The research started from the assumption that the chemical -
mechanical retraction procedure, widely used for making of fixed
prosthetic restorations, can lead to damage to the periodontal tissue,
primarily to the inflammation of the gingiva. The chemical -
mechanical method involves the use a retraction cord soaked in fluid -
usually an astringent. The combination of mechanical pressure and
chemical action on the gum tissue results in optimal expansion of the
gingival sulcus and better control of the secretion of fluid in it, which
enables accurate imprinting. The aim of the study was to investigate
clinical parameters (gingival index and bleeding index) and salivary
concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (Tumor necrosis factor α,
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1, Interleukin 6 and
Immunoglobulin A), as well as cytomorphometric analysis of gingival
epithelial cells (nucleus surface, circumference of the nucleus,
circularity, Feret's diameter, optical density, roundness, and solidity)
before and after the chemical-mechanical retraction procedure. The
retraction agents used were solutions of aluminum chloride and
ferisulfate, and the subjects were divided into two groups depending on
whether the procedure was performed on brushed or non-brushed teeth.
The results of the study showed that the chemical - mechanical
retraction method leads to a statistically significant increase in the
values of the gingival index, the bleeding index and salivary
concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, which indicates its
inflammatory potential. The test values decreased over time, which is
evidence of the reversibility of the inflammatory changes that have
occurred. The obtained values depended on the retraction agent used,
with a stronger inflammatory effect of the ferrisulfate solution. The
group of the subjects with prepared teeth had higher values of the
examined parameters. The chemical - mechanical retraction procedure
caused changes in all cytomorphometric parameters of gingival
epithelial cells. The surface area and circumference of the gingival
epithelial cell nuclei were larger after retraction, which could be
considered as a sign of gingival inflammation. A combination of
clinical study and laboratory testing of the potential inflammatory
effect of gingival retraction agents has yielded relevant findings
applicable in dental practice in order to optimize therapeutic effects
with minimal risk of iatrogenic damage