ArticleJOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF TEXTILE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, SHINSHU UNIVERSITY. SERIES. E, AGRICULTURE AND SERICULTURE 10: 1-7(1979)departmental bulletin pape

YANAGISAWA,  Yukio

English

Shinshu University Institutional Repository

 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBERS IN THE FLAX    PLANI,LINUM USITATISSIMUM L., GROWN       UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL                         CONDITIONS                                By                        Yukio YANAGISAWA    Laboratory of Applied Botany, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology,                          Shinshu University                          xNwaoBycljrEgN   In the previous papers (YANAGISAWA 1959, 1964, 1965, 1967. 1970, 1971,1975), the properties of fibers of the flax plants grown under different envlroR-raenta! coltditions were investigated histologically and chemically, viz. in themwere treated the number, the diame£er aRd £hickness o'f fiber ceils, and theamount of cu-celluiose, (P+r)-cellulose and iignin contained in crude celluiose.   The physicai properties, however, have been left to research, which arepractically very important to splnning process and to the quality of final pro-duct (NISHIKAWA 1960, MORTON and HEARLE 1962). Then, in thls papertlte author studied the physica! properties of fibers such as the strength and thee!ongation in the flax plants grown under different environmental conditionsand pursued their relationship with #he other propertles.   Before going further She author wishes to acknowledge the lndebtedness toDr. R. TAGUCHI for the cordia! guidance throughoue the study. The authordesires to express his gratitude to Dr. N. KOYAMA for reading the originaimanuscript and £o the rr}embers of oLir iaboratory wlio assisted tl}e experirnent.                    MATERgAscS ANP waewwaeDS   The fiax plants were grown uRder the same environmental conditions asin the previous works. The sample fibers were obtained from tke middle partof fiax stem after retted for 30 days (usually, the duratioR ;s said to be 7-14days when the retting condition ls adequate). The fibers were separated into aslngle fiber and put under a contro!!ed conditioB of 14V-150C with RE[ 45%2 Yuldo YANAGISAwA(as a rule, they are kept under the condition of 200C and RH 65%).   KS-senimeter (Kea Co. Ltd., Kyoto) was used for the rneasurement of thestrength and tke elongatioR of the fiber with lcm leng. The tensite strengthwas given as the breaking ioad per unit area of cross-sectlon (Kg/mm2) (MOR-TON and HEARLE 1962, KIRBY 1963). When the fiber broke, the amouRt ofextension was expressed as the elongation of fiber (MORTON and HEARLE 1962, KIRBY 1963).RESULTS AND A)gSCUSSgONa. Wke strength aemd the elongatiowa of a simgle fiber obtained from the fiax  plant grewn "xider tke shadied condition   The strength of a single flax fiber in Shaded cendition was evidently small-er than that of Control, though the elongation considerabiy iarger (Tabie 1).The results were c!osely related with the histological and chemical propertiesTable 1. Strength and elongation of fiber obtained from fiax plant grown      under shaded conditionSt'rength ElongationThicl<ness of            cr-cellulose cell wall LigninControl (100)"Shaded (17)Kg/mm2 22. 8  9.I  %3. 414. 34 pt7. 84.7  %85. 375. 4 %9. 316. 6'ic When Controi condition was tal<en as iOO in ljght intensity Shaded condition became 17.of the fiber; the strength became larger as increased the thickness of the ce!Iwall and the quantity of ev-cellulose, on the contrary the amount of lignin de-ereased. As BONNER and GALSTON (1952) reported on the ramie fiber, thefiber haviBg cellulose chains arranged a parallel direction to the fiber axisshowed a high strength but a weak e!ongation. On the flax fiber, however,whether the above fact is exactiy true remains not proved. The fiber becamecoarse and frail as the iignin content increased, and the elongation was largerthan that of Contro!. The fact appears to be caused by the amount of lignindeposited into the spaces between the cellu!ose and the other cetl wal! con-stltuents.2. The strengtk amrk the elongation of a single fiber obtaiRed from the flax  plant grown under different soil moistures   As indicated in Table 2, the strength o£ the fiber became orderly smal!er Physical Properties of Fibers in the Flax Plant, Linunt usitatissimunt L.Table 2. Strength and elongation of fiber obtained from flax plant grown      under different soil moistures3Water content Strength Elongation Thickness of cell wallev-cellulose Lignin20%*30%40%Kg/mm2  15. 8 26. 1 21.6  %3. 073. 293. 49 pt7.08. 88.4  %80. 388.983. 4 %11. 510. 3 9.3     :pt The percentage of water content was exactly 18.2% per dry soil, samely       in 40% condition 37.4% and in 30% condition 28.4%, respectively.as 20% condition (15. 8 Kg/mm2) <40% condition (2!. 6 Kg/mm2) <30% condition(26. 1 Kg/mrn2). In the both conditions of 40% and 20%, the strength was smallerabout 5 and 10Kg/mm2 than in 30% condition, respectively. The eiongatioR ofthe fiber tended to be iarger as the soil moisture increment. The fiber obtainedfrom 30% condition was richest iR a-ceiiulose and thickest in the cell wall.This fact agrees with Cutter's study (1978), in which the fiber o£ Cannabis sativawas much stronger in the plants grown in well-watered soiL3. Wke strengtk ascd the eiomgatiova ef a sing}e fiber obtaimedi frorve the fiax  plant grown under diffeyent deRsities of ptanting    As shown iR Table 3, the strength of the fiber was biggest (52.5Kg/mm2)in Density 36 (Wagner pot area, 1/5000a), next (47.8Kg/mm2) ilt Density 25,and smailest (3Z 7Kg/mm2) iR Detisity 49. The strengtli of the fiber had a closerelationship to the thickness of the ceX wall and a-cellulose content, with ex-ception of Density 49. The smallest value of strength of Density 49 may becaused by such a high lignin conteRt as 11. 7%.    The elongation of tke fiber sliowed almost the same tendency as in the                                                             '     Table 3. Strength and elongation of fiber obtained from fiax plant grown           under different densities of planting-Densityti: Strength Elongation Thickness of  cell wallcr-cellulose Lignin916253649Kg/mm2 41. 8 43. 2 47. 8 52. 5 37. 7  %4. 354. 904. 415. 013. 07 pt9.79. 69. 69. 99. 9  %85. 389. 189.689. 989. 4  %10. 6 9. 8 7. 4 8. 2ll.7* It is explained in text,4 Yukio YANAGIsAwAstrength. k is ascertained therefore, the planting density effects greatly on thephysicai properties of the fiber.4. Tke stsceRgth asid the ekomgutaen of a sim.(v,Ee fibex obtagned frowa tke fiax  plant grown uwader solutioga onkeueife with macro- amd mlcrG-eleinestt dieficiency   The result ls given iR Table 4. The strength was largest in Control, nextln Ndefi. and in Krdifi., and smallest in P-defi. It was smaller about 5Kg/mm2 in N-difi. and K-defi. and about 16Kg/mm2 in P-defi. than that in Con-trol-1. The thlckness of the cell wail and cr-cellulose contents were smallest iR    Table 4. Strength and elongation of fiber obtained from flax plant grown         under solution culture with macro-and micro-element deficienciesRegime Strength Elongation Thickness of cell wall cr-cellulose LigninCentrol-1*K-defi.N-defi.P-defi.Kg/mm2 26. 1 19. 4 20. 5  9. 8  %3. 113. 464. 184. 09 y7. 36. 56. 94.8  %86. 585. 488. 673. 6 %12. e11. 512. 812, 6Control-2'E;B-defi.Mn-defi.Mo-defi.19. 713. 916. 412.13. 203. 453. 053. 887. 46. 37. 16. 394. 490. 792. 990. 110. 310. 110. 510. 1    * It contains all elements.                                                           'P-defi. The fact suggests that the strength of the fiber in P-defi. is lowest.   The elongation of the fiber was largest in N-defi. and P-defi. , and nextin Krdefi. whlch was smaller about O. 6% than those of tke formers, whereassma!iest in Controi-1. The strength and the elongation were negatively relatedto each other. The relation was also recognized in the fibers obtained from theplants grown under the other con.ditions, though its degree seemed to be affectby the arrangement of the cellulose chains.   The strength was largest (19.7Kg/rnm2) in Controi-2 and was arrangedorderly as Mn-defi. (16.4Kg/mm2)>B-defr (13.9Kg/mm2)>Mo-defi. (12.IKg/mm2). Each strength was in proportion to the thickRess of the cell wall anda-cellulose conteRt.    The elongation skowed an increasing tendency following with decrement ofthe strength.5. The strength anrk the elgitgation of a simgie fiktex obtained frome the ffnx      Physical Properties of Fibers in the Flax Ptant, Linum ttsitatissitnu?n L. 5  plant groNvn under diffic)rent photoperieds    As indicated in Table 5, the strengtk of the fiber became largest (28.5Kg/mm2) in 16L 8D, while smal}est (i7.6Kg/mm2) in 8L 16D. From the resuits,the photoperiod is presumed to effect on the strength, viz. the shorter thedaylength is reduced, the smaller the strength becomes.                                                                    '     Table 5. Strength and elongation of fiber obtained from fiax plant grown           under different photoperiodsPhotoperiod* Strength ElongationThickness of  cell wallcr-cellulose Lignin8L12Ll4L16L16D12D10D8DKg/mm2 17. 6 2i.8 25. 6 28.5  %3. 164. 033. 644, 37  pt10.3 7. 7 8. 28.4  %83.980. 879. 780.6  %13. 1 9. 610. 411.4    * L:Photophase, D:Dark phase.   The elongation was largest ln 16L 8D (4. 37%) and decreased order}y in 12Li2D (4.03%), 14L 10D (3.64%) and 8L 16D (3.3.6%). The reiationship betweenthe elongation and the daylength was not evident, but the former had a fainttendency to decline as shortening of the latter.6. The strength aRd the elongation of a sing!e fiber obtained from the flax     Table 6. Strength and elongation of fiber obtained from flax plant grown           under combinations of different daylengthsRegime Strength ElongationThickness of cell wallev-cellulose LlgninN*N-8Ll**N-s-8Lo     "N-8L,Kg/mm2 38. 1 20.2 30. 0 35.4  %4. 034.814. 415. 39  pt10. 910.510. 1 9. 8  %90. 488.488. 788. 0  % 8. 713. 8le. 9 9. 78L 16D8L-÷Nl***8L--'No8L-N,27. 464. 450. 223. 33. 154. 054. 324. 07 9. 910. 610. 810. 889. 591.091. 489.915. 9 6. 89.711.8 :ts )s****N･･Controi condition with natural daylength (14L 10D).Trans£erring time after germination･･･N--,･8Li : after 3 weeks,after 4 weeks, N-8L3 : after 5 weeks.Transferring time after exposed to 8L 16D,･･8L-->Ni : after 2Na : after 3 weeks, 8L-,-N3 : after 4 weel<s. N-->8L2 :weel<s, 8L-->6 Yukio YANAGISAwA  plant grown under combinatieRs of diferent daylengths   As denoted in Tabie 6, the streRgth of the fiber became larger when thetransferring time from natural claylength (14L) to short day (8L) was delayed inthe growth stage and also when the time from short day to natural daylengthhastened. Further the strength became smaller as the period of short day be-came longer. In ail Ne8L regimes, the strength took smaller value than thatiR N (see the foot-note of Table 6). However, in each regime of 8L-N theeariler the transfer was operated, the greater the serength became, which tooklarger va!ue than that ln N.   The elongation was largest (5.39%) in N-8L3, in whlch the transferringtime was delayed. In N.8L regime the elohgation was larger than that in each8L.N regime. The relationship between the elongation and the transferringtime did not show a definite tendency as seen in the strength.   From these results, tlte strength of the fiber is recognized to have a closerrelationship with the lignin quantity rather than the thicl<ness of the cell walland ay-celiulose content.                            SUMMARY   In the present paper, the physical properties of the fibers obtained fromthe fiax plants grown under different environmental conditions were dealt with.   The results obtained are summarized as follows.  1) The strength of a single fiber was smaller in Shaded condltioR than inNatural condition, whereas the elongation was largest in Shaded condition.  2) The strength of the fiber obtained from the fiax plant grown under differ-ent soil moistures was smallest in Dried condition and next in Over-wateredcondition. The elongation showed a tendency to becorne Iarger following withthe soil moisture increment.  3) The strength of the fiber was iargest ln Density 36, and smailest in DeR-sity 49. When the density of the plaRt was sparse such as Density 9, it be-came weak. The elongation showed almost the same tendency as observed inthe strengtk.  4) The strength of the fiber became small iR the deficiency of each elementarnong 3 elements of fertillzer. Particularly P-defi. had the most remarkableeffect on the strength. The elongation was smaller in Control than in eachelement deficiency, among which it was largest in NL and P-defi.   In the microrelement deficiency, the strength was smallest in Mo-defi. aRdnext in B-defi. On the contrary, the elongation showed an lncreasiRg tendencyas the strength became weaker.     Physical Properties of Fibers in the Flax Plant, Linwn tssitatissimum L. 7  5) The strength of the fiber was smallest in 8L 16D; the shorter the clay-length was reduced, the smaller the strength became. The relationship betweenthe eloRgation and the daylength was not evident.  6) The strength of the fiber in each regime of N-･8L and of 8L-N becamesmaller as the period subjected to short day was }engthened. The strength wasstronger in 8L-N regimes than those in N-8L regimes. A definite relationshipwas not recognized between the elongation and the transferring time as seenin the strength. The elongation tended to be larger in N-8L regimes than in8L.N regimes.   From the above results, it is ascertaiRed that the histological aRd chemicalproperties iR the fiax fiber are cioseiy related to the physical properties suchas the strength and tke elongation.                            RgepaERENCESBONNER, J. and GALsToN, A. W. (1952) Principles of Plant Physiology, 499pp. W.H.      FREEMAN & Co. San Francisco and London.                    'CuTTER, E. G. (1978) Plant Anatorny Part 1 Cells and Tissues,2ed., 315pp. EDwARD      ARNOm (Publishers) Ltd., London.KiRBy, R.H. (1963) Vegetable Fibers, 464pp. LEONARD }IILL (Boolgs)Mmited, London,      Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York.MORTON, W. E. and HEARLE, J. W. S. (1962) Physical Properties of [I'extile Fibers,      608pp. Btttterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. and The Textile Institute, Man-      chester & London.NISHu<AwA, G. (1960) Industrial Crops, 92epp. Nogyotoshyo, Inc., Tokyo. (in Japa-      nese).YANAGiSAWA, Y., HiRABAyAsm, H. and SAITo, M. (1959) Res. Rep. Facul. Text.      and Sericul. Shinshu Univ. 9 : 32-55. (in japanese with English summary).YANAGIsAwA, Y. <1964) Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan. 32 : 229-232. (in Japanese with      English summary).YANAGisAwA, Y. (1965) Grop Sci. Soc. Japan Kokurilcu Kaiho. X : 61-63. (in Japanese).YANAGiSAwA, Y. (1967) Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan. 36 : 429-434. (in japanese with      English summary).YANAGISAwA, Y. (1970) Ibid. 39 : 274-278. (in Japanese with English summary).YANAGisAwA, Y. (1971) Ibid. 4e : 311-317. <in Japanese with English sttmmary).YANAGiSAwA, Y. (1975) Ibid. 44 : 375-381. (in Japanese with English summary).

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBERS IN THE FLAX PLANT, LINUM USITATISSIMUM L., GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

YANAGISAWA  Yukio

 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBERS IN THE FLAX    PLANI,LINUM USITATISSIMUM L., GROWN       UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL                         CONDITIONS                                By                        Yukio YANAGISAWA    Laboratory of Applied Botany, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology,                          Shinshu University                          xNwaoBycljrEgN   In the previous papers (YANAGISAWA 1959, 1964, 1965, 1967. 1970, 1971,1975), the properties of fibers of the flax plants grown under different envlroR-raenta! coltditions were investigated histologically and chemically, viz. in themwere treated the number, the diame£er aRd £hickness o'f fiber ceils, and theamount of cu-celluiose, (P+r)-cellulose and iignin contained in crude celluiose.   The physicai properties, however, have been left to research, which arepractically very important to splnning process and to the quality of final pro-duct (NISHIKAWA 1960, MORTON and HEARLE 1962). Then, in thls papertlte author studied the physica! properties of fibers such as the strength and thee!ongation in the flax plants grown under different environmental conditionsand pursued their relationship with #he other propertles.   Before going further She author wishes to acknowledge the lndebtedness toDr. R. TAGUCHI for the cordia! guidance throughoue the study. The authordesires to express his gratitude to Dr. N. KOYAMA for reading the originaimanuscript and £o the rr}embers of oLir iaboratory wlio assisted tl}e experirnent.                    MATERgAscS ANP waewwaeDS   The fiax plants were grown uRder the same environmental conditions asin the previous works. The sample fibers were obtained from tke middle partof fiax stem after retted for 30 days (usually, the duratioR ;s said to be 7-14days when the retting condition ls adequate). The fibers were separated into aslngle fiber and put under a contro!!ed conditioB of 14V-150C with RE[ 45%2 Yuldo YANAGISAwA(as a rule, they are kept under the condition of 200C and RH 65%).   KS-senimeter (Kea Co. Ltd., Kyoto) was used for the rneasurement of thestrength and tke elongatioR of the fiber with lcm leng. The tensite strengthwas given as the breaking ioad per unit area of cross-sectlon (Kg/mm2) (MOR-TON and HEARLE 1962, KIRBY 1963). When the fiber broke, the amouRt ofextension was expressed as the elongation of fiber (MORTON and HEARLE 1962, KIRBY 1963).RESULTS AND A)gSCUSSgONa. Wke strength aemd the elongatiowa of a simgle fiber obtained from the fiax  plant grewn "xider tke shadied condition   The strength of a single flax fiber in Shaded cendition was evidently small-er than that of Control, though the elongation considerabiy iarger (Tabie 1).The results were c!osely related with the histological and chemical propertiesTable 1. Strength and elongation of fiber obtained from fiax plant grown      under shaded conditionSt'rengthElongationThicl<ness of            cr-cellulose cell wall LigninControl (100)"Shaded (17)Kg/mm2 22. 8  9.I  %3. 414. 34 pt7. 84.7  %85. 375. 4 %9. 316. 6'ic When Controi condition was tal<en as iOO in ljght intensity Shaded condition became 17.of the fiber; the strength became larger as increased the thickness of the ce!Iwall and the quantity of ev-cellulose, on the contrary the amount of lignin de-ereased. As BONNER and GALSTON (1952) reported on the ramie fiber, thefiber haviBg cellulose chains arranged a parallel direction to the fiber axisshowed a high strength but a weak e!ongation. On the flax fiber, however,whether the above fact is exactiy true remains not proved. The fiber becamecoarse and frail as the iignin content increased, and the elongation was largerthan that of Contro!. The fact appears to be caused by the amount of lignindeposited into the spaces between the cellu!ose and the other cetl wal! con-stltuents.2. The strengtk amrk the elongation of a single fiber obtaiRed from the flax  plant grown under different soil moistures   As indicated in Table 2, the strength o£ the fiber became orderly smal!er Physical Properties of Fibers in the Flax Plant, Linunt usitatissimunt L.Table 2. Strength and elongation of fiber obtained from flax plant grown      under different soil moistures3Water contentStrengthElongationThickness of cell wallev-celluloseLignin20%*30%40%Kg/mm2  15. 8 26. 1 21.6  %3. 073. 293. 49 pt7.08. 88.4  %80. 388.983. 4 %11. 510. 3 9.3     :pt The percentage of water content was exactly 18.2% per dry soil, samely       in 40% condition 37.4% and in 30% condition 28.4%, respectively.as 20% condition (15. 8 Kg/mm2) <40% condition (2!. 6 Kg/mm2) <30% condition(26. 1 Kg/mrn2). In the both conditions of 40% and 20%, the strength was smallerabout 5 and 10Kg/mm2 than in 30% condition, respectively. The eiongatioR ofthe fiber tended to be iarger as the soil moisture increment. The fiber obtainedfrom 30% condition was richest iR a-ceiiulose and thickest in the cell wall.This fact agrees with Cutter's study (1978), in which the fiber o£ Cannabis sativawas much stronger in the plants grown in well-watered soiL3. Wke strengtk ascd the eiomgatiova ef a sing}e fiber obtaimedi frorve the fiax  plant grown under diffeyent deRsities of ptanting    As shown iR Table 3, the strength of the fiber was biggest (52.5Kg/mm2)in Density 36 (Wagner pot area, 1/5000a), next (47.8Kg/mm2) ilt Density 25,and smailest (3Z 7Kg/mm2) iR Detisity 49. The strengtli of the fiber had a closerelationship to the thickness of the ceX wall and a-cellulose content, with ex-ception of Density 49. The smallest value of strength of Density 49 may becaused by such a high lignin conteRt as 11. 7%.    The elongation of tke fiber sliowed almost the same tendency as in the                                                             '     Table 3. Strength and elongation of fiber obtained from fiax plant grown           under different densities of planting-Densityti:StrengthElongationThickness of  cell wallcr-celluloseLignin916253649Kg/mm2 41. 8 43. 2 47. 8 52. 5 37. 7  %4. 354. 904. 415. 013. 07 pt9.79. 69. 69. 99. 9  %85. 389. 189.689. 989. 4  %10. 6 9. 8 7. 4 8. 2ll.7* It is explained in text,4 Yukio YANAGIsAwAstrength. k is ascertained therefore, the planting density effects greatly on thephysicai properties of the fiber.4. Tke stsceRgth asid the ekomgutaen of a sim.(v,Ee fibex obtagned frowa tke fiax  plant grown uwader solutioga onkeueife with macro- amd mlcrG-eleinestt dieficiency   The result ls given iR Table 4. The strength was largest in Control, nextln Ndefi. and in Krdifi., and smallest in P-defi. It was smaller about 5Kg/mm2 in N-difi. and K-defi. and about 16Kg/mm2 in P-defi. than that in Con-trol-1. The thlckness of the cell wail and cr-cellulose contents were smallest iR    Table 4. Strength and elongation of fiber obtained from flax plant grown         under solution culture with macro-and micro-element deficienciesRegime StrengthElongationThickness of cell wallcr-celluloseLigninCentrol-1*K-defi.N-defi.P-defi.Kg/mm2 26. 1 19. 4 20. 5  9. 8  %3. 113. 464. 184. 09 y7. 36. 56. 94.8  %86. 585. 488. 673. 6 %12. e11. 512. 812, 6Control-2'E;B-defi.Mn-defi.Mo-defi.19. 713. 916. 412.13. 203. 453. 053. 887. 46. 37. 16. 394. 490. 792. 990. 110. 310. 110. 510. 1    * It contains all elements.                                                           'P-defi. The fact suggests that the strength of the fiber in P-defi. is lowest.   The elongation of the fiber was largest in N-defi. and P-defi. , and nextin Krdefi. whlch was smaller about O. 6% than those of tke formers, whereassma!iest in Controi-1. The strength and the elongation were negatively relatedto each other. The relation was also recognized in the fibers obtained from theplants grown under the other con.ditions, though its degree seemed to be affectby the arrangement of the cellulose chains.   The strength was largest (19.7Kg/rnm2) in Controi-2 and was arrangedorderly as Mn-defi. (16.4Kg/mm2)>B-defr (13.9Kg/mm2)>Mo-defi. (12.IKg/mm2). Each strength was in proportion to the thickRess of the cell wall anda-cellulose conteRt.    The elongation skowed an increasing tendency following with decrement ofthe strength.5. The strength anrk the elgitgation of a simgie fiktex obtained frome the ffnx      Physical Properties of Fibers in the Flax Ptant, Linum ttsitatissitnu?n L. 5  plant groNvn under diffic)rent photoperieds    As indicated in Table 5, the strengtk of the fiber became largest (28.5Kg/mm2) in 16L 8D, while smal}est (i7.6Kg/mm2) in 8L 16D. From the resuits,the photoperiod is presumed to effect on the strength, viz. the shorter thedaylength is reduced, the smaller the strength becomes.                                                                    '     Table 5. Strength and elongation of fiber obtained from fiax plant grown           under different photoperiodsPhotoperiod*StrengthElongationThickness of  cell wallcr-celluloseLignin8L12Ll4L16L16D12D10D8DKg/mm2 17. 6 2i.8 25. 6 28.5  %3. 164. 033. 644, 37  pt10.3 7. 7 8. 28.4  %83.980. 879. 780.6  %13. 1 9. 610. 411.4    * L:Photophase, D:Dark phase.   The elongation was largest ln 16L 8D (4. 37%) and decreased order}y in 12Li2D (4.03%), 14L 10D (3.64%) and 8L 16D (3.3.6%). The reiationship betweenthe elongation and the daylength was not evident, but the former had a fainttendency to decline as shortening of the latter.6. The strength aRd the elongation of a sing!e fiber obtained from the flax     Table 6. Strength and elongation of fiber obtained from flax plant grown           under combinations of different daylengthsRegime StrengthElongationThickness of cell wallev-celluloseLlgninN*N-8Ll**N-s-8Lo     "N-8L,Kg/mm2 38. 1 20.2 30. 0 35.4  %4. 034.814. 415. 39  pt10. 910.510. 1 9. 8  %90. 488.488. 788. 0  % 8. 713. 8le. 9 9. 78L 16D8L-÷Nl***8L--'No8L-N,27. 464. 450. 223. 33. 154. 054. 324. 07 9. 910. 610. 810. 889. 591.091. 489.915. 9 6. 89.711.8 :ts )s****N･･Controi condition with natural daylength (14L 10D).Trans£erring time after germination･･･N--,･8Li : after 3 weeks,after 4 weeks, N-8L3 : after 5 weeks.Transferring time after exposed to 8L 16D,･･8L-->Ni : after 2Na : after 3 weeks, 8L-,-N3 : after 4 weel<s. N-->8L2 :weel<s, 8L-->6 Yukio YANAGISAwA  plant grown under combinatieRs of diferent daylengths   As denoted in Tabie 6, the streRgth of the fiber became larger when thetransferring time from natural claylength (14L) to short day (8L) was delayed inthe growth stage and also when the time from short day to natural daylengthhastened. Further the strength became smaller as the period of short day be-came longer. In ail Ne8L regimes, the strength took smaller value than thatiR N (see the foot-note of Table 6). However, in each regime of 8L-N theeariler the transfer was operated, the greater the serength became, which tooklarger va!ue than that ln N.   The elongation was largest (5.39%) in N-8L3, in whlch the transferringtime was delayed. In N.8L regime the elohgation was larger than that in each8L.N regime. The relationship between the elongation and the transferringtime did not show a definite tendency as seen in the strength.   From these results, tlte strength of the fiber is recognized to have a closerrelationship with the lignin quantity rather than the thicl<ness of the cell walland ay-celiulose content.                            SUMMARY   In the present paper, the physical properties of the fibers obtained fromthe fiax plants grown under different environmental conditions were dealt with.   The results obtained are summarized as follows.  1) The strength of a single fiber was smaller in Shaded condltioR than inNatural condition, whereas the elongation was largest in Shaded condition.  2) The strength of the fiber obtained from the fiax plant grown under differ-ent soil moistures was smallest in Dried condition and next in Over-wateredcondition. The elongation showed a tendency to becorne Iarger following withthe soil moisture increment.  3) The strength of the fiber was iargest ln Density 36, and smailest in DeR-sity 49. When the density of the plaRt was sparse such as Density 9, it be-came weak. The elongation showed almost the same tendency as observed inthe strengtk.  4) The strength of the fiber became small iR the deficiency of each elementarnong 3 elements of fertillzer. Particularly P-defi. had the most remarkableeffect on the strength. The elongation was smaller in Control than in eachelement deficiency, among which it was largest in NL and P-defi.   In the microrelement deficiency, the strength was smallest in Mo-defi. aRdnext in B-defi. On the contrary, the elongation showed an lncreasiRg tendencyas the strength became weaker.     Physical Properties of Fibers in the Flax Plant, Linwn tssitatissimum L. 7  5) The strength of the fiber was smallest in 8L 16D; the shorter the clay-length was reduced, the smaller the strength became. The relationship betweenthe eloRgation and the daylength was not evident.  6) The strength of the fiber in each regime of N-･8L and of 8L-N becamesmaller as the period subjected to short day was }engthened. The strength wasstronger in 8L-N regimes than those in N-8L regimes. A definite relationshipwas not recognized between the elongation and the transferring time as seenin the strength. The elongation tended to be larger in N-8L regimes than in8L.N regimes.   From the above results, it is ascertaiRed that the histological aRd chemicalproperties iR the fiax fiber are cioseiy related to the physical properties suchas the strength and tke elongation.                            RgepaERENCESBONNER, J. and GALsToN, A. W. (1952) Principles of Plant Physiology, 499pp. W.H.      FREEMAN & Co. San Francisco and London.                    'CuTTER, E. G. (1978) Plant Anatorny Part 1 Cells and Tissues,2ed., 315pp. EDwARD      ARNOm (Publishers) Ltd., London.KiRBy, R.H. (1963) Vegetable Fibers, 464pp. LEONARD }IILL (Boolgs)Mmited, London,      Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York.MORTON, W. E. and HEARLE, J. W. S. (1962) Physical Properties of [I'extile Fibers,      608pp. Btttterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. and The Textile Institute, Man-      chester & London.NISHu<AwA, G. (1960) Industrial Crops, 92epp. Nogyotoshyo, Inc., Tokyo. (in Japa-      nese).YANAGiSAWA, Y., HiRABAyAsm, H. and SAITo, M. (1959) Res. Rep. Facul. Text.      and Sericul. Shinshu Univ. 9 : 32-55. (in japanese with English summary).YANAGIsAwA, Y. <1964) Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan. 32 : 229-232. (in Japanese with      English summary).YANAGisAwA, Y. (1965) Grop Sci. Soc. Japan Kokurilcu Kaiho. X : 61-63. (in Japanese).YANAGiSAwA, Y. (1967) Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan. 36 : 429-434. (in japanese with      English summary).YANAGISAwA, Y. (1970) Ibid. 39 : 274-278. (in Japanese with English summary).YANAGisAwA, Y. (1971) Ibid. 4e : 311-317. <in Japanese with English sttmmary).YANAGiSAwA, Y. (1975) Ibid. 44 : 375-381. (in Japanese with English summary).

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBERS IN THE FLAX PLANT, LINUM USITATISSIMUM L., GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

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