The antidiabetic potential of the water extract of Solanum trilobatum L. (Solanaceae), a medicinal plant widely used in the traditional Ayurveda and Siddha systems of medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus was evaluated in the alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic model. Graded doses of the water extract were administered to normal and experimental diabetic rats for 10 days. Significant (p < 0.05) reduction in fasting blood glucose levels were observed in the normal as well as in the treated diabeticanimals. Serum insulin levels were not stimulated in the animals treated with the extract. In addition, changes in body weight, serum lipid profiles and liver glycogen levels assessed in the extract treated diabetic rats were compared with diabetic control and normal animals. Significant results wereobserved in the estimated parameters, thereby justifying the use of the plant in the indigenous system of medicine

Angayarkanni, J

Dhanabalan, R

Doss, A

Palaniswamy, M

English

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African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (20), pp. 5562-5564, 19 October, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2009 Academic Journals       Short Communication  Antidiabetic activity of water extract of Solanum trilobatum (Linn.) in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats  A. Doss1, M. Palaniswamy2, J. Angayarkanni3 and R. Dhanabalan1*  1Department of Microbiology, RVS College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. 2Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. 3Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.  Accepted 16 April, 2008  The antidiabetic potential of the water extract of Solanum trilobatum L. (Solanaceae), a medicinal plant widely used in the traditional Ayurveda and Siddha systems of medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus was evaluated in the alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic model. Graded doses of the water extract were administered to normal and experimental diabetic rats for 10 days. Significant (p < 0.05) reduction in fasting blood glucose levels were observed in the normal as well as in the treated diabetic animals. Serum insulin levels were not stimulated in the animals treated with the extract. In addition, changes in body weight, serum lipid profiles and liver glycogen levels assessed in the extract treated diabetic rats were compared with diabetic control and normal animals. Significant results were observed in the estimated parameters, thereby justifying the use of the plant in the indigenous system of medicine.   Key words: Antidiabetic activity, alloxan monohydrate, Gliben clamide, rats, Solanum trilobatum.     INTRODUCTION  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder affecting carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Panoply of defenses against oxidative stress has evolved and ope-rates at distinct levels. There are reduced generation of reactive oxygen in species, enhancement of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and Glutathione reductase (GSH) and repair systems at the level of DNA (Sagara et al., 1996). Though the role of oxidative stress in the development of Diabetes Mellitus and its vascular complications are extensively studied there are very few therapeutic agents which are targeted to this (Shankar et al., 2005). Recently several thiazolidenediones such as troglitazone and pioglitazone have been developed as antidiabetic drugs. Of interest among these is triglitazone, which possess structural similarity to alpha tocopheral, an established antioxidant (Yoshioka et al., 1959).     *Corresponding author. E-mail: bharathi.dhanabalan@gmail.com. Tel.: (0422) 2687603, 2687421, 2687480. The worldwide survey reported that the DM is affecting nearly 10% of the population. The oral antihyperglycemic agents currently used in clinical practice have characteristic profiles of serious side effects (Pickup and Williams, 1991). This leads to increasing demand for herbal products with anti-diabetic activity and less side effects (Vetrichelvan et al., 2002). Solanum trilobatum extract decreased the phagocyte activities of macro-phages in alloxan-induced diabetes which indicate that it was effective reducing lipid peroxidation in experimental diabetes. Therefore the present study was carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of S. trilobatum in alloxan-induced diabetes and to probe into the mechanism of its antidiabetic property.    MATERIAL AND METHODS  Plant material and decoction preparation  The leaves of S. trilobatum were collected from Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu, India and authenticated by Dr. Gopalan, Scientist, Botanical garden Survey of India, Southern circle, Tamilnadu, India. A voucher specimen is being maintained in  the  Rathinavel  Subra-  Doss et al.         5563    Table 1. Glucose and cholesterol content of serum of control and experimental rat groups.    Parameter  Control (Group I) Diabetic control (Group II) Diabetic + Glibenclamide (1 ml) (Group III) Diabetic + S. trilobatum extract treated (1 ml) (Group IV) S. trilobatum extract-treated  (1 ml) (Group V) Glucose (mg/dl) 117.5±0.5 249.5±1.5 a*** 145±0.3b** 151± 1.9c*** 158.5±0.5d*** Cholesterol (mg/dl) 121±2.01 240± 1.81a*** 115±3.40b*** 113±2.82c*** 119±2.00dNS  Values are taken as a mean of five individuals experiments, and expressed as mean ± S.D.  ***p< 0.001,  **p< 0.01 and *p< 0.05. NS = Not Significant.    Table 2. The Concentrations of urea, total protein, SGOT and SGPT in serum of control and experimental groups.    Parameter  Control (Group I) Diabetic control (Group II) Diabetic + Glibenclamide (1 ml) (Group III) Diabetic + S. trilobatum extract treated (1 ml) (Group IV) S. trilobatum extract-treated (1 ml) (Group V) Urea (mg/dl) 45±0.1 61.5±2.5a*** 56.5±1.5b*** 91±1.9c*** 49±2.0d** SGOT (U/L) 22.6±2.5 23.0± 2.4a*** 29.9±6.3b*** 30.7±5.5c*** 40.9±1.4d*** SGPT (U/L) 25.0±3.0 27.7±4.5a*** 32.1±3.2b*** 35.1±2.3c*** 43.1±1.5d*** Total protein (g/dl) 7.1±0.15 4.5±0.29a*** 2.2±0.21b*** 7.4±0.31c*** 7.9±0.8d*  Values are taken as a mean of five individuals experiments, and expressed as mean ± S.D.  ***p< 0.001,  **p< 0.01 and *p< 0.05. NS = Not Significant.    maniam College of Arts and Science Medical and Ayurvedic foundation, Coimbatore. The leaves were dried in shade. The S. trilobatum L leaves were collected in December (the beginning of winter) and 150 g of dried powdered leaves was boiled 1 liter of water for 5 min, allowing the decoction to stand for 30 min and filtering through Whatman no.1 filter paper. Such procedure resulted in a decoction with a 15% higher concentration than that produced by the method described by Teixeira et al. (1990).   Test animals  The test animals used in the study were procured from Karpagam Medical And Research Foundation. Albino rats of wistar strain of either six weighing 150 - 200 g bred in Animal Tissue Culture Lab, Karpagam Arts and Science College. They were individually housed in polypropylene cages in well-ventilated rooms, under hygienic conditions. Animals were given water ad libitum and fed with rat pellet feed.   Induction of experimental diabetes and treatment  Alloxan monohydrate solution of 10 mg/ml was prepared in ice-cold citrate buffer 0.1 M pH 4.5 kept in ice and was administered to the rats within 5 min at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight intraperitonially. After 48 h of alloxan monohydrate administration, rats with mode-rate diabetes having glycosuria and hyperglycemia were taken for the experiment. Rats weighing, 150 – 160 g, fasted over night were used for induction of diabetes. Rats were divided into two sets; diabetic and non-diabetic. Group I received normal diet and served as normal control. Group II consists of alloxan-induced rats receiving normal diet and serving as diabetic control. Group III consists of alloxan-induced rats receiving Gliben clamide (synthetic antidiabetic drug) at 0.5 mg/kg body weight once a day orally for 10 days. Group IV consists of alloxan-induced rats receiving S. trilobatum (1 ml) once a day orally for 10 days. Group V consists of  normal  rats  receiving  S. trilobatum (1 ml) once a day orally for 10 days.  Blood samples were collected through the tail vein just prior to and on days 10 after drug administration. The blood glucose, urea, cholesterol, serum glutamate oxygenate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) were determined for all the samples.   Statistics   The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test. The level of significance was set at 0.05.   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  The extracts of S. trilobatum produced significant chang-es in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Table 1). The aqueous extracts of S. trilobatum reduced the glucose levels considerably. Treatment of the diabetic rats with Gliben clamide (10 mg/kg) also reduced blood glucose level. The prolonged treatment of S. trilobatum extracts on alloxan-induced diabetes rats produced consistent reduction in the blood glucose levels. The aqueous ex-tract also reduced urea protein and cholesterol during the 10 days treatment period (Tables 1 and 2).  The blood glucose data obtained clearly indicate that the S. trilobatum produced significant and consistent anti-hyperglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The continuous treatment with S. trilobatum for a period of 10 days produced a significant decrease in the blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats, but not in the normal rats. It is possible that the drug may be acting by poten- tiating the pancreatic secreation or increasing the glucose 5564         Afr. J. Biotechnol.    uptake. Hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperurea have been reported to occur in alloxan diabetic rats (Resmi et al., 2001; Joy and Kuttan, 1999). Increase in glycogen in liver can be brought about by an increase in glycogenesis and/or decrease a glycogenolysis. There-fore, the S. trilobatum extract could have stimulated glycogenesis and/or inhibited glycogenolysis in diabetic rat liver. The plant extract alone treated animals showed non-toxicity of the extract. It thus indicates that unlike insulin and other common hypoglycemic agents, over-dose of the drug may not result in hypoglycemia. The increase in total protein (Table 2) may be due to changes in circulating amino acids levels, hepatic amino acids uptake, and muscle output of amino acid concentrations (Felig et al., 1977). The non-protein nitrogen compound urea is found to be increased when compared to plant extract treated rats. The level of SGPT and SGOT increased remarkably in the S. trilobatum extract-treated rats (Nagappa et al., 2003). Our results support that of Ghosh et al. (2004) who reported that transaminase activity is increased in serum of diabetics. The increased levels of transaminases, which are active in absence of insulin, because of the availability of amino acids in the blood of diabetes, are responsible for the increased gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis observed in diabetics. In diabetic animals, the changes in level of serum enzym-es are directly related to changes in the metabolism in which these enzymes are involved (Felig et al., 1977). In conclusion S. trilobatum leaf extract showed significant anti-diabetic effect in diabetic rats after oral administration. Thus, the claim made by the Indian sys-tems of medicine regarding the use of leaf extract of this plant in the treatment of diabetes is validated. Present efforts are directed to isolate the active constituents from the water extract of S. trilobatum leaf and elucidation of mechanism of action.                          ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  The authors express their sincere gratitude to the management of RVS College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore.   REFERENCES  Felig P, Wahren J, Sherwin R, Palaiologos G (1977). Amino acid and protein metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Arch. Int. Med. 137: 507-513. Ghosh R, Sharatohandra KH, Rita S, Thokchom IS (2004). Hypogly-caemic activity of Ficus Hispida (bark) in normal and diabetic albino rats. Indian J. Pharmacol. 36(4): 222-225. Joy KL, Kuttan R (1999). Anti-diabetic activity of Picrorshiza kurso extract. J. Ethanopharmocol. 67(2): 143-148. Nagappa AN, Thakurdesai PA, Venkat NR, Jiwan S (2003)..Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia catappa Linn fruits. J. Ethanopharmacol. 88: 45-50.  Pickup J, Williams G (1991). Text Book of Diabetes”,Black well, Oxford, pp. 467-469. Resmi CR, Aneez F, Sinilal B, Latha MS (2001). Antidiabetic effect of a Herbal Drug in alloxan-diabetic rats. Indian Drugs 38(6): 319-322. Sagara M, Satoh J, Wada R, Yagihash S, Tauahashi K, Fukuzawa M, Muto G, Muto Y, Toyota T (1996). Inhibition of development of peri-pheral neuropathy in STZ –induced diabetic rats with N-acetylcystenine.Diabetologist. 39: 263-269. Shankar PK, Vasanth K, Namita R (2005). Evaluation of anti-diabetic of Ginkgo biloba in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats., Iran. J. Pharmacol. Ther. 4: 16-19. Vetrichelvan T, Manniappan J, Bangaru A, Uma D (2002). Anti-diabetic activity of alcoholic extract of Celosia argentea Linn Seeds in rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25(4): 526-528. Yoshioka T, Fujita T, Kanai T (1959). Studies on hindered phenols and analogue hypolipidemic and hypoglycaemic agents with ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation, J. Med. Chem. 32: 421-427. 

Antidiabetic activity of water extract of Solanum trilobatum (Linn.) in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats

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Antidiabetic activity of water extract of Solanum trilobatum (Linn.) in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats

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