Hahn, Horst

Krasnov, Vladimir

Sidorenko, Anatolie S.

English

KITopen

79Frontiers of nanoelectronics: intrinsic Josephson effect andprospects of superconducting spintronicsAnatolie S. Sidorenko*1,2, Horst Hahn3,4 and Vladimir Krasnov5Editorial Open AccessAddress:1Institute of Electronic Engineering and Nanotechnologies of theTechnical University of Moldova, Academiei 3/3, Chisinau 2028,Moldova, 2I.S. Turgenev Orel State University, Komsomolskaya str.95, 302026, Orel, Russia, 3Institute of Nanotechnology, KarlsruheInstitute of Technology (KIT), D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany,4Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, The University ofOklahoma, Norman, 73019, OK, United States and 5Department ofPhysics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center,SE-10691 Stockholm, SwedenEmail:Anatolie S. Sidorenko* - sidorenko.anatoli@gmail.com* Corresponding authorKeywords:artificial neural networks; functional nanostructures; intrinsicJosephson effect; nanoelectronics; spintronicsBeilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 79–82.https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.14.9Received: 28 December 2022Accepted: 03 January 2023Published: 10 January 2023This article is part of the thematic issue "Intrinsic Josephson effect andprospects of superconducting spintronics".Editor-in-Chief: G. Wilde© 2023 Sidorenko et al.; licensee Beilstein-Institut.License and terms: see end of document.The twenty-first century is marked by an explosive growthin the flow of information, which is necessary to process,archive, and transmit data through communication systems.For that purpose, big data centers with powerful super-computers have been created all over the world, consum-ing a huge amount of electricity. For example, just oneof thousands of big data centers worldwide, located inthe town of Lulea, Sweden [1] consumes 9% of theelectricity of the entire country. On the other hand, duringthe last four decades, the triumphal development ofmicroelectronics and computers, based on traditional semi-conductor chips, was enabled by the exponential growthof the number of transistors in chips and the shrinkage ofthe size of individual transistors, following the empiricalMoore’s Law, which is now showing slowing-down and failuresigns [2].It is evident that a radical reduction in energy consumptionthrough efficiency improvement is needed and has become oneof the main goals in the development of new supercomputers.For example, the powerful modern supercomputer TIANHE-2,a massive system that clocked 33.86 petaflops (i.e., 33.86 thou-sand trillion floating-point operations per second) has a powerrequirement of 17.6 MW (taking into consideration the externalcooling, the power requirement is 24 MW) [3], which is compa-rable to the power requirement of a city.To overcome these problems concerning increasing energydemands, a revolutionary solution is needed with two goals tobe simultaneously reached: energy saving and increase in thecapability of novel computers. The future of high-performancecomputing with low energy consumption is clearly associatedwith technologies with drastically lower energy dissipation.Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 79–82.80А logical solution and the most promising candidate for radicalreduction in energy consumption is the superconducting digitaltechnology (SDT) based on Josephson junctions. The intrinsicJosephson effect, which was first reported by Reinhold Kleiner,Paul Müller, and co-workers (see [4,5] and references therein)has been investigated by many researchers [6-8]. The energyconsumption of the SDT basic element is of the order of10−19 J, corresponding to up to seven orders of magnitude lessenergy dissipation than that for their semiconductor analog,even when the energy for cryogenic cooling of supercon-ducting circuits is considered [9-12]. Important and promisingapplications of the Josephson effect are its implementation insuperconducting high-frequency electronics, spintronics, andnanostructures for supercomputers. In the last decade, a veryrapid development in superconducting spintronics, based onfunctional nanostructures and Josephson junctions, has takenplace [13,14]. The implementation of such devices in buildingblocks for quantum computers and for novel computers usingnon-von Neumann architecture with brain-like artificial neuralnetworks (ANN) is a recent important development.The main goal of this thematic issue is to highlight newresearch done in the field of hybrid nanostructures, includingvarious elements using the Josephson effect and their applica-tions in quantum electronics, spintronics, and high-frequencyelectronics.The following novelties are presented in the contributed arti-cles of this volume:- Novel promising spintronic elements and materials withcontrollable switching between stable parallel, orthogonal,and antiparallel arrangements of magnetic moments of theepitaxial PdFe films and PdFe/Ag/PdFe heterostructures[15,16].- Detection of ultrahigh frequency radiation by new devices:• Based on Josephson junctions with frequencies of72–265 GHz using the Josephson grain boundary junc-tion fabricated in YBaCuO films [17] and broad-banddetectors based on YBaCuO Josephson junctions fabri-cated on ZrYO bicrystals with a very high responsivity at77 K (up to 9 kV/W), low noise equivalent power (NEP)of 3 × 10−13 W/Hz(1/2), and with a wide power dynamicrange equal to 1 × 106 [18].• Integrating an aluminum Josephson junction, with a sizeof a few micrometers, operating as a single photoncounter in the microwave frequency range, switchingfrom the superconducting to the resistive state due toabsorption of a 10 GHz external signal [19].• Achieving a large coherent gain of the receiver, up to afactor of three, of the emitted power from two simulta-neously biased arrays of Josephson junctions comparedto that of the sum of the power values from two individu-ally biased arrays. The detected phenomenon is attri-buted to the phase locking of Josephson junctionsin different arrays via a common electromagnetic field[20].• Modeling of a multi-frequency receiving system basedon an array of dipole antennas with cold-electronbolometers, with photon NEP of 1.1 × 10−16 W/Hz(1/2),achieved by replacing one of two single supercon-ductor–insulator–normal (SIN) tunnel junctions with asingle superconductor–normal (SN) contact [21].• Proposing a new type of cold electron bolometers withtraps and hybrid superconducting/ferromagnetic absorberwith a temperature reduction of the electrons in therefrigerator junctions down to 25 mK in the idle regimewithout an optical power load [22].- Implementation of Josephson junctions for the design of quan-tum computers by analyzing the dynamics of a single-junctionsuperconducting interferometer as an adiabatic neural cell of aperceptron artificial neural network in the quantum regime (ahybrid system whose configuration is dynamically adjusted by aquantum co-processor) [23].- In several articles of the volume, new phenomena are pre-dicted and investigated for promising spintronics applications,such as:• Plasma modes in capacitively coupled superconductingnanowires have been predicted [24]. It has been demon-strated that in the presence of inter-wire coupling plasmamodes, each of the modes get split into two "new"modes propagating with different velocities across thesystem.• The magnetic proximity effect at a ferromagnetic–insu-lator–superconductor (FIS) interface was investigatedthrough combined experimental and theoretical work[25].• Manifestations of nonlinear features in magnetic dynam-ics and current–voltage characteristics of the 0 Josephsonjunction in superconductor–ferromagnet–supercon-ductor (SFS) structures have been predicted and calcu-lated [26].• A quantitative study of the density of states (DOS) inbulk superconductor/ferromagnetic (S/F) bilayers inthe diffusive limit has been presented. In addition, ananalysis of the dependencies of DOS on magnetic andspin–orbit scattering times has been carried out [27].Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 79–82.81In addition, the volume also highlights some other interestingeffects in S/F functional nanostructures, which may be imple-mented in future spintronics devices.The concept of this thematic issue was developed during theInternational SPINTECH Conference “NANO-2021: The 12thInternational Conference on Intrinsic Josephson Effect andHorizons of Superconducting Spintronics”, which took place inSeptember 2021 in Chisinau, Moldova. The presentations of theparticipants of the conference incorporating new ideas, techno-logical approaches for the design of functional nanostructuresfor superconducting spintronics, quantum electronics, and novelbase elements for superconducting supercomputers became thecore of this volume.The editors are convinced that this thematic issue will attract theattention of scientists, technologists, engineers, and IT experts,and will be useful for a broad readership including studentswishing to extend their knowledge in this new, rapidly devel-oping, and highly promising area.Anatolie S. Sidorenko, Horst Hahn, and Vladimir KrasnovChisinau, Karlsruhe, and Stockholm, December, 2022.AcknowledgementsWe are thankful to the Production Team of the Beilstein-Institutfor their professional and continuous and friendly editorialsupport.FundingA.S. thanks the EU-SPINTECH project (G.A. Nr. 810144) andthe RSF project (Grant Nr. 20-62-47009) for the support.ORCID® iDsAnatolie S. 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Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1418–1431.doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.117License and TermsThis is an open access article licensed under the terms ofthe Beilstein-Institut Open Access License Agreement(https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano/terms), which isidentical to the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0International License(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). The reuse ofmaterial under this license requires that the author(s),source and license are credited. Third-party material in thisarticle could be subject to other licenses (typically indicatedin the credit line), and in this case, users are required toobtain permission from the license holder to reuse thematerial.The definitive version of this article is the electronic onewhich can be found at:https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.14.9

Frontiers of nanoelectronics: intrinsic Josephson effect and prospects of superconducting spintronics

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Frontiers of nanoelectronics: intrinsic Josephson effect and prospects of superconducting spintronics

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