found; the metastasis inhibition index was estimated as 48%. Conclusion: It was found that water-soluble pristine С60 fullerenes efficiently inhibit the transplanted malignant tumor growth and metastasis

Burlaka, A.P.

Prylutska, S.V.

Prylutskyy, Yu.I.

Ritter, U.

Scharff, P.

Experimental Oncology

Наукова електронна бібліотека періодичних видань НАН України (Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine)

162 Experimental Oncology 33, 162–164, 2011 (September)PRISTINE C60 FULLERENES INHIBIT THE RATE OF TUMOR GROWTH AND METASTASISS.V. Prylutska1,*, A.P. Burlaka2, Yu.I. Prylutskyy1, U. Ritter3, P. Scharff3Joint Ukrainian-German Center on Nanobiotechnology,1Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Institute of Biology,Volodymyrska Str., 64, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine2R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology of NAS of Ukraine, Vasylkivska Str. 45, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine3Technical University of Ilmenau, Laboratory of Chemistry, 09684 Ilmenau, GermanyAim: To estimate the impact of C60 fullerene aqueous solution (C60FAS) on the rate of transplanted malignant tumor growth and metastasis. Methods: Lewis lung carcinoma was transplanted into С57Bl/6J male mice. Conventional methods for the evaluation of antitumor and antimetastatic effects have been used. Results: The C60FAS at low single therapeutic dose of 5 mg/kg inhibited the growth of transplanted malignant tumor (antitumor effect) and metastasis (antimetastatic effect): the maximum therapeutic effect was found to be of 76.5% for the tumor growth inhibition; the increase of animal life span by 22% was found; the metastasis inhibition index was estimated as 48%. Conclusion: It was found that water-soluble pristine С60 fullerenes efficiently inhibit the transplanted malignant tumor growth and metastasis.Key Words: Water-soluble pristine С60 fullerenes, Lewis lung carcinoma, tumor growth.Current status of anticancer therapy indicates the necessity for active search of new agents that will be ef-fective against primary tumor and metastases but dem-onstrate the minimal level of side effects. As promising antitumor agents could be proposed C60 fullerenes — a unique class of carbon allotropes, which exhibits the biological activity both in vitro and in vivo [1–3].The water-soluble pristine (unmodified) C60 fuller-enes are nontoxic at low physiological concentrations [4–7], they can penetrate through the membrane of cells [8–10] and have strong antioxidant properties [11]. Murugesan et al. [12] have demonstrated the substantial antiangiogenic activity of C60 fullerenes against either basic fibroblast growth factor- or vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis in the chick chlorioallantoic membrane model. It is known that an imbalance in the levels of these factors causes many serious diseases including malignant growth [13].Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of water-soluble pristine C60 fullerenes on the transplanted tumor growth and metastasis.The samples of C60 fullerene aqueous solution (C60FAS) were prepared as follows [14]. We used a satu-rated solution of pure C60 fullerenes (purity 99.5%) in tol-uene and the same amount of distilled water in an open beaker. Two phases are formed. Then we applied an ul-trasonic bath as long as the toluene needs to evaporate completely. Meanwhile the water phase became yellow colored, indicating that the aqueous fullerene solution has been formed. Thereafter we filtered the aqueous solution from undissolved C60 fullerenes. As a result we prepared the C60FAS sample with maximum concen-tration of C60 fullerenes in water 1.0 mg/ml. The C60FAS sample is stable during 18 months at 4 ˚C.Theoretical calculations [15–16] showed that C60FAS contains both the single C60 molecules and their clus-ters and solids (with sizes of ~0.7–4 nm in dependence of C60 fullerene concentration in water) in the hydrated state. Moreover, C60 fullerenes structure the water, absorbed by DNA molecules [17], and thus they can affect the DNA functioning in the biological systems.State of C60 fullerenes in water was monitored us-ing STM technique (NT-MDT, Russia). Samples were deposited on Au(111) surface by precipitation from aqueous solution droplet.It is important to note that used C60FAS in our experiments does not show a cytotoxic effect with respect to both normal and transformed cells at con-centrations below 1.0 mg/ml [6].The male mice of С57Bl/6J line (20–21 g of b.w.) were kept in a vivarium on a standard diet. The average temperature in a vivarium was 201 ˚ C. All experiments were performed in accordance with the international principles of European Convention for protection of vertebrate animals.Tumor transplantation (Lewis lung carcinoma) was performed by intramuscular injection to the animal’s limb (initial number of tumor cells ~5·105, antitumor effect) or to the pad of animal’s limb (initial number of tumor cells ~1·106, antimetastatic effect). It is well known that this tumor is characterized by a high degree of metastasis into the lung.The C60FAS in the volume of 0.1 ml (initial concen-tration of C60 fullerenes in water was 1.0 mg/ml) was injected intraperitoneally to the animals with trans-planted tumor (group 1). Injection of C60FAS was start-ed in a day after transplantation of tumor, which visually appeared on the 10th day. The schedule of C60FAS administration was based on the data obtained by [18]. Received: July 7, 2011.*Correspondence:  E-mail — prylut@ukr.netAbbreviations used: C60FAS — C60 fullerene aqueous solution Exp Oncol 201133, 3, 162–164SHORT COMMUNICATIONSExperimental Oncology 33, 162–164, 2011 (September) 163Finally, group 0 (mice with transplanted tumor without C60FAS injection) was used as a control. Initial number of animals in each group was 5 in Experiment 1 (an-titumor effect), 7 in Experiment 2 (antitumor effect) and 7 in Experiment 3 (antimetastatic effect). On the 20th day (Experiment 3) all animals were sacrificed and autopsied to calculate the number of metastases in the lung by conventional method.It is also important to note that these experiments were performed in different time: Experiment 1 — end of spring — summer 2010; Experiment 2 — end of win-ter — spring 2011; Experiment 3 — end of spring — summer 2011.Antitumor effectiveness of the applied technology was estimated by following quantitative indicators:k1TGI = [(V0 – V1)/V0]•100% — tumor growth inhibition (TGI, %): , where V0 and V1  are the average values of tumor volume in animals of group 0 (control) and experimental group 1, respectively; V = (a + b)3/16, where а and b are the length and width (in mm) of the tumor site;k1IAL = [(t1 – t0)/t0]•100% — increasing of animal life (IAL, %): , where t0 and t1 are average life span of ani-mals (in days) in group 0 (control) and experimental group 1, respectively;k1MII = [(A0•B0 – A1•B1)/A0•B0]•100% — metastasis inhibition index (MII, %): , where А0 and А1 are frequency of metastasis in the group 0 (control) and experimental group 1, respectively; В0 and В1 are average number of metastases in certain organ of animals in group 0 (control) and experimental group 1, respectively.Statistical analysis of results was performed us-ing STATISTICA software package. On significance of differences was analysed using the parametric (Student’s t-test) method [19]. The differences were considered as valid at p<0.05.The STM images of submonolayer C60 fullerene film deposited from aqueous solution (C60 fullerene con-centration in water was 1.0 mg/ml) on Au(111) surface are shown on Figure. They revealed almost random arrangement of C60 fullerene clusters with sizes up to ~2.8 nm (the first stable sphere-like cluster consist-ing of 13 hydrated C60 fullerenes [15–16]) (Figure, a). Despite of the mobility of C60 molecules on Au(111) at room temperature we were able to image single C60 molecules (Figure, b).a bFigure. a) Large scale STM image of submonolayer C60 fullerene film deposited from aqueous solution (C60 fullerene concentration in water was 1 mg/ml) on Au(111) surface. Some C60 fullerene clusters are aligned along preferential direction <112>; b) Single C60 fullerenes. Lateral size is increased because of shape of the tip. Inset: cross-section along line AB. Scanning parameters: It=40 pA, Ut=0.7 V.Results of antitumor effect of C60FAS, obtained in Ex-periment 1 and Experiment 2, are presented in Table 1 and 2, respectively. Table 1. Experiment 1 (antitumor effect): start of tumor transplantation — 25.05.2010. Start of C60FAS injection after tumor transplantation — 27.05.2010Days after tumor transplantationGroup 0 (control)nGroup 1(injection of C60FAS after tumor transplan-tation)nTumor growth in-hibition, k1TGI, %*11 5 5 54.514 5 5 71.917 5 5 74.021 3 5 74.423 2 5 76.525 2 5 73.128 2 530 1 536 0 539 543 366 177 0Note: n — number of mice; *the differences are statistically significant com-pared with the control (p < 0.05).Table 2. Experiment 2 (antitumor effect): start of tumor transplantation — 17.02.2011. Start of C60FAS injection after tumor transplantation — 19.02.2011. The increase of animal life span (k1IAL, %) is given in parenthesesDays after tumor transplantationGroup 0 (control)NGroup 1 (injection of C60FAS after tumor transplantation)nTumor growth in-hibition, k1TGI, %*13 7 7 4.016 7 7 25.121 7 7 5.423 4 7 17.027 2 6 5.029 2 630 0 633 434 237 0(k1IAL=21.8%)*Note: n — number of mice; *the differences are statistically significant com-pared with the control (p < 0.05).The inhibition effect of C60 fullerenes on the tumor growth was observed on the 11th day (Experiment 1) and the 13th day (Experiment 2) of the experiment. The maximum value of inhibition of the tumor growth was found to be of 76.5% on the 23th day (Experiment 1) and of 25.1% on the 16th day (Experiment 2) of the experi-ment. Last animal in the control group 0 died on the 36th day (Experiment 1) and the 30th day (Experiment 2) of the experiment. It should be noted that all 5 mice, injected by C60 fullerenes (group 1; Experiment 1), lived 39 days. Last animal of the experimental group 1 died on the 77th day (Experiment 1) and the 37th day (Experiment 2) of the experiment. The increase of animal life was found to be of 21.8% in Experiment 2. Moreover, it was deter-mined that the average tumor volume in the control group exceeded this parameter in the group 1 by ~3 fold on the 28th day after tumor transplantation in Experiment 2.The metastasis inhibition index (k1MII) was obtained as 48% in the study of antimetastatic effect of C60FAS (Experiment 3).In conclusion, the C60FAS containing hydrated single C60 molecules and C60 clusters with size up to ~2.8 nm without showing direct cytotoxicity at low sin-164 Experimental Oncology 33, 162–164, 2011 (September)gle therapeutic dose of 5 mg/kg [6] demonstrates the inhibition of growth of transplanted tumor (antitumor ef-fect): the maximum therapeutic effect was determined as 76.5% in Experiment 1 and 25.1% in Experiment 2; the increase of animal life span by 21.8% was found in Experiment 2. The metastasis inhibition index was obtained as 48% (antimetastatic effect, Experiment 3). Finally, the anticancer affect of C60FAS was confirmed by histological data for the animal tumors of control and investigated group in Experiment 3 [20]. The obtained results can be explained as a result of the high antioxi-dant activity of C60 fullerenes [11], neutralizing excess reactive oxygen species in the cell [20], and possibly blocking the specific cell receptors, for example, en-dothelial growth factor receptors [12]. The proposed method of C60FAS application for the inhibition of tumor growth is promising for experimental oncology and may be tested in the future studies [21].ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work was partly supported by BMBF grant.REFERENCES1. Freitas Jr RA. Nanomedicine, Volume IIA: Biocompat-ibility. Georgetown, TX: Landes Bioscience, 2003.2. Medicinal chemistry and pharmacological potential of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. Series: Carbon Materials: Chemistry and Physics. F. Cataldo, T. Da Ros (Eds.). Neth-erlands: Springer, 2008.3. Anilkumar P, Lu F, Cao L, et al. 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Modulation of oxidative stress by functionalized fullerene materials in the lung tissues of female C57/BL mice with a metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2010; 10: 8632–7.22.22.  Prylutska SV, Burl aka AP, Prylutskyy YuI. Application of unmodified C60 fullerenes as anticancer agents in the therapy of malignant tumors. Patent of Ukraine for an invention No a201104882, April 14, 2011.Copyright © Experimental Oncology, 2011

Pristine C60 fullereneS inhibit the rate of tumor growth and metastasis

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Pristine C60 fullereneS inhibit the rate of tumor growth and metastasis

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