The antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of Marrubium vulgare whole plant was tested by disc diffusion method. Zones of Inhibition produced by methanolic extract in a dose of 50, 100, 200, 400 and600 mg/ml against selected strains was measured and compared with those of standard discs of antibiotic ciprofloxacin (10 ìg/ml)

Ahmed, B

Khan, S

Khan, SA

Masoodi, MH

Singh, P

Zargar, IM

English

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 African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 7 (2), pp. 086-087, 18 January, 2008 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2008 Academic Journals     Short Communication  Antibacterial activity of whole plant extract of Marrubium vulgare  Mubashir H. Masoodi1*, Bahar Ahmed2, Iqbal M. Zargar1, Saroor A. Khan2, Shamshir Khan2 and Singh P.1  1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J and K, India – 190006. 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India -110062.  Accepted 26 November, 2007  The antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of Marrubium vulgare whole plant was tested by disc diffusion method. Zones of Inhibition produced by methanolic extract in a dose of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/ml against selected strains was measured and compared with those of standard discs of antibiotic ciprofloxacin (10 µg/ml).   Key words: Disc diffusion, antibacterial activity, Marrubium vulgare.   INTRODUCTION  Marrubium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) commonly known as “Horehound” is naturalized in North and South America, the Mediterranean district and Western Asia. In India it is found in Kashmir at an altitude of 5,000 - 8,000 ft. It is a tall robust herbaceous perennial herb, 40 - 120 cm high, densely covered, especially when young, with a thick white cottony flower (Robert and Henry, 1880). It posses-ses tonic, aromatic, stimulant, expectorant, diaphoretic and diuretic properties. It is helpful for bronchial asthma and non-productive cough. It was formerly much esteem-ed in various uterine, visceral and hepatic affections and in phthisis (Chopra et al., 1956). The plant is reported to possess hypoglycemic (Roman et al., 1992), vasorelaxant (El-Bardai et al., 2003b), antihypertensive (El-Bardai et al., 2004), analgesic (DeSouza et al., 1998), anti-inflammatory (Sahpaz et al., 2002a), antioxidant activity (Weel et al., 1999), antioedematogenic activity (Stulzer et al., 2006) and many other reported biological activities. Phytochemicals present in the plant include caryophy-llene oxide, trans-caryophyllene (Asadipour et al., 2005), caffeoyl-l-malic acid, acteoside (Sahpaz et al., 2002a), phenylethanoid  glycoside,  marruboside  (Sahpaz  et  al.,      *Corresponding author. E-mail: mube5@yahoo.com. Tel: 009419076525 2002b), vulgarol, -sitosterol, lupeol and marrubiin (Amer, 1993), respectively. The present study was undertaken to demonstrate the antibacterial activity of Marrubium vul-gare whole plant against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.    MATERIALS AND METHOD   The whole plant of M. vulgare was collected from Jammu and Kashmir in August. It was identified and authenticated by taxono-mist Prof. A. R. Naqshi (Dept. of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India). The voucher specimen (MV-FP-18) of the plant has been kept in the herbarium of Jamia Hamdard for future reference. Whole plant of M. vulgare was dried in shade and crushed to fine powder. The dried powder of the plant (200 g) was extracted in Soxhlet apparatus with methanol. The extract was evaporated to dryness by evaporation on a water bath. A semisolid brown crude extract of whole plant so obtained was tested for the anti-microbial activity against various bacterial strains. These bacterial strains were obtained from Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), MTCC and Gene Bank, Chandigarh, India. Sterile nutrient agar plates were prepared and incubated at 37oC for 24 h to check for any contamination. Sterile filter paper discs (Whatman No.1) of 6 mm diameter were soaked in five different dilutions of the methanolic extract and placed in appropriate posi-tion on the surface of the plate with quadrants marked at the back of the petri dishes. The in vitro antibacterial activity of different extracts of M. vulgare at 50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/ml was studied by disc diffusion method (Pelczar et al., 1993) against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epide-  Masoodi et al.       087    Table 1. Antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of M. vulgare.             Zone of inhibition (mm) are average of triplicate experiments. Disc diameter = 6 mm    rmidis, Pseudomonos aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. The Petri dishes were incubated at 37oC for 18 h and the diameter of the zone of inhibition measured in mm. The activity of the methanolic extract was compared with ciprofloxacin (10 µg/ml). The zone of inhibition was calculated by measuring the minimum dimensions of the zone of no microbial growth around the disc and minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined. An average of three independent determinations was recorded (Table 1).   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION   The methanolic extract of the whole plant of M. vulgare exhibited moderate to significant antibacterial activity against five out of six tested bacterial organisms as compared to the standard ciprofloxacin (10 µg/ml). The study revealed that methanolic extract of the crude drug was very much effective against B. subtilis, S. epidermidis and S. aureus (Gram positive bacteria) and moderately effective against P. vulgaris and E. coli while ineffective in case of P. aeruginosa (Gram negative bacteria). Thus on the basis of the results it is inferred that the methanolic extract of M. vulgare whole plant had in-vitro antibacterial. Further phytochemical studies are needed to identify active constituents responsible for the ob-served activity.    REFERENCES  Amer MMA (1993). Constituents of the aerial parts of Marrubium vulgare L, Mansoura J. Pharma. Sci. 9: 92-98. Asadipour A, Mehrabani M, Nazeri V, Tabarraii M (2005). Composition of the essential oil of Marrubium vulgare L, Ulum-i-Daroei. 2: 77-82.  Chopra RN, Nayer SL, Chopra IC (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, CSIR, V ed. New Delhi, 12: 157. DeSouza MM, DeJesus RAP, Cechinel-Filho V, Schlemper V (1998). Analgesic profile of hydroalcoholic extract obtained from Marrubium vulgare. Phytomed.  5(2): 103-107.   El-Bardai S, Morel N, Wibo M, Fabre N, Llabres G, Lyoussi B, Quetin L (2003b). The vasorelaxant activity of marrubenol and marrubiin from Marrubium vulgare. Plant. Med. 69(1): 75-77. El-Bardai S, Lyoussi B, Wibo M, Morel N (2004). Comparative Study of the antihypertensive activity of Marrubium Vulgare and of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist amlodipine in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Clin. Exp. Hyprtens.26(6): 465-474. Pelczar MJ, Chan ECS, Krieg NR (1993). Microbiology, Int. Ed.Mcgraw Hill, New York, p. 578.  Robert B, Henry T (1880). Medicinal Plants, J & A Churchill, New Burlington Street, London, Vol. III: 210. Roman RR, Aharcon AF, Lara LA, Flores SJL (1992). Hypoglycemic effect of plants used in Mexico as antidiabetics. Arch. Med. Res. 23(1): 59-64. Sahpaz S, Garbacki N, Tits M, Bailleul F (2002a). Isolation and pharmacological activity of phenylpropanoid esters from Marrubium vulgare. J. Ethnopharmacol. 79(3): 389-392. Sahpaz S, Hennebelle T, Bailleul F (2002b). Marruboside, a new phenylethanoid glycoside from Marrubium vulgare L. Nat. Prod. Lett. 16(3): 195-199. Stulzer HK, Tagliari MP, Zampirolo JA, Cechinel-Filho V, Schlemper V (2006). Antioedematogenic effect of marrubiin obtained from Marrubium vulgare. J. Ethnopharmacol. 108(3): 379-392. Weel KCG, Venskutonis PR, Pukalskas A, Gruzdiene D, Linssen JPH (1999). Antioxidant activity of horehound (Marrubium vulgare) grown in Lithuania. Fett/Lipid. 101(10): 395-400.                  Bacteria Zones of Inhibition (mm) (mg/ml) MIC (mg/ml) Ciprofloxacin (10 µg/ml)  50 100 200 400 600   B. subtilis MTCC 619 0 10 13 17 24 100 30 S. epidermidis MTCC 435 0 0 11 15 21 200 25 S. aureus MTCC 740 0 09 11 15 20 100 22 E. coli MTCC 443  0 0 0 10 15 400 25 P. vulgaris MTCC 426 0 0 0 11 16 400 22 P. aeruginosa MTCC 424 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 

Antibacterial activity of whole plant extract of Marrubium vulgare

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Antibacterial activity of whole plant extract of Marrubium vulgare

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