The influence of different technological parameters during standardization of safety and quality on the color formation of traditional fermented sausage (Petrovačka kobasica)

Abstract

Zadatak ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se utvrdi uticaj različitih tehnoloških parametara na formiranje boje Petrovačke kobasice, kao i da se modelovanjem tradicionalne tehnologije utvrdi zavisnost između brojnih tehnoloških parametara i optimalnog kvaliteta boje ovog tradicionalnog proizvoda, radi standardizacije kvaliteta i bezbednosti, a u cilju dobijanja prepoznatljivog proizvoda vrhunskog kvaliteta koji bi se kontinuirano proizvodio. U cilju realizacije postavljenih zadataka tokom tri proizvodne sezone je izrađeno 13 modela Petrovačke kobasice kako bi se ispitao uticaj sledećih varijabilnih tehnoloških parametara: proizvodne sezone, vremena otkoštavanja mesa post mortem, vrste upotrebljenog omotača (prirodni i veštački), ručnog i mašinskog mešanja, dimljenja u tradicionalnim i kontrolisanim uslovima, sušenja i zrenja u tradicionalnim i kontrolisanim uslovima, dodatka izolovane autohtone starter kulture, vremena skladištenja i načina pakovanja (neupakovane, pakovane u vakuumu i modifikovanoj atmosferi) na proces formiranja boje. Formiranje boje Petrovačke kobasice tokom procesa dimljenja, sušenja i skladištenja praćeno je određivanjem instrumentalnih pokazatelja boje (L*, a*, b*, h, C*, R, BI i ΔE) na površini i preseku Petrovačkih kobasica. Utvrđeni su brojni tehnološki parametri (vrednost pH, sadržaj vlage, sadržaj ukupnih masti, sadržaj ukupnog pepela i sadržaj hlorida), pokazatelji senzornog kvaliteta (spoljašnji izgled i stanje omotača, boja i održivost boje na preseku, ukupan senzorni kvalitet) i kvalitet ljute začinske paprike.                                                                                                            Analizom rezultata dobijenih u ovim ispitivanjima zaključeno je da su kobasice izrađene od ohlađenog mesa dimljene i sušene u tradicionalnim uslovima (B1 i B2 grupe) imale optimalan kvalitet boje i bile vrhunskog (zaštićenog) senzornog kvaliteta. Niže temperature (8,30°C-10,7°C) tokom procesa dimljenja i sušenja, sporiji pad vrednosti pH, od 5,69 (nadev) do ~5,4 (na kraju procesa fermentacije) i sadržaj hlorida ~ 3% u gotovom proizvodu, uz dodatak kvalitetne ljute začinske paprike omogućili su formiranje optimalne boje ove grupe kobasica. Optimalnu boju preseka kobasica karakterišu numerički manje vrednosti instrumentalnih pokazatelja boje (L*, a*, b*, h, C* i BI) u odnosu na kobasice sa nižim senzornim ocenama za boju. Tokom skladištenja (od kraja sušenja do 270. dana proizvodnje) utvrđene su manje promene instrumentalnih pokazatelja boje na površini i preseku Petrovačkih kobasica kada su skladištene upakovane (vakuum i modifikovana atmosfera) u poređenju sa neupakovanim. Pakovanje u vakuumu i modifikovanoj atmosferi je dobro rešenje za očuvanje optimalnih karakteristika boje kobasica, jer su upakovane kobasice B1 i B2 grupe skladištene 4 meseca od završetka procesa sušenja (od 90. do 210. dana od dana proizvodnje) bez promena senzornog kvaliteta boje, a zatim su do kraja perioda skladištenja (270. dana proizvodnje) promene bile neznatne. Uzimajuću u obzir da su ova istraživanja deo šire koncipitranih istraživanja razvoja tradicionalne tehnologije proizvodnje Petrovačke kobasice i standardizacije kvaliteta i bezbednosti, ispitan je uticaj varijabilnih tehnoloških parametara i na formiranje policikličnih aromatičnih ugljovodonika u Petrovačkoj kobasici, kao veoma važnih pokazatelja zdravstvene bezbednosti kobasica. Jedan od najznačajnijih rezultata u ovim istraživanjima je da benzo[a]piren nije detektovan ni u jednom uzorku Petrovačke kobasice. Takođe je zaključeno da je Petrovačka kobasica dimljena na tradicionalan način, kao i u industrijskim uslovima bezbedna za potrošače sa aspekta sadržaja policikličnih aromatičnih ugljovodonika, jer su svi ispitani uzorci kobasica ispunjavali uslove propisane domaćim i evropskim propisima.The aim of this Ph.D. dissertation was to determine the influence of various technological parameters on the colour formation of Petrovačka kobasica, as well as to define correlation between number of technological parameters and optimal colour quality of traditional product (by modelling traditional technology), in order to standardize quality and safety, and consequently with the main goal to obtain a recognizable high quality product that could be continuously produced throughout the whole year period. To achieve the defined tasks in three production season 13 models of Petrovačka kobasica were produced in order to examine the effect of the following variable technological parameters: production season, post mortem time of meat deboning, type of the casing (natural and artificial), manual or mechanical mixing, smoking in traditional and controlled conditions, drying and ripening in traditional and controlled conditions, the addition of isolated indigenous starter culture, and storage time and packaging (unwrapped, packed in vacuum and modified atmosphere) in the process of colour formation. Colour formation of Petrovačka kobasica during smoking and drying processes and storage was followed by determination of instrumental colour parameters (L*, a*, b*, h, C*, R, BI and ΔE) on the surface and cut cross section of Petrovačka kobasica. The number of technological parameters (pH, content of moisture, total fat, total ash and chloride), indicators of sensory quality (sausage appearance and condition of casing, colour and colour stability at the cut cross section, the overall sensory quality) and quality of red hot paprika powder were determined.                                                Analysing the results obtained in these studies it was concluded that sausages produced from chilled meat and smoked in traditional conditions (sausages of B1 and B2 groups) had the optimal colour quality and superior (protected) sensory quality. Lower temperatures (8.30°C-10.7°C) during smoking and drying processes, slower decrease of pH value from 5.69 (raw sausage after stuffing) to ~ 5.4 (at the end of the fermentation process) and the chloride content ~ 3% in the final product, with the addition of high quality red hot paprika powder enable the formation of the optimal colour of these groups of sausages. Optimal colour of cut cross section of sausages was characterized with numerically smaller values of instrumental colour parameters (L*, a*, b*, h, C* and BI) in relation to sausages with lower scores for sensory evaluated colour. During storage (from the end of drying process up to 270 days of production), minor changes of instrumental colour characteristics on the surface and cut cross section of Petrovačka kobasica were noted when sausages were stored packed in vacuum or modified atmosphere, compared with unpackaged ones. Packing in vacuum and modified atmosphere is a good solution for the preservation of optimal colour characteristics, as packaged sausages of B1 and B2 groups stored for 4 months from the end of the drying process (from 90 to 210 days from the date of production) had no changes in sensory evaluated colour quality. Further, until the end of storage (270 days of production) just minor changes of this sensory parameter were noticed. Considering that these investigations are a part of wider conceived researches of development of traditional technology of Petrovačka kobasica and standardization of quality and safety, the influence of variable technological parameters on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Petrovačka kobasica, as a very important indicator of health safety of sausage, were also studied. One of the most important results of these researches is that benzo[a]pyrene was not detected in any sample of Petrovačka kobasica. It was also concluded that Petrovačka kobasica smoked in traditional way, as well as in industrial conditions was safe for consumers in the terms of the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as all samples of analysed sausages meet the requirements defined by national and European regulations