Mann, Roger L.

English

College of William & Mary: W&M Publish

W&M ScholarWorks Reports 11-7-1989 A Summary of Continuing Research with Non Native Oysters at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science Roger L. Mann Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/reports  Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons Recommended Citation Mann, R. L. (1989) A Summary of Continuing Research with Non Native Oysters at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Marine Resource Report No. 89-8. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/m2-1af4-pw24 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reports by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact scholarworks@wm.edu. t t \ \ ~ \ ~ILE A Summary of Continuing Research with Non Native Oysters at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science presented to: The Virginia Marine Resources Commission Newport News, Virginia - November 7, 1989 by Dr. Roger Mann Professor of Marine Science Virginia Institute of Marine Science School of Marine Science College of William and Mary Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 Collaborating Investigators: Dr. Eugene Burreson, Mr. Michael Castagna and Dr. Bruce Barber VIMS Marine Resource Report No. 89-8 Rationd.le: The• native oyrrL0,r· ,, Crasso;:;trei,t viruinica., stock:c, in the c:1,··1c::;pe:_Jl<c) Ba}~ ha vf: been depleted 5. n j)r:.J. r·t t:.:i_y tl-'"ltl! a.c-ti.()i"l (':i·f t.r,~() Tr1eb,:' a re Hapic.."Sporidium nelsoni, co111monly i<not,~11 at, Mi,X ,, and Perkinsus ma rimt.'.'J" corn mon ly I< 1101.0! n a:.,.. De i' mo.. Oe~:;.p I tr) t lir:i fact that t. l1e3e cl is.(Sdf,-t,s. have been p1·rc!,3nnt Yo1· appro>(in1ately thl'E:'0l c!ecrtde:3 ,:J.nd ha.ve bee11 contd.buti11q to rnor·t,3.lity throuqiK>ut tllat per·::i.od, tile lack or no.tu1·01l 1·ecovery of ti·1Ei r1dti··./e oyi te r r ef;OU r·c(:i i 11 the fa.Ct:'' oi" cont i 1·1 u i nq p r·e,:,,s, u re ind ica tef,. that the native oy:',trsr l1a:,; failed to develop o. hiqh }J3v,sl of natu1·al r·e,,. to this. combir1ation oT If (Ji' 1111hen f;.uch rei•,it,tn.11ce v-i:Lll develop i: unknown.. The: focu2; of invt?sti~]f.rt Lons 1--.;;,portecl upcw1 tod,':tY a ,e til(~ que:,, tion:0:, o·f 1,1heth•f' r or not no11 nat.i V() oyt,te I t;pec have re~:. ·t.o the endemic and, if so, then can such be used either directly or in a hyb1·icl form 111:Lth the na.tive oys:t/:'I' to 1--d::,uilcl the Ch,~,::>apeo.ke Ha.y oy:3te1 rr~!f\()U r·cc2:: ·? Thl'.} ,]·ap<J.r-1e;:~(~ Oi''· Pd.ci'fic c1.y~:~t.f;r:; Ci'cissootrea g.igas.~ o:J, c:LoS-:f31y 1··,el,:i··t.ed s;pecJes to the rw.t:Lve C. virginica and :i.:5. qro\~n in many 1ocatio1T3 th1·ouqhout the v,01ld includ:Lris:i the \,K):3t coa:3t of the United State:3. Over scrt of th0 oyster",; e21.t,ccin in thn United St.fftes are C. gigas produced in the F'aci'fJ.c Not"·1.h l,\ie:3t 01· irnpo1·"tecl '1"1·0111 the 01ient. C. q.igas 1·1;,1:c; been introduced into ,Y0vetal lc,catioi1~" oloba.lly to rebuild oy2:;te1 rc:c;ou1"cer',. dev,.L'>ted by endemic c!:i,,,,t:',a.:3e~,, with po:3.itive rc::,.ults.. ln not one ul" the:,;e insta.ncc<, h,,w there !Jeen c!ev,•,1.~;tation c/f the 1·1e1.dy int r·oduced s;pecier; by the endemic dit'H:SD.se .. Tiki:t,e obsc•1 vd.tion~, su(JCJes.t that C, 9igas may hdve hiqh n.J.tLffdl tc) a 1·1umber of to 1,,1hich oti1e1·,, closely !"elated oy~rten', ::Hk:cumb .. Our 1esearch 1:.•; p1esently e)<aminin(J tiK: i"e::d.sta11ce <Yf the 'i"ol:L<)v,.iinq oyt-d:er ":3trainf" to Perkinsus marinus (Denno):: 1·1at:Lve C. virginica native C. v.ir9inica in 1A1hich the cf1romo:c/omc 1·1umbe1· l1a::, b,0JE'il incn,:asecl by SO?; fr·om t1,,10 ch1"omct0om,::• sett; r:,01·· cell to tJire0! :.,,ets per c>Dll .. TirL::; :Lis terned triploic! (:3n) iii contn:J.3t to normd.1 diploid (?n) .. C. giga.s (diploid) q1"ov,.1n from the: t:!Q,;J under qu21.1·,:J.iTLine condit:Lorv, in tho V .. J .. M .. ;3.. oyr,te t" ha.tci1e 1--y at Clouce:stci r· Point. Q1.1a l"i.'UTtii·1c! coric!itiom; follot,~ quideline:c; of the Internfftiomtl Council for tl1e E>q)l()l''B.ti()n (/f tl''!e ~)e,J<~~ ( I ,,C" E:" :~)")" C. gigas 1,,,!ith irKTEia:secl chtorn,::x:v)me nurnbc1·· (triploI.d) .. HybrI.cis af the two spec C. vin:;i.nica. (mother) >< C. gigas (father·) C. g.igas (moti1e,·) >< C. virginica (fd.tfic,r) l,.,1e have chosen to investiqate i"E?rh,.,ta.nce tu Perkinsus b(~cau;;;i21 111e can t rarn';mit th d:Ls.ei1,se in the labo1a.tory unck,i r cont tolled conditiom;.. Th cl challenge can therefore be effected without rele21.sing the non native oy:0terf, or the hybrid oyf,tens into th"'" ik1t.Lffa1 env:ironme11t.. l'f' U1r::: l'::''· all die th,3i'l the :,,tudy of C. 9igas ,:'.'J.::s a.n o.1te1··na.tive s,ou1··ce of qenetic material can be terminated without introductio11; however, if the non native 01· hyb1·icl ,:>y~,ter:;; 3ho1~ supe1·iot i's'•'.,:d<,.tance to Perlcinsus then ,J. tci~,t of i'f'.'!:::,i~,tance to MSX \,~ill requi1··,:, t))<p<x;ur>:'c in the 1v:.tu1"n.l envin:inment hecau~;e 1.,11E"i cannot t rarT:s.mit MSX from oy3te 1· to oy:3 te 1· in t.lK, ltdJOl'".':rto1·y·,. (!,:J :such rt3X E-J><.:posun3s. have beei1 nw.ch0 r0.o fd.i' a.nd 1~ill ilOt bee'. 1.,si:ithout pd.cw l<no,.dEsdqe and p,s rmi,,;i:,ion of the Vi 1·'uinia Md. i"ine Res.K)U i"Ce~., Corr11nii:<Sion,. Results ~o date: Eiqht d,::izen C" gigas a.dults 'A'(~t··e obtrd.11,3d from a 1,!c,st coa'.,,t ha.tcl·M1·y in Febn1dry of ·Uri.c:; y(iar and ti',\H1sfe1red d:ixectly to a. qua1--a1·1tine system (t .. C .. C .. S .. c'3peci'fication) in the V .. I,.M.S .. ha:tchety .. Native oyi:;cter'.'>, C. virginica, fol" compa.rativrs studie~, WE?r-e collected from Mobja.cl< Ut1y. f3et1.,veen Ma 1"·ch 2:;; and t1ay 2 cYf tJ1is yEia. t" thE,se pa rerrt.Jl oyi,,t.e 1·s"' 1.,ve re '.':,p1H11ned and the vario1.1s ":3:1.1',ainf," de~;cribed above cultured tl'lrouoh the larval i,ta.oes .. M'tc11· :spa\.\1ninq all C. giga.s adults wEire ,:Je:~;troyecl in o.ccorc!dncci with l .. C.E .. 3. guidelines. (\'ft.er cultu1"t2) o'f the larval t,ta~1ez,, in the corrtrolh~d hatcik?t·y condition (td'fluent c;hloi"inated) thiz' settlrsd oy3ters (2,pa.t 01· juveniles) 1.,ve1--e mairrtained in controllcid s;ystems at I/ .. I .. f'ti .. S,. The total numbe1· o·f competent to settle larvae from the3e spa.wninos and the numbers of spat surviving'as of mid August are as follows: '' '.·3t rain'' C. virginica (2n) C. v.i rginica (3 n) C. gigas ( 2 n ) : C. gigas (5n) :: Hybrid, C. virginica mother Hybrid,, C. gi9as mother LrJ. r\/ ,:J.lS l\S0,000 505,000 l ,, 000, 000 750,000 l ,, 100,000 70,000 Spat 2 :.1 760 1 '.5ns2 .5 '.I 6d:~) 75,1?5 380 '.(;tr·iploid t,.!ot~? thd.t the number of 12\rvae :u,, dependent on the number of oy:stet"f; oriqinally spawned. Induction of triploidy is not always 100%, hence the percentd.qes. given fot" thE'! :sn ":stra.in2,". V,te als:;o tried to induce triploidy in the i1yb1--id3 but tl1e::::;e <:::roist,.es appear nst,d.stant to the curr-ent induction method .. The above de,,,Ci"ibec! oy~,ters are currently beinq u:c;Eid as :0-ot11"ce stock for c!L:sea:::'-8 challencJe exper·iments 1.,d.th Perkinsus at V.I.M.,3 .. Clouce::o-ter Point campus. In addition to the dbove dnima.ls seventeen dozen (204) juvenile C. gigas 1.,11ere obtainod -['rom a ,,Mf,t coa.:,t i1atchery in .June o'f' thi::'· year and t1·ans·fe1"ted to the l,Jach0.p1,ea.quf'.", laborato1·y of the Vi1·c;rinia Im-;;titute of Marine '.3c:Lence.. The2>e o.nima.lis \~ere al:so \.\tc,1·e o.lbo rna:i.111:.a:ined under I .. C .. E .. S. q1..1c:1.rantine conditions for thro, c!Lwation of thel.1· ,::;tay at 11,JachaprE')-'?..(iUe v,lie1··e they ,,,Jere alf;o e)<amined few tJ1ei1· nshL:c:-tar1c(1 to Perldnsus. Disease challenge crf juven Half of thr:s C. gigas VK:'l"C mainta.ined in an e11vi1·onmt:!ITL to 1,1,Jhich Perkinsw3, irri"ective ptH"Lic1es 1,,Jrc,n·e r·equln.rly added,, T11\1,~mt.Y fiv,? i'kl.tiv,a t·s 1,1,1e te included in the f,.Jme tank Fo1· cornpa t"ati ve pu rpo:se\,,, Tl1e ,:::,Lhr,: r IH,\lf of the C. 9igas t,11tc:!l"C r11.J:i.rrt:.ained in an othet·t,,ii,se icknrt. envit·onrnent ,, t.()oe·tl"lCi·--· l,\1it!1 tl1\1r~nty ··1~ivci nr:J.ti\lt:J ()Y~:l-ter>:> i, bu·t i.(·1 thf; o.b~s.cnc(~ (Yr: F*erk:ins1,,1::3-in'fective pa,tJ:clef;, t:·fte," three months of continued challenqe on:c: nativei I' l1ad dieci o.nd the r·em,J.i.nclel" hacl rnock:·t·ate or hea·,, .. ,·y· infection"'-. Hy compar:Lson no C,. g:igas died a.nd n ::H1b:3ample of 2S o:::/:,!'.te,··s :,,1101,1,1,~:d only ve ,·y 1 ig ht Ho cont i·ol ( no c! :l ?,ease cha 1 Je nge) n. n i rna. :us died . (,~,~i .;;.re co1rt.:i.nuinc1 to dc<,"::3 the :c,.t.!l''Vivinq C g~iqa.s vd.th Perlcinsus. ini'ecti\i(! particles and istill see only light iiYFectionis... Thet,e ob::;ervfftiot1'0· SU(Ji;Je~,';t. tJ12rt C "· gi9as may IJ(?come :Lrrfected but t<) a much JJ:,si:;,,? 1· r"!)Ct.ent tha.n the, 1v1.tiv(:; oy:c, Li;91· undi:J t' the e)q)e ri.mc3iTLal condition'.''·, iJ challenge crf all fami vrith Perldnsus at CJJ)uce2:,l:.e ,· Point, Thi~',. f;;.tudy in j)iOC.Ji'e;,;:;:;. w,;Lng oyste1-~; culttffed at. thcJ \i .. l.h.'.,: hatcheiy a:, ck,r,c,-:i.LKxJ in th,a et1rliei- table, (\ ~,,ample f,-01n rJach ,o.ti":D.in being ma:Lntained in a closed system in an environment conducive to development o'f Perf<..insus.. The c'>Y$t,,0n1 reqularly d<:Ysec! '-'Jith Perkim;;us irrfect:ive spot,er,.. Cutt"C·rnt prevalei'I(.::'? o'f' infection .JS foJJov1:':, :: 50,,.4.~t; 16, O't C 1.drr_:1,inica ( ?n) C virr;,in:ica (:'.;n) c. 9igas (?n) : c. gigas (:Sn) :: AO,O:J.; (mo,:c.tly liqht irrf'ection'.-3) 1. :2 " (J,t Hyb 1·-:id, C. vi rginica motJ1e 1-Hyh ,·id,, C. giga.s rfl(Ythei' 4.n,, rJ% It impcwt21nt to note that tl'1e:C:;e va.Juef; are the pc-1,centage of tlk! tota.1 thcit are irrFcct,,JcL They do not illu~,trate the level of' i11'f0?ct in each individ1.1al,, ThH :L1rFection::s in the C. 9iqas ,J. l'e SJ"JnE'rdlly liqlTI:, (supp,:Jt'tinq, dt lrc3af,.t :0-o 'far,, the obf;er,va.t:ion:', of tile hl,J.cl·w.p1·'E'•o.que ;:c,>(peritn>')iTl:.).. {YLK> of intet"e3t :ici, the corrq::,a.ra:i:.iv,,<Ly 101,,i prevalr:;1nce in tho triploid rt1airn.\\.. 1>1c;. mentioned e,'J.i"l r,; tld.,s 'is a corrt:inuing e><pcriment and these data may change as the exper:Lment pl"oqresses. In addition, a ,·eplicate o'f this e><pe,·:Lment 1x3:i nq a hi/Jher food do:3e pc:1· o.rn.ma.1 pln.nncd to beqin :shortly,, In due cou,"t'>e 1A1e plan to rq:JOi"t. on all of t[w):,e e><pe l''iment.f. to tlie CommJf,;.ssion,, Futu l"e Di i'E!Ctionc:, .. '"'><PCl"iment:3 in a pr0Jons:1cd s;r,::di:)cs. Tr1nre a.1·e a rn.,mbei' I·f tl1etse c,><r::,u1-JJ11e1TL,1 p1"oce0,1d B.nd all thr:) non native thereof' die unck:r Perldns.us ,:::hallenqe then chcn.i"lY th mate,·ial of'fers:; little hope. Thl'Jl"e a,-e many rc;tro.i,1'.:, of othei" Crasso.5trea 1,vor-thy of e>(am:ination in t.l1ii', rJ. r(.s :::~ n. r· J. .V (Ji" :c;iqnifica.nt I Oi hybtidr; f'-OU 1Y:e O'f ff9netic C. 9.iga.s and CV(:rl instance but let us think a little more pc6itively ,, If the rK,,n native n.nc!/01 hyb 1··i,:fo c!crnorntrate 1·esistance comparable to or bette1· than the native then the task remains to test to MSX. This must be effected in the natt!i','Jl e1wi1·onmc111rt and ~2.uch \,·,.1orl< ~1oulcl be propo:c;.ed few the the V J ,,M.S, campus at Gloucester Point. A request for permission to effect such a study not t:.pprop1"'iate ,::rt:. thi:,; i:.:i.me :: 1·101.11,,:iver,, ~;hould 01.u· ;;tuc!::Le:3 ::,.uppc)r·t ,s.uch a i">':,que::d. it 1,1ould be appn:;.pr:i;;,.te to :,d:.::1.1·t f,uch a challenq(i no late1· tf1an Ma.y l of 1990,, :'1 1·eque~,t for perrnis~;ion tc, effr:Jct ,such a ;;;.tudy :;houlc! ti·1e1·E:'.·fo1·e be miJ.de• no la.tEn· tha1·1 tr1e M.Jrch 1990 meetinq of th~'! Con,mL::<,ion. 3uch o. 0;.tuc!y not vd.thout s.()me ri::.;f<" Po:3sible ::;pa1.,1ninq ul' tile e>qx,i'i.mental c:,tocl< canr1ot he contr·olled" nn C><ten::0;ive di:s.cL!c"<,,ion of th:i:::,. pO:'°,f).ibility it, beyond the, ::;cope of th:\.::; ckicLHnent but :r cJo n<:it bcdiE,!Ve the impact would be siqnif nt, The possibility of intr-oduction of an f:i.::s.:-3.()Ci,::i.'t:.ec! ('3>(:i:s.t.s ~Jut. e><per·i.c;r1c::=:J t.1iJ:ith I .<C .. C ,, ~) ,, pi-()C:t}C.!t . !rf!S (S.l:.-:.\e11Jl,·'1f?.r-r:': indicates that this is mininscule. Given the pr-esent maintaina.nce regime of thE: "strain:,," rrt V"I"M"S"'' ~1he1'>"! 1,,1J,2d>"i" control c!icttri:,,3:3 food limitHtion,, it probable thcrL d~}sease, if pn°,:sc;1TL ,, \,~ould have already me:rd·i'csted i:tself, ['-,.!(J ::~uh:::;t,,,1.ntial mortd.lities ha. v\'! been ob::,e rvt:KJ" t\lc, Eividence o'f di(,ea:;;e organisms has been seen in histological sections of sampled a11imals. Summ,3,ry To date our o!Jser··./atiorn,:; :::,ug(.je:st tJw.t C. gigas may be infc:ctec! by Perfdnsus but not to the e)d:.errL e)q::ie1·h"ncec! by the n1;1ti·· ... ,·e ov~rter unde1 idl"0 ntical cundition,;. Continued en:io:::;ure n,a.y n>'H.ilt in \Jreater ini;ei·,i,,ity ,:JF infection anc! th is under study. Triploid oy::,ter~ appear to suffer lower prevaler1c:"~ of dj_:,.,ense tha.n diploid oysten;; undei" the tested ,:;onditions;, Should continuing exper-iments confirm ::,uperior r-esistance in either the non native 01 the tes,.tec! hyrwid:3 then f::Leld ci)q::iof;ure:?,, to te:';t tf:.f:dstance to MSX vd11 L:ie l"(,CjL!ir·ocL (1 fu1"ther· ~,.ummary of w::,rk 1,,iill !:.e give11 tc, ti1r?. Commi:c::!d.on :Ln the Sp1·inci of 1990 (\ 1·,::,queist for r::,ermi:oY:don to effect MS)< tec,tinq 1.,iill be m,{1de a.t. that time only if it can be ~\upp,:::irt.ed by tl1e tcrl:.al <Yi" 2111 C><pc:Jrimcnta.1 ofy,;ei'Vatiom, iMclEi to that time. 

A Summary of Continuing Research with Non Native Oysters at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science

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A Summary of Continuing Research with Non Native Oysters at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science

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