William J. Hargis Jr., Editor.Translated from: Doklady Akad. Nauk., USSR, 1948, vol. LIX, no. 2, p. 383-386

Bauer, O N.

English

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W&M ScholarWorks Reports 1964 On the systematic position of Ankyrocotyle baicalense Wlasenko O N. Bauer Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/reports  Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, Marine Biology Commons, Parasitology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Bauer, O. N. (1964) On the systematic position of Ankyrocotyle baicalense Wlasenko. Translation Series. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/reports/55 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reports by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact scholarworks@wm.edu. VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE GlOUCESTER POINT, VIRGINIA ON TID~ SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF Anky!ocotyle baicalense Wlasenko TRANSLATION SERIES NO. 6 July 1964 ON THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF Arikyrocotyle baicalense Wlasenko by 0. N. Bauer Edited by Vlilliam J. Hargis, Jr. Translated by Pierre C. Oustinoff TRANSLATION SERIES NO. 6 VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF N.ARINE SCIENCE Gloucester Point, Virginia 1964 Preface to Translation 1 Translation of this paper was undertaken as part of a long-ter.m research project on the systematics, host-specificity and zoogeography of monogenetic trematodes.2 Translation and editing were accomplished in the following manner: 1. Oustinoff3 read translation on tape. 2. Hrs. Morales transcribed translation from tape to first typescript. 3. Hargis edited typescript • 4. Typescript retyped by Mrs. horales. 5. Hargis again edited typescript for final corrections. A conscious effort has been made to keep this translation as near the original as possible. It is probably inevitable, however, that some of the nuances of meaning in the original have been distorted or lost. For this we apologize to the author and the reader. Certain passages were difficult to translate. Hhere a different English phrase seems to fit the author's meaning better or serves to clarify the text, it has been inserted in brackets. Certain obvious errors or mis-spellings in the original text were changed, less obvious ones are noted with (sic). 1virginia Institute of Marine Science Translation Series, No. 6 2Translation and editing supported by funds from Grant No. E-2389 of the National Institutes of Health. 3chair.man, Department of Hodern Languages, College of ,filliam and l'.i:ary, i:/illiams burg. v For convenience in referring to the Russian text the original pagination is given in the margin of the translation opposite the place where the new page begins. Occasionally figures or tables are somewhat displaced from their original page location; however, since they~ them-selves, are numbered sequentially, no confusion should result. The citation of numbers for measurements and numbered structures are generally given in the translation as they were in the author's paper. This should further facilitate checking with the Russian. Unless other-wise noted, all measurements are in millimeters. This translation is intended as a service to researchers, Though effort has been made to make it comprehensible, accurate and useful, it is likely that improvements can be made. Should literary improvements or verification appear desirable it is suggested that the researcher make his own translation. Pagination is arranged to facilitate such activity. We will appreciate constructive suggestions for improvements in this and future translations. Thanks are due to Hrs. Patricia c. Horales of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science who transcribed, typed and assembled the manuscript, and to :tviiss Evelyn vlells \Oo assisted with final editing. William J. Hargis, Jr. vi Doklady Akad. Nauk U.S.S.R. 1948. Vol. LIX, No. 2, p. 383-386 ZOOLOGY o. N. Bauer ON THE SYSTEHATIC POSITION OF .A.nkyrocotyle baicalense Wlasenko (Presented by Academician 1. s. Berg, 17 October 1947) Until now the parasites of fishes of Lake Baikal have not been p383 studied fully although undoubted~ they offer extremely valuable data for clarification of the manner of fornation of Baikal's fauna. In addition, a number of the v.rorks on this subject abound in errors vlhich could lead to wrong conclusions. N. M. ~nasenko 1 s very meticulous description of a new genus and species of monogenetic trematodes, Ankyrocotyle baicalense, from the gills of ~1~~ from Baikal (3) belongs among such works. Since the appearance of · flasenko' s paper this parasite has been mentioned in all Soviet manuals of fish diseases (4, 8) and in research papers and synopses concerning the fauna of Baikal (2, 6, 7). In determining the systematic position of the genus Ankyrocotyle, N. M. lr.flasenko included il in the family Polystomidae and considered it as being an intermediate form between Polystomidae and Gyrodactylidae. The presence of 6 suckers on the attaching disc of ~. baicalense served as a basis for this conclusion. Hmvever, including the genus Ankyrocotyle into the system of Nonogenoidea proposed by B. E. Bychowsky (1), and follo~<.ring '!lasenko, it ,,rould have been necessary to place it in the order Gyrodactyloidea, suborder Polyopisthocotylinea. Ankyrocotyle cannot be attributed to Gyrodactylinea, the primary suborder of this order, because it is an egg-laying for.m, In comparing the diagnostic characteristics of Anky!ocotyle with those of the suborder Polyopisthocotylinea, sharp contradictions are encountered immediately. According to aychowsky (1) this order is characterized by the presence of: 1) a two-branched intestine with anastomoses, 2) a male copulatory organ with a ring of chitinous hooks, and 3) an attaching disc with hooks and 2-6 suckers. According to the description of N. M. Nlasenko, Ankyrocotyle has: 1) a sac-shaped intestine, 2) a copulatory apparatus in the shape of a chitinous tube Lcirru~ with a sup~orting plate Laccessory piec~ and, 3) an attaching disc LposthaptorJ with 4 middle hooks Lanchor~ a complexely arranged cross-piece Lhaptoral baJ'} (N. N. l"llasenko' s term "pinching apparatus" is completely inadequate), and 6 suckers on the lobes of the disc. Furthermore, the anterior end of the vorm is equipped with 4 finger-shaped outerol'lths and two pairs of eyes. Bauer 1948 2 Thus, only the presence of "suckers" likens Ank:yrocotyle to the order Gyrodactylidea. All the remaining characteristics force us to attribute this forn to the order Dactylogyridea, the suborder Tetraonchinea. Let us consider this characteristic in greater detail. In his p384 work N. H. 1.fl.asenko presents a drawing of the attaching apparatus bearing suckers. But, judging from the drawing, they are expressed extremely weakly. They do not show the typical muscular rings that exist among the representatives of Polyopisthocotylinea, in Po1ystomum integerrimum for instance. On the contrary, the attaching disc on the drawing is shown with weak pit-shaped invaginations. Thus, this characteristic appears very doubtful and if it is recalled that the hosts of Polyopisthocotylinea are Elasmobranchii, f~phibia and Reptilia, whereas those of Tetraonchinea are freshwater fishes and particularly migratory fishes, the systematic position of Ankyr:ocot;yle established by N. M. h~"lasenko vfill appear extremely poorly founded (Table 1). N. H. \IJlasenko notices this dis-crepancy himself, but attempts to explain it by citing the marine origin of the Baikal fauna, which is obviously incorrect. G. U. Vereshchiagin (2), includes Arikyrocotrle in the list of organisms he attributes to the marine element in the population of Baikal. In 1940 and 1941 we collected a small amount of monogeneid material from thymallids (TbJmallus arcticus) from the Yenisei River and from the Lena River (Th. arcticus pallasii). Comparing these parasites with the Ank;yrocotyle described by N. H. vfiasenko we immedi-ately noticed their similarity. The body among all these forms is extended, and "the little neck" mentioned by N. H. l'llasenko, is far from being always noticeable but depends on the degree of contraction of the parasite. The posterior end of the body terminates in a disc Lposthaptolj vJith 6 lobes. He were unable to detect, on whole mounts p385 or in sections, even weakly expressed pit-shaped suckers on these lobes. The hooked attaching apparatus corresponds to the drawings of N. M. 1Tlasenko; furthermore, we found the very small lateral hooks typical for the suborder Tetraonchinae on our specimens, which were apparently omitted by N. H. \'llasenko. The copulatory apparatus, which represents the most constant characteristic and systematic sign in Honogenoidea, agrees with the description given by N. H. 1-Jlasenko (Fig. 1). If we add to all this the presence in our specimens of 4 finger-shaped outgrowths, 2 pairs of eyes and 1 testis, which is also indicated for ~. baicalense we must conclude that the Monogenoidea from the gills of 'I'~.§.llu_!3_ from Baikal, Yenisei and Lena are completely identical. The only characteristic distinguishing them, namely "suckers" in!· baicalense, is based on some misunderstanding. Recently we were able, thanks to the ~~i.ndness of B. E. Bychowsky, to examine Monogenoidea collected from the gills of the European thymallid (Thymallus thymallus) from the Pinega River (basin of northern Dvina) and from the gills of Thymallus sp. from Baikal. All the samples examined Bauer 1948 3 had been identified by B. E. Bychowsky as Tetraonchus borealis (Olsson, 1893). Comparison of these samples with our Monogenea from the gills of Siberian Thymallus sp. show that we are dealing with the same species of worm (Fig. 1). Inasmuch as this species was first described by Olsson (9), it must be recognized that the genus AAkY!ocotyle and species!· baicalense do not exist independently, but that the typically fresh- p386 water paleo-arctic species Tetraonchus borealis parasitizes the gills of fishes the genus Thymallus (Th. thymallus and Th. arcticus with subspecies), and that the range of Tetraonchus borealis includes all north Europe and the whole of Siberia including Biakal. Thus, the monogenetic trematodes from the gills of the Baikal Thymallus sp. cannot in any way be used to support the Lsupposeg/ marine connections of the fauna of Baikal which was envisaged by N. N. Wlasenko (3) and G. u. Vereshchiagin (2). In conclusion I express my hearty gratitude to B. E. Bychowsky for the material he placed at my disposal and for his aid, and I also thank L. F. Kashina for the drawings. All Union Scientific Research Institute of the Fish Industry Of lakes and Rivers Literature Cited Printed 17 October 1947 1. B. E. Bychowsky, Izv. Akad. Nauk. USSR, Biol. Ser., No.4 (1937). 2. G. U. Vereshchiagin, Trudy Baikal. Limnolog. St., Akad. Nauk. USSR, 10 ( 1940). 3. N. M. Nlasenko, LRussian Hydrobiological Journay 7, No. 10-12 (1928). 4. V. A. Dogiel, LParasitological Diseases of Fishe~, 1932. 5. V. B. Dubinin, LScientific Notes of the leningrad State University, No. 7, Biology Serie~ (1936). 6. N. N. Kozhov, L Animal ,,.ror ld of Baikal/, 194 7. 7. E. M. Lyman, Trudy Baikal. Limnolog. St., Adad. Nauk. USSR, 4 (1933). 8. E. M. ~an, LDiseases of Fishe~/, 1939 9. P. Olsson, K. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 25 (1893). Diagnostic characteristics No. of middle hooks No. of lateral hooks Form of copulatory apparatus Existence and no. of suckers Form of the intestine No. of testes Hethod of reproduction Eyes Cephalic outgrowths Host TABLE 1 Table of diagnostic characteristics of Tetraonchus borealis Olsson (==Ankyrocotyle baical~ ~Jlasenko) fl. baicalense according to Hlasenko 2 pairs + connecting cross piece ? Tube-shaped 3 pairs Sac-shaped 1 Source or Naterial Family Family Tetraonchus borealis from gills of Thymallus Polystomidae Tetraonchidae 1-2 ;?airs Ring of chitinous hooks 6 _;>.drs Bifurcated 1 2 pairs + connecting 2 pairs + connecting cross piece cross piece 16 16 Chitinous pipe with supporting plate --------------- absent ------------- Sac-shaped --------------1 --------------------------------- Egg-laying for.ms ----------------------------------2 pairs 4 Baikal Thymallus Absent Absent Elasmobranchii Amphibia, Reptilia --------------- 2 pairs ---------------4 Freshwater and migratory fishes 4 European and Siberian Thymallus with subspecies FIG. 1. Connecting plate (a) and copulatory organ (b) of Tetraonchus borealis. I--from gills of Thymallus arcticus (Yenisei River), II--from gills of Thymallus arcticus pallasi (Lena River), III--from gills of Th. arcticus baicalensis (Baikal), IV--from gills of Th. thymallus (northern Dvina). I • 

On the systematic position of Ankyrocotyle baicalense Wlasenko

Bauer, O.N.

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On the systematic position of Ankyrocotyle baicalense Wlasenko

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