The hatchery-based shellfish aquaculture industry in Virginia continues to grow adding significant value to the Commonwealth’s seafood marketplace. Today, watermen harvest both hard clams and oysters from the Commonwealth’s public resources, albeit at rates diminished from historic levels. At the same time, Virginia’s watermen-farmers, utilizing production from a land-based hatchery, are providing additional quantities of quality shellfish to consumers. This survey, in its 10th year, is intended to continue annual assessments with which to gauge growth and inputs in Virginia’s hatchery-based shellfish aquaculture industry. This report is based upon an industry survey completed during the first quarter of 2016. While these trends are widely acknowledged, until this annual survey was initiated in 2006 there had been no consistent reporting of production and economic trends in Virginia’s shellfish aquaculture industry. Periodic assessments are necessary to inform growers and related interests about the actual status and trends in the industry

Hudson, Karen

Murrary, Thomas J.

English

College of William & Mary: W&M Publish

W&M ScholarWorks Reports 3-1-2016 Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report : Results of the 2015 Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Crop Reporting Survey Karen Hudson Virginia Institute of Marine Science Thomas J. Murrary Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/reports  Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, and the Natural Resource Economics Commons Recommended Citation Hudson, K., & Murrary, T. J. (2016) Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report : Results of the 2015 Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Crop Reporting Survey. VIMS Marine Resource Report No. 2016-4. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary. https://doi.org/10.21220/V5BD8N This Report is brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reports by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact scholarworks@wm.edu. Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook ReportResults of the 2015 Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Crop Reporting SurveyApril 2016Karen Hudson Shellfish Aquaculture Specialist Thomas J. Murray Associate Director for Advisory ServicesMarine Advisory Services Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceVirginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report2The complete report can be found online at www.vims.edu/map/aquacultureVIMS Marine Resource Report No. 2016-4Photos: ©Karen Hudson, VIMSVIMS Marine Advisory Service 3Executive SummaryThe hatchery-based shellfish aquaculture industry in Virginia continues to grow adding significant value to the Commonwealth’s seafood marketplace.  Today, watermen harvest both hard clams and oysters from the Commonwealth’s public resources, albeit at rates diminished from historic levels. At the same time, Virginia’s watermen-farmers, utilizing production from a land-based hatchery, are providing additional quantities of quality shellfish to consumers. This survey, in its 10th year, is intended to continue annual assessments with which to gauge growth and inputs in Virginia’s hatchery-based shellfish aquaculture industry.  This report is based upon an industry survey completed during the first quarter of 2016.  While these trends are widely acknowledged, until this annual survey was initiated in 2006 there had been no consistent reporting of production and economic trends in Virginia’s shellfish aquaculture in-dustry.  Periodic assessments are necessary to inform growers and related interests about the actual status and trends in the industry. Highlights: • 2015 farm gate value for Virginia shellfish aquaculture was $48.3 million $32.3 million Hard Clams $16.0 million Oysters • Virginia is 1st in the U.S. for hard clam production• Virginia is 1st on the East Coast of the U.S. for Eastern oyster production• Virginia shellfish aquaculture directly employs hundreds of Virginians• Clams are the biggest contributor to Virginia’s shellfish aquaculture economic value• Oysters are the most rapidly developing sector of Virginia’s shellfish aquaculture • The majority of Virginia’s shellfish production comes from a system of vertically integrated private hatcheries which are located on both the eastern and western shoresVirginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report41 Virginia Marine Resources Commission’s Licensed Aquaculture Product Owners List.2 In 2013, the crop reporting survey was expanded to ask whether the grower has a “cooperative” agreement with a larger oyster producer who would likely report the sales numbers. This was due to reports of oyster cooperative arrangements and was an effort to reduce the potential for double counting oyster sales.Historically the most common oyster “culture” technique in Virginia was the transplanting of wild harvested seed to leased growing grounds. Prior to the onslaught of diseases, the grower paid little attention to the grounds between the time seed was planted and the time mature oysters were harvested, some 2 or 3 years later.  This culture is still practiced today; however, the results here do not include information on such oyster planting. The results in this report reflect the use of aqua-culture practices adopted as a result of increased oyster disease and predation which utilize only hatchery produced seed and larvae.  There are two methods of hatchery-based oyster aquaculture production in Virginia: intensive cul-ture (off bottom) and extensive culture (on bot-tom, or spat-on-shell).  Both typically use geneti-cally improved stocks and triploid, or “spawnless” oysters.  Industry reports that the sterile triploid seed is more viable from a commercial stand-point, as the oysters grow faster and do not di-minish in quality with seasonal spawning. Intensive Culture  (cultchless method using single seed)Intensive culture uses cultchless, or single seed.  This seed needs to be containerized for predator MethodologyA mail and Internet-based survey was developed to collect information from Virginia clam and oys-ter growers known to be active in the industry1.  Each year, the survey instrument is evaluated and revised based upon field testing (Appendices 1 & 2). Seventy-nine complete, useable surveys were returned via the Internet, mail, or fax, including responses from 15 clam growers, 66 intensive oyster growers, 7 extensive growers, 5 shellfish hatcheries, and 9 growers who cultured both molluscs. It is believed that the survey is representative of overall trends in 2015 and based on the majority of active commercial growers.  For confidentiality reasons, the information collected is aggregated, and the total represents both the eastern and western shores of Virginia.  Summary of FindingsVirginia Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Aquacultureprotection. Containerization varies but gener-ally consists of oysters deployed in bags within cages that sit approximately 12 inches off the bottom.  Intensive oyster culture requires more labor in gear and product maintenance and is generally considered more expensive. However, the end result is a single, more uniform product that has the ability to obtain a higher price in the boxed and half shell markets.Figure 1 shows a reported 135.6 million single oysters planted in 2015 which is a 27% increase from 2014 and right on target with grower ex-pectations from the previous survey. The out-look for 2016 suggests a 14% increase in oysters planted by Virginia growers.  Oyster Sales and PricesEight of the 62 oyster survey responses indicated some sort of cooperative relationship to market, but most arrangements were similar to those with contractors - with no equity exchange, such as, providing seed2.  The 2015 results indi-0204060801001201401602005    2006    2007    2008    2009    2010    2011     2012    2013    2014    2015Year Figure 1. Number of Single Oysters Planted by Virginia Aquaculturists (millions)Millions VIMS Marine Advisory Service 5cated the total number of market oysters sold by Virginia growers, subtracting the reported sales from those indicating involvement with a cooperative, was 35.4 million (Figure 2). This was a decrease of 11% from 2014 and is less than the 57 million cultured market oysters that growers had predicted for 2015 from the previ-ous survey year. Survey respondents forecast a 32% increase which, if reached, would translate to nearly 47 million market oysters sold in 2016.For the purposes of this report, oyster prices are not broken down as to market segment (i.e. primary wholesale, secondary wholesale, retail, etc.). Figure 3 shows a $0.01 increase in the aver-age price received for cultured oysters in 20153. Trends in the percentage of single oysters sold into wholesale markets remain fairly consistent at greater than 94% for the last seven years. The percentage of single oysters sold out of state in 2015 was 62%.  This export level has ranged be-tween 56 % and 86% for the last six years.Combining the overall sales of single, market oysters with the weighted average price per oyster, it is estimated that the total 2015 reve-nue for oyster aquaculturists (not including spat on shell production) was $14.5 million, a slight decrease of less than $1 million from 2014.Extensive Culture - Spat-on-ShellExtensive culture is also referred to as spat-on-shell.  The primary advantage of spat-on-shell cultivation is that it requires less labor and fewer materials than single oyster cultivation, thereby making it a more economically feasible option for producing large quantities of oysters. Oyster eyed larvae is purchased from the hatchery and transported to the remote setting location.  The eyed larvae are set in land-based tanks on bush-els of clean oyster shells, referred to as cultch. The bushels of shell struck with larvae are plant-ed directly on the bottom and harvested within two years. Because spat-on-shell cultivation produces oysters grown in clusters (similar to wild-caught oysters), the primary product is pre-dominantly oysters for shucking rather than sin-gle oysters for half-shell consumption. For this reason, remote setting is not meant to take the place of single oyster culture, which produces consistent, high quality, half-shell oysters, but to complement it with a means of producing, on large scale, a local oyster for use by Virginia’s oyster processors.Figure 2. Number of Aquacultured Market Oysters Sold by Virginia Growers (millions)0.05.010.015.020.025.030.035.040.045.02005    2006    2007    2008   2009    2010    2011     2012    2013    2014    2015Year Millions 3 During 2015 the median price was $0.38 per market oyster, an increase of $0.02 from 2014. The weighted average price across all growers was $0.409 per market oyster in 2015, an increase of $0.023 from 2014.4 According to prior grower survey reports, the number of har-vested bushels of spat-on-shell has continually increased from roughly 2,000 in 2009 to almost 13,000 in 2012 and over 38,000 bushels in 2014. These numbers include a mix of plantings funded by private investment and subsidized support.Figure 3. Oyster Prices reported by Virginia GrowersPrices ($)0.000.200.400.600.801.001.202005    2006    2007    2008   2009    2010    2011     2012    2013    2014    2015Year AverageThe spat-on-shell process has been enhanced since its start in 2008. Improvements in the qual-ity of eyed larvae coming out of the hatcheries and optimized remote setting methods have cut in half the number of eyed larvae required per bushel of shell.  While large-scale spat-on-shell cultivation has been used in Virginia for the last several years, federal monies had subsidized a large portion of this development which im-peded relevant forecasting4.  These subsidies are now gone, allowing for inclusion of indus-try trends.  In 2015, growers reported planting 46,500 bushels, a 52% increase from 2014. The industry forecast for 2016 is to increase by 35% Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report6to nearly 63,000 bushels. The industry’s expan-sion depends on a consistent production of large quantities of eyed larvae, which can be problem-atic due to poor water quality.Spat-on-Shell Sales and PricesIn 2015, growers reported harvesting 33,200 bushels of spat-on-shell which was a 13% de-crease from 2014.  Expectations for 2016 are for an increase of 59% to 53,000 harvested bushels of spat-on-shell.  The average price per bushel was $46 making the 2015 farm gate value for spat-on-shell $1.5 million; an 11% decrease from 2014.Oyster Hatcheries5 The vast majority of Virginia’s production comes from a vertically integrated system with eight commercial shellfish hatcheries, of various scales, producing oyster seed and eyed larvae either planted by the hatchery owners them-selves in their aquaculture operations, or sold to other Virginia growers.5 The expansion of oyster hatchery infrastructure in 2009 prompted the addition of hatchery-specific survey questions in 2010.  Hatchery questions were then relocated to a standalone survey sent directly to the shellfish hatcheries beginning in 2011 (Appendix 2).6 Over the last four years, Virginia hatcheries have reported sell-ing a percentage of their total seed and eyed larvae production out-of-state.  These sales support development of oyster aqua-culture in surrounding states with limited, or no private hatchery capability of their own.Oyster Hatchery SalesSince 2008, the expansion of large-scale spat–on-shell in Virginia has changed hatchery vol-ume, as shown in Figure 4. Existing firms became active in purchasing not just cultchless seed, but large quantities of eyed larvae for spat- on-shell development. In 2015, hatcheries reported an increase from the prior year in sales of both the single seed and eyed larvae6.  A total of 217 mil-lion single seed were sold in 2015, along with 2.6 billion eyed larvae.  Triploid eyed larvae and seed were the source of the overwhelming ma-jority of the oyster sales reported by hatcheries at 87% and 94%, respectively.  In 2015 the av-erage price of eyed larvae increased by 22% to $313 per million.Good water quality remains a critical need for hatcheries.  Water quality issues of unknown ori-gin were reported by oyster hatcheries in 2009 and 2011 and show a clear impact on produc-tion as seen in Figure 4.  Research is ongoing to understand the water quality parameters that negatively impact consistent production, with the goal of providing management tools to miti-gate the issues.   EmploymentFinally, as shown in Figure 5, employment as-sociated with oyster aquaculture, which has remained varied over recent years, shows an in-crease in the number of full time and decrease in part time employment in 2015. The difficulty of estimating the time and labor associated with relatively small-scale aquaculture conducted in conjunction with other business lines makes estimates of oyster culture labor problematic at this point in industry development. In view of this fact, the trends in these employment fig-ures should not be overly interpreted. There is consistent expectation that with successful de-velopment of both spat-on-shell and cultchless oyster aquaculture, additional employment will be required to meet the greatly expanded plant-ing and production needs.Figure 4. Oyster Hatchery Sales (millions)Figure 5. Virginia Oyster Farm EmploymentNumber of JobsMillions 050100150200250Part TimeFull Time2005    2006    2007    2008   2009    2010    2011     2012    2013    2014    2015Year 050010001500200025003000Eyed larvaeSeed2005    2006    2007    2008   2009    2010    2011    2012    2013    2014    2015Year VIMS Marine Advisory Service 7Clam aquaculture is a relatively mature aqua-culture industry that has dominated over wild clam harvest in Virginia for more than a decade. Clams are not as low-salinity tolerant as oysters and thus the majority of clam production comes from the higher salinity areas on the eastern shore including both bayside and seaside. Clams burrow into the sediment which makes the pro-duction methods much different than oyster cul-ture.  There is one method for clam aquaculture in which beds are planted in plots and covered with mesh net for predator protection.  Planting to harvest is a two year process; longer than in oyster aquaculture.Based on previous economic assessments com-piled by the authors, Virginia continues to lead the nation in the production of cultured hard clams. As depicted in Figure 6, clam growers reported a 7% increase in seed plantings during 2015 to a total of 526 million clams. The industry outlook for 2016 predicts an increase of 2% to 537 million individual clams planted.Clam Sales and PricesThe 2015 crop reporting survey reflects a 24% decrease from the all-time high of 243 million market clams sold in the previous year, as shown in Figure 7.  Based on the overall sales and the weighted average price per market clam, it is es-timated that total revenue for hard clam aqua-culturists in 2015 was $32.3 million—a decrease of 17%, or $6.5 million, from the prior year.Figure 8 displays the survey findings regarding relative prices received for market clams. The average price reported per market clam at the farm gate was $0.17 during 2015; the same as the previous two years.  Trends in the percent-age of market clams sold into wholesale mar-kets have remained in the range of 94% to 99% for the last seven years.  During 2015, 85% of market clams were sold out of state. This export level has remained between 85% and 93% for the last five years.Clam HatcheriesClam seed production and sales have remained stable for the last several years as well as the reported average price of clam seed. Industry sources indicate much of the hatchery capacity is dedicated to producing seed for the hatchery Figure 6. Number of Hard Clams planted in Virginia (millions)Figure 7. Number of Hard Clams Sold in Virginia (millions)2005    2006    2007    2008   2009    2010    2011     2012    2013    2014    2015Year MillionsMillions Hard Clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) AquacultureFigure 8. Clam prices reported by Virginia growers2005    2006    2007    2008   2009    2010    2011     2012    2013    2014    2015Year Price ($)owner’s own planting. Essentially, all of the seed produced is planted in Virginia. This vertically in-tegrated system with eventual sales to many out-of-state consumers adds important economic development to local coastal communities.01002003004005006007002005    2006    2007    2008   2009    2010    2011    2012    2013    2014    2015Year 0501001502002503000.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.35AverageVirginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report8EmploymentFigure 9 demonstrates an increase in both full time and part time employment in 2015. How-ever, as noted above, the employment situa-tion for all shellfish aquaculture is complicated by the diversity of the firms involved. The vast majority of the clam production is conducted by relatively large vertically integrated companies; these companies often contract with self-em-ployed grower cooperatives, which, as with oys-ters, complicate the estimates of labor involved in this industry.Given the ambiguity of reporting labor used for both oyster and clam culture noted above, it is useful as a benchmark to review the economic impact model developed for Virginia shellfish aquaculture for the 2012 growing year. The IMPLAN model used for that assessment esti-mates that just under one (0.9) full time equiva-lent (FTE) is needed to produce $100,000 of cul-tured shellfish output. Based upon this model, 435 FTEs would be needed to produce the 2015 estimated output of $48.3 million; a decrease of 9% over the 2014 estimate of 480 FTEs. These figures do not represent the indirect and in-duced employment multipliers.Figure 9. Virginia Clam Farm Employment2005    2006    2007    2008   2009    2010    2011    2012    2013    2014    2015Year Number of Jobs050100150200250300350400Part TimeFull timeVIMS Marine Advisory Service 9Appendix 1: Grower SurveyVirginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report10VIMS Marine Advisory Service 11Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report12VIMS Marine Advisory Service 13Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report14VIMS Marine Advisory Service 15Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report16VIMS Marine Advisory Service 17Appendix 2: Hatchery SurveyVirginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report18VIMS Marine Advisory Service 19The complete report can be found online at www.vims.edu/map/aquacultureVIMS Marine Resource Report No. 2016-4

Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report : Results of the 2015 Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Crop Reporting Survey

The shellfish aquaculture industry in Virginia continues to grow, adding significant value to the state’s seafood marketplace. Today, watermen continue to harvest both hard clams and oysters from the state’s public resources, albeit at diminished rates. At the same time, Virginia’s watermen-farmers are providing growing quantities of additional quality shellfish to consumers. In recent years, folliowing the lead of the hard clam industry, a significant transition to intensive aquaculture of native oysters is underway. The once-extensive oyster planting utilizing wild seed has contracted primarily as a result of endemic oyster diseases and increasing wildlife predation of seed oysters. In its place is an emerging aquaculture sector based on improved culture techniques and disease-resistant oyster seed. While these trends are widely acknowledged, there has been no consistent reporting of production and economic trends in Virginia’s shellfish aquaculture industry. Periodic assessments are necessary to inform growers and related interests about the actual status and trends in the industry. The intent of this survey is to continue annual assessments with which to gauge growth and inputs in Virginia’s shellfish aquaculture industry. This report is based upon an industry survey completed during the first quarter of 2014

Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report : Results of the 2013 Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Crop Reporting Survey

The Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report has been produced annually by Virginia Institute of Marine Science extension partners affiliated with Virginia Sea Grant since 2005. The survey and report provides annual assessments with which to gauge growth and inputs in Virginia’s shellfish aquaculture industry. This report is based upon an industry survey completed during the first quarter of 2015

Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report : Results of the 2014 Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Crop Reporting Survey

https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1406&amp;context=reports

Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report : Results of the 2015 Virginia Shellfish Aquaculture Crop Reporting Survey

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