No AbstractKeywords: Chronic Daily Intake, Hazard Quotient, Health risk, Total Hazard Inde

Maigari, A.U.

Sambo, M.S.

Umar Maryam, M

English

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Special Conference Edition November, 2017 Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied SciencesISSN 2006 – 6996  LEVELS OF SOME TRACE METALS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HEALTH RISKS IN WATER FROM KWADON BOREHOLES, GOMBE STATE, NIGERIAMaigari, A. U*1. Department of 2. Department 3. Department *Corresponding author: aishamaigari@yahoo.com ABSTRACT  This study determined the levels of some metals in water from major source of drinking water to Gombe town and environs. metals were then used to determine the chronic daily intake, the hazard quotient and the total hazard index on both adults and chimetals determined. The results showed that manganese, copper and cobalt pose a potential health risk as their hazard quotients are greater than one with manganese having a CDI of 0.051mg/kg/day for adults and 0.069mg/recommended reference dose of manganese which is 0.04mg/kg/day. The found to be 0.001mg/kg/day for both adults and children. This is higher than the recommended reference dose of cobalt which is 0.reference dose of 0.004mg/kg/day but the results for this study show a CDI value of 0.01mg/kg/day for adults and children respectively. This is higher than the RfD and thus copper is a potential health riskmetals all have values higher than unity and they contribute to the Total Hazard Index (THI) giving it a high value of 13.225 for adults and 17.18 mg/kg/day for children.that there is need for further monitoring of these metals in the water from Kwadon boreholes.Keywords: Chronic Daily Intake, Hazard Quotient, Health risk, Total Hazard Index. INTRODUCTION Water is a fundamental human need. It essential component of life, two thirds of the earth's surface is covered by wathuman body consists of 75% waterevidently clear that water is one of the prime elements responsible for life on earth. water constitute about 3% of the total water on the earth surface, only 0.01% of this fresh water is available (Hinrichsen and Tacio, 2002) but even this small portion of fresh water is under pressure due to anthropogenic sources caused by rapid growth in population and industrial activities (Li et al., 2009). Heavy metals are the main pollutants and elements of risk in drinking water (Enaam, 2013). Investigation of heavy metal contamination has been reported by researchers as an issue for concern.Researchers such as Koki et alMaigari et al., (2016), Adamu et alNwachukwu et al., (2014) have all reported the levels of some metals and their potential health  , 10(1): 654 - 657       1,  Umar Maryam M.2 and Sambo, M. S.3 Chemistry, Gombe State University, Gombe   of Integrated Science, FCE(T), Gombe  of Chemistry, FCE(T), Gombe  Kwadon boreholes which is a The concentrations of these ldren to estimate the potential risk kg/day for children which are above the CDI for cobalt0003mg/kg/day. Copper has a recommended . The Hazard Quotient (HQ) also shows that these three It is recommended is an er and the , it is Fresh ., (2015), ., (2015), risks. Koki et al., (2015) have reported the effects of many metals on human health via different exposure routes. The objectives of this research to determine the levels ofheavy metals in water and to assess the health risks posed by the metals  MATERIALS AND METHODS Water samples for analysis were obtained from various boreholes in Kwadon town directly from the source where tankers access the water for onward delivery to Gombe town and surroundings. The samples were taken early in the morning. All the samples were collected in polythene bottles which were washed with nitric acid and then severally with the wabe sampled. The water samples were preserved by acidifying to pH<2 with 0.5ml concentrated HNO3 for trace metals analysis. was done using atomic absorption spectrometer. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v10i1.12654  of the heavy  was 0.074 and    some ter to Metal analysis 2S Special Conference Edition November, 2017Arial Map of Kwadon Town, Gombe State, Nigeria.Zoomed locations of the Borehole circled and indicated as A,B,C,D and E respectively. Risk Assessment Risk assessment can be said to be a function of hazard and exposure and is defined as the process of estimating the probability of occurrence of an event and the magnitude of adverse health effects on human exposures to environmental hazards over a period of time (Wongsasuluk et alAdamu et al., 2015). Lee et alreported that risk assessment consists of hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose response (toxicity) and risk characterization.The health risk assessment of each potentially toxic metal is usually based on the quantification of the risk level and is expressed in terms of a carcinogenic or non-health risk. Two toxicity risk indices reported are the slope factor (SF) for carcinogenic risk characterization and the reference dose (RfD) for non-carcinogenic risk characterization (Adamu et al., 2015).   probable ., 2014 and ., (2005)  carcinogenic The health risk from the borehole water consumption was assessed according to its noncarcinogenic effects based on the following equation which is a similar representation of daily exposure route modified from USEPA (1992) and Chrostowski (1994) and adopted by Kavcaret al.,(2009):    x   Where CDI is the chronic daily intake (mg/kg/d), C is the drinking water contaminant concentration (mg/l), DI is the average daily intake rate of drinking water (l/d), and BW is the body weight in (kg).  The Hazard Quotient, (HQ) is calculated using the following equation (USEPA, 1999, and Kavcar et al, 2009): HQ = CDI/RfDWhere RfD is the reference dose (mg/kg/d).Rvalues employed in this study were obtained from the USEPA (IRIS, 2010). 655    -     fD Special Conference Edition November, 2017 Health Risk assessment of the toxicants was interpreted based on the values of HQ and THI. Values less than (HQ or THI < 1) means an acceptable level of non-carcinogenic risk and the greater the values above one, the greater is the non-carcinogenic risk level of the toxicants manifesting long term health hazard effects increasing (Wang, 2012;Adamuet al., 2015).  Total  Hazardous Index (THI) To estimate the risk to human health through more than one heavy metal, the hazard index (HI) has been developed (USEPA, 1989). The hazard index is the sum of the hazard quotients for all heavy metals, which was calculated by the eqn. ( Limet al., 2008; Guerra et al., 2010).   	   ∑  It assumes that the magnitude of the adverse effect will be proportional to the sum of multiple metal exposures. It also assumes similar working mechanisms that linearly affect the target organ.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Concentrations of the metals determined in this study are as presented in Table 1. The Chronic Daily Intake and Hazard Quotient are also presented in the same table. The HQ for iron calculated for adults and children respectively is 0.516 mg/kg/day and 0.635 mg/kg/day respectively. All these values fall below the recommended daily dose of iron, thus making iron a non-hazardous metal in water from Kwadon boreholes. The HQ value for iron in water from Kwadon boreholes   fall below one, thus making iron safe to those exposed to the water in Kwadon boreholes. Manganese had a CDI value of 0.051 mg/kg/day and 0.069 mg/kg/day for adults and children respectively. These values in this study are all above the RfD value of manganese in water, thus manganese poses a potential health risk in water from Kwadon boreholes as the HQ are all above one both for adults and children. Table 1 also shows the HQ of copper in water from Kwadon boreholes. All the values are above unity for both adults and children thus making copper a potential health risk to those exposed to the water in Kwadon boreholes. The HQ of cadmium in water from Kwadon boreholes for both adults and children is as depicted in Table 1. These are all below one. All these values fall below the daily recommended dose of cadmium in water, thereby making cadmium safe in the drinking water of Kwadon boreholes. Nickel poses no health risk to those exposed to the water from Kwadon boreholes as Table 1 gives the HQ values for nickel in Kwadon boreholes as 0.18 for adults and 0.24 for children respectively. The same Table 1 gives the HQ for cobalt in water from Kwadon boreholes which are all above unity for adults and children as3.67 mg/kg/l and 4.33mg/kg/l for adults and children respectively. Therefore, cobalt poses a potential health threat to those exposed to the water from Kwadon boreholes as the non-carcinogenic risk is high.  The CDI values of zinc from this study from the water in Kwadon boreholes are 0.052 mg/kg/day for adults and 0.070 mg/kg/day for children. This values fall below the RfD of zinc in water which is 0.3 mg/day, thereby making zinc safe in the water from Kwadon boreholes. Table 1show the HQ of zinc in water from Kwadon boreholes which are all below unity, thus confirming the safety of zinc.  The THI values for both adults and children were all greater than unity. The contributing metals to this high THI value are manganese, copper and cobalt. Thus, there is a need for further monitoring of these metals in water from Kwadon boreholes especially for children as they have a greater tendency of accumulating these metals over a longer period of time.  Table 1:  Levels of metals,Chronic Daily Intake (mg/kg/day), Hazard Quotient and THI of waterfor adults and children in water from Kwadon Boreholes   CDI     HQ    metal conc.   (mg/kg/day)        mg/l Metal   Adult  children   Adult  children   Fe  0.065  0.088   0.516  0.635  1.32 Mn  0.051  0.069   1.109  1.500  1.03  Cu  0.074  0.01   7.400  10.00  0.15 Pb  ND  ND   ND  ND  0.00 Cd  0.018  0.024   0.18  0.24  0.36 Ni  0.004  0.005   0.18  0.24  0.07 Co  0.001  0.001   3.67  4.33  0.02 Zn  0.052  0.070   0.173  0.23  1.06 THI       13.225  17.18    656 Special Conference Edition November, 2017 CONCLUSION The levels of some metals were determined by AAS and then used to determine the health risk potentials of these metals via drinking water. 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Levels of some trace metals and their potential health risks in water from Kwadon boreholes, Gombe State, Nigeria

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Levels of some trace metals and their potential health risks in water from Kwadon boreholes, Gombe State, Nigeria

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