Dokonano oceny jakości wód podziemnych w rejonie zespołu składowisk w Strzemieszycach. Pod uwagę wzięto zawar-tość chlorków. Celem pracy było wyznaczenie zmian jakości wód podziemnych przy użyciu statystycznej metody śred-nich ruchomych. W obliczeniach wzięto pod uwagę wyniki analiz chemicznych zawartości chlorków dla okresu 21 lat w dwóch pie-zometrach składowiska dawnej Huty Katowice. Dane te pozwoliły wyznaczyć trendy zmian jakości wód podziemnych w czwartorzędowym i triasowym piętrze wodonośnym na badanym obszarze. Wyniki obliczeń wskazują na negatywny wpływ składowiska na jakość wód podziemnych

Dąbrowska, Dominika

Sołtysiak, Marek

English

Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Śląskiego RE-BUŚ

             Title: Mathematical assessing of the groundwater quality, a case study from Lipówka landfill.  Author: Dominika Dąbrowska, Marek Sołtysiak  Citation style: Dąbrowska Dominika, Sołtysiak Marek. (2014). Mathematical assessing of the groundwater quality, a case study from Lipówka landfill. "Acta Geographica Silesiana" ([T.] 17 (2014), s. 11-15).   11 Acta Geographica Silesiana, 17. WNoZ UŚ, Sosnowiec, 2014 s. 11–15    __________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____ __________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________   Dominika Dąbrowska, Marek Sołtysiak   University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec; e-mail: ddabrowska@us.edu.pl,    soltysiak.marek@gmail.com      MATHEMATICAL ASSESSING OF THE GROUNDWATER QUALITY: A CASE STUDY FROM LIPÓWKA LANDFILL  Dąbrowska D., Sołtysiak M. Matematyczna ocena jakości wód podziemnych (na przykładzie składowiska Lipówka).  Dokonano oceny jakości wód podziemnych w rejonie zespołu składowisk w Strzemieszycach. Pod uwagę wzięto zawar-tość chlorków. Celem pracy było wyznaczenie zmian jakości wód podziemnych przy użyciu statystycznej metody śred-nich ruchomych. W obliczeniach wzięto pod uwagę wyniki analiz chemicznych zawartości chlorków dla okresu 21 lat w dwóch pie-zometrach składowiska dawnej Huty Katowice. Dane te pozwoliły wyznaczyć trendy zmian jakości wód podziemnych w czwartorzędowym i triasowym piętrze wodonośnym na badanym obszarze. Wyniki obliczeń wskazują na negatywny wpływ składowiska na jakość wód podziemnych.  Домбровска Д., Солтысяк М. Математическая оценка качества подземных вод (на примере свалки Липувка). Сделана оценка качества подземных вод по соседству с комплексом свалок отходов в г. Домброва Гурнича Стше-мешице с учетом содержания хлоридов. Цель статьи – определить изменения качества подземных вод при по-мощи статистического метода средних бегущих. В расчетах принимались во внимание результаты химических анализов содержания хлоридов за период  1991–2012 гг. в двух пьезометрах свалки бывшего металлзавода Гута Катовице. Данные результаты позволили выявить тенденции изменений качества подземных вод в пределах четвертичного и триассового водоносных горизонтов данной территории. Исследования свидетельствуют о отрицательном влиянии свалки на качество подземных вод.  Key words: landfills, groundwater quality, assessing trends  Słowa kluczowe: składowiska odpadów, jakość wody gruntowej, ocena trendów Ключевые слова: свалки отходов, качество грунтовой воды, оценка тенденций    Abstract   Groundwater quality study in the context of chlorides was carried out in the system of landfills in Strzemie-szyce. The objective of this study is to identify chan-ges of the quality of groundwater using the method of ordinary 3-periods moving averages.  Chlorides are a very good indicator of contamina-tion in groundwater. Groundwater-quality data from a sampling of 2 piezometers from 21 years were ana-lyzed. The data from these two monitoring points allo-wed us to determine trends of hydrogeochemical elements of groundwater from Quaternary and Triassic aquifer in this region.  The use of mathematical methods in determining trends in water quality has improved the influence of metallurgical landfill in Strzemieszyce on groundwater quality.   INTRODUCTION  Old landfills can be a really threat to groundwater quality (SITEK et. al., 2010). They were built directly on land without any sealing system. The major pro-blem connected with this construction is losing of the leachates. Modern landfills have lining systems e.g. from geomembrane or HDPE.  One of the methods to protect aquifers before contamination from the really pollution sources is control functioning of these sources and ground-water monitoring. Groundwater monitoring is con-ducted in compliance with the Regulation of the Mini-ster of Environment of 30 April 2013 on the landfill of waste (OJ dated 2 May 2013 Pos. 523). This regulation requires drilling at least one borehole in the ground-water inflow and two points in the outflow through the landfill. Moreover on waste land in the case of exploited landfills sampling is made every quarter  12 and in the case of non-exploited landfills every half year and samples are subjected to physical and che-mical analyses. All reliable results of chemical ana-lyzes are subjected to statistical analysis. It can be used to predict changes in  the groundwater quality and to prevent deterioration of their condition. This paper presents an overview of the moving average method in the research on assessing trends in ground-water quality. We focused on the data from metallur-gical landfill Lipówka in Dąbrowa Górnicza.   GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA  The landfill of the steel industry waste in the district of Dąbrowa Górnicza – Strzemieszyce was found in 1985. It covers an area of over 45 hectares (Fig. 1). It was using by Huta Katowice (now Arcelor Mittal). It is old landfill without any protection from the ground. In 2004, the total amount of waste de-posited was 7.9 million tonnes. The landfill is in the       Fig. 1. Location of the landfill Lipówka in Strzemieszyce: a – the landfill of the metallurgicalslag, b – the piezometer T1, c – the piezometer Q1, d – ironworks ArcellorMittal Poland Rys. 1. Położenie składowiska Lipówka  w Strzemieszycach: a – składowisko odpadów przemysłowych,  b – piezometr T1, c – piezometr Q1, d – huta ArcelorMittal    form of the block above the ground, with a maximum thickness of more than 30 m of deposited waste. The dominant type of waste is in approximately 70% metallurgical slag and in 15% dust from the thermal- electric power station. Until the early 90's it has been stored even 1500 thousand tons of waste per year. At present we observe a downward trend in volume of waste deposited. The metallurgical landfill Lipówka is located in the zone of Triassic tracks outcrops, shaped as marls and dolomites. These sediments form the recharge zone of Main Groundwater Reservoir 454 Olkusz–Za-wiercie. There are Quaternary deposits over the Triassic formations in the eastern part of the landfill. There the aquifer with the surface of the groundwater is located at a depth of about 5–6.5 m below the ground (DĄB-ROWSKA, SOŁTYSIAK, in press). Landfill Lipówka is one of several landfills loca-ted in Strzemieszyce. Monitoring network for this land-fill consists of 16 piezometers (SOŁTYSIAK, 2007). Six of them monitoring Quaternary aquifer. There are piezo-meters Q1 (Quaternary aquifer) and T1 (Triassic aqui-fer) next to the landfill within the valley of Zakawie.  The chemical analysis for different pollution sour-ces include steel industry waste are characterized by the following indicators of water pollution: increased mineralization, elevated concentrations of sulphate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and arsenic, mercury, cyanide, cadmium, copper, chromium, lead, selenium, zinc, iron, manganese, barium, strontium, nickel, bery-llium, magnesium, oil, grease and phenols (BARAN, TURSKI, 1995; MACIOSZCZYK, DOBRZYŃSKI, 2002). In this paper we focused on changes of chlorides` con-centration. Groundwater monitoring database has co-vered chemical analysis results since 1989. We have used only reliable and representative data.  METHODOLOGY  The determination of trends in water quality requires the identification of the initial chemical composition of groundwater. The assessment the transformation degree of the chemical composition of groundwater is connected with determining the hydrochemical background. It is established for a given environment, hydrogeological unit (or part of it) the extent of the occurrence of an element or group of hydrochemical elements (MACIOSZCZYK, 1987). Depending on the occurrence of groundwater (main features), it can be determined natural hydrochemical background or in  13 the case of the study area covered by anthropogenic influences, current hydrochemical background (KMIE-CIK, SZCZEPAŃSKA, 2005). There are two groups of methods of determi-ning the hydrochemical background – graphical or statistical. Using each of them requires the suitable distribution (MACIOSZCZYK, DOBRZYŃSKI, 2002). Gra-phical methods can be used both for distributions with many vertices and one vertex. The hydroche-mical background is preceded by a determination and analysis of the trend of changes in water qua-lity. Determining the trend (smoothing time series) is made by analytical and mechanical methods. Se-cond method is much easier and it is based on the elimination of a random variation by converting li-near time series. The best method for smoothing time series is a period moving average (arithmetic mean of the num-ber of consecutive elements). Choosing more averaged terms of the series results in a greater smoothing of the trend line. The length of the moving average can be chosen so that seasonal changes in the concentra-tion of the test will be completely suppressed (KOT, JAKUBOWSKI, SOKOŁOWSKI, 2007). It is possible to use different period moving ave-rage and it is worth mentioning that this method allows to forecast the value of content without ta-king into account the random factors.  We used this method for data about chlorides and made the forecast for the sought period of time yt using the following formula:  nknttt yky11  k – smoothing constant, t – period of time, n – the number of tests of the parameter yt. The forecast is equal to the arithmetic average of the last three terms in the series.  RESULTS  Trend changes in groundwater quality in the time system have been set for groundwater of Quater-nary and Triassic aquifer intaken in the foreland of the landfill by piezometers Q1 and T1. The paper shows using 3-regular moving averages for the determina-tion of chloride ions in 1991–2012. Results of calcu-lation of 44 periods in both piezometers are shown in table 1. It was made a forecast for both piezometers in the case of missing data. On this basis, we calcula-   Table 1. Summary statistics for chlorides in piezometers T1 and Q1 Tabela 1. Zbiorcze dane statystyczne dotyczące chlorków w piezometrach T1 i Q1  Period t Date Value (mg/dm3) for T1 Moving average For T1 Value (mg/dm3) for Q1 Moving average for Q1 1 I/1991 10,2 - 6,8 - 2 II/1991 11,4 11,5 5,7 6,3 3 I/1992 12,9 15,07 6,4 10,13 4 II/1992 20,9 21,93 18,3 15,57 5 I/1993 32 25,3 22,0 27,4 6 II/1993 23 22,97 14,5 16,17 7 I/1994 13,9 19,63 12,0 11,25 8 II/1994 22 15,93 7,25 9,15 9 I/1995 11,9 14,3 8,20 10,15 10 II/1995 9 10,73 15,0 10,53 11 I/1996 11,3 10,77 8,4 12,8 12 II/1996 12 15,1 15,0 11,13 13 I/1997 22 18,67 10,0 14,67 14 II/1997 22 22,83 19,0 18,0 15 I/1998 24,5 16,32 25,0 28,0 16 II/1998 24,5 25,3 40,0 48,67 17 I/1999 27 26,17 81,0 47,0 18 II/1999 27 26 20,0 77,0 19 I/2000 24 25 130,0 59,3 20 II/2000 24 24,3* 28,0 108,3 21 I/2001 - 24,43* 167,0 118,3 22 II/2001 - 30,99* 160,0 149 23 I/2002 43,66 37,21* 120,0 143*  14 24 II/2002 43,66 44,1 - 102,67* 25 I/2003 45 44,55 39,0 77* 26 II/2003 45 46,3 43,0 38,3 27 I/2004 49 46,67 33,0 42 28 II/2004 46 51,83 50,0 38,67 29 I/2005 60,5 54,5 33,0 38 30 II/2005 57 57,5 31,0 36,17 31 I/2006 55 54,5 44,5 31,83 32 II/2006 51,5 59 20,0 29,83 33 I/2007 70,5 61,3 25,0 23,3 34 II/2007 62,0 62,5 25,0 21,17 35 I/2008 55,0 57,67 13,5 19,89* 36 II/2008 56,0 58,3 - 17,06* 37 I/2009 64,0 61,5 16,5 16,22* 38 II/2009 64,5 64,83 11,0 13,83 39 I/2010 66 67,5 14,0 87,33 40 II/2010 72 73,3 237,0 96 41 I/2011 82 79 37,0 101 42 II/2011 83 84,3 29,0 49,33 43 I/2012 88 90 82,0 75,67 44 II/2012 99 - 116,0 -  * The results of monitoring studies for piezometer Q1 does not contain data from 2002 and 2008, and for T1 data from 2001. This results was omitted because their bad representativeness.  ted moving averages for this periods. These results have only theoretical importance, which do not take into account the environmental aspects. The results of calculation of moving averages in these two bore-holes is presented in fig. 2. The collected data indicate that the chloride con-tent in groundwater piezometers Q1 and T1 at the relevant time was variable. The data from the be-ginning of the 90s of the twentieth century indicate that the initial concentrations of Cl- were about 10 mg/dm3 for water taken from the Triassic aquifer and about 5–7 for water intaken from Quaternary aquifer. In the years 1992 to 2001 upward trend (with so-me fluctuation) of chlorides concentration was obser-ved in groundwater of the Quaternary aquifer. The maximum concentration amounted 237 mg/dm3. Currently we observe downward trend. The data ob-tained in the transition front contaminants were varied and ranged from 10–237 mg/dm3. Using of the moving averages method to determinate trends is very help-ful with reducing the large variation in concentra-tions and clearly outline the transition curve. We have to remember that low concentrations of Cl- (20, 28 mg/dm3) may be due to incorrect sampling of the piezometer Q1. But this statistical method can`t sol-ve this kind of problem. In the case of piezometer T1 in 1992–1994 obser-ved a temporary increase in the concentration of chlo-rides then in 1995–1996 there was a decrease to the level of the early 90's. It has been an evident upward trend since 2001. Upward trend in 2001 coincides with the concentration of chlorides in groundwater in piezometer Q1. Because the chlorides are very good indicator of contamination, variability Cl- concentrations should be associated with the activities of the landfill. New waste and new leachates generates higher concentra-tion of chlorides in groundwater. For example higher concentration of chlorides in 1998 in Quaternary aqui-fer may be associated with the start of new exploita-tion metallurgical waste. Triassic aquifer istn`t threa-tened so much as Quaternary because it is isolated from the surface by younger sediments (DĄBROWS-KA, SOŁTYSIAK, in press).   15                mg/dm3   Fig. 2. Concentration of chlorides and moving averages (av) in groundwater in piezometers T1 and Q1  Rys. 2. Zawartość chlorków i wartości średnich ruchomych w wodach podziemnych piezometrów T1 i  Q1  SUMMARY   The determination and estimation of trends in the assessment of groundwater quality is very useful for time course analysis with additional forecast. Using describing method is very simple to calculate. However, it is worth noting that the assessment of the chemical status of groundwater with statistic should be supported by recognition of the geological structure and hydrogeological conditions a case study.  In the case of groundwater from piezometers Q1 and T1 the influence of metallurgical landfill Lipów-ka was highlighted – high concentrations of chlorides in both boreholes in the same time. Data from ground-water of these aquifers show that the transition of cur-ve chlorides was clearly outlined in Q1 in relation to the piezometer T1. The main source of chlorides in groundwater in this anthropogenic environment is ac-tivity of landfill. The intensity of the leaching process is connected with the type of deposited waste and its hydrogeological parameters.  REFERENCES  Baran S., Turski R., 1995. Degradation, soil conservation and reclamation. Ed. Akad. The farming., Lublin. Dąbrowska D., Sołtysiak M., (in press): The use of the  moving average method in assessing the influence of pollution sources on groundwater quality: a case stu-dy from the metallurgical landfill in Strzemieszyce. Biotech Conference. Kmiecik E., Szczepańska J., 2005: Assessment of the chemi-cal status of groundwater based on monitoring data. AGH, Cracow: 76–81. Kot S., Jakubowski J., Sokołowski A., 2007: Statistics.  Handbook for economic studies. Difin, Warsaw. Macioszczyk A., 1987: Hydrogeochemistry. Geol.  Publ., Warsaw. Macioszczyk A., Dobrzyński D., 2002: Hydrogeochemis-try active zone groundwater exchange. PWN, Warsaw: 360–365. Regulation of the Minister of Environment of 30 April on the landfill of waste (OJ dated 2 May 2013 Pos. 523).  Sitek S., Witkowski A., Kowalczyk A., Żurek-Pucek A., 2010: Impact assessment of municipal landfill in Ty-chy on groundwater environment – modelling stu-dy. PGI Bulletin, Warsaw: 147–152. Sołtysiak M., 2007: The chemical composition and ground-water quality in the region of Katowice Steelworks system of landfills based on the results of monito-ring data. WNoZ UŚ, Sosnowiec (PhD thesis).     

Mathematical assessing of the groundwater quality, a case study from Lipówka landfill

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Mathematical assessing of the groundwater quality, a case study from Lipówka landfill

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