The adherence capacity of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 on HT-29 human epithelium cell line with the presence of cholic acid were assessed. B. longum BB536 showed a higher adhesion level on HT-29 human epithelium cell line compared to B. psudocatenulatumG4. However, in the presence of physiological concentration (0.094 and 0.94 ìM) of cholic acid, the adhesion level of Bifidobacterium strains dropped between 5 and 55% respectively, depending on pH, time and strain. The adaptation of Bifidobacterium strains to cholic acid was shown to be increasedwith time. It was concluded that the acquisition of cholic acid resistance by those Bifidobacterium strains promoted changes in the adhesion ability on HT-29 human epithelium cell line

Ghazali, HM

Hussin, ASM

Jalilian, FA

Mustafa, S

Sekawi, Z

Sulaiman, AQ

Yazid, AM

English

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African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (19), pp. 5066-5070, 5 October, 2009     Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2009 Academic Journals     Full Length Research Paper  Cholic acid resistance and the adherence ability of Bifidobacterium pseudocaenulatum G4  Ali Qahtan Sulaiman1, Farid Azizi Jalilian2, Shuhaimi Mustafa3, Zamberi Sekawi2, Hasanah Mohd Ghazali1, Anis Shobirin Meor Hussin1 and Abd Manap Yazid1*  1Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Medicine and Community Health, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. 3Halal Products Research Institute, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.  Accepted 29 April, 2009  The adherence capacity of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 on HT-29 human epithelium cell line with the presence of cholic acid were assessed. B. longum BB536 showed a higher adhesion level on HT-29 human epithelium cell line compared to B. psudocatenulatum G4. However, in the presence of physiological concentration (0.094 and 0.94 µM) of cholic acid, the adhesion level of Bifidobacterium strains dropped between 5 and 55% respectively, depending on pH, time and strain. The adaptation of Bifidobacterium strains to cholic acid was shown to be increased with time. It was concluded that the acquisition of cholic acid resistance by those Bifidobacterium strains promoted changes in the adhesion ability on HT-29 human epithelium cell line.  Key words: Adhesion, bifidobacterium, cholic acid.   INTRODUCTION  Recent researches regarding probiotic as beneficial bacteria, concentrate basically on Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. Bifidobacteria represents one of the predominant groups in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). However, existence of bifidobacteria has decreased after vertebrate weaning and potentially pathogenic bacteria begin to predominate. Some bifidobacteria was docu-mented today as probiotic that improve the properties of the intestinal flora and contribute to better health (Haschke et al., 1998; Harmsen et al., 2000; Favier et al., 2002). These bacteria must overcome biological barriers, including low pH in the stomach and bile in the intestine (Gilliland, 1978; Lankaputhra and Shah, 1995) Bile is synthesized in the liver from cholesterol, secreted as conjugates of either glycine or taurine into the duodenum, where they facilitate fat absorption and undergo enterohepatic circulation (Hofmann, 1984). During the enterohepatic circulation, bile can undergo 2 major modifications by the intestinal microflora. Deconju-gation of bile salts by bile salt hydrolases, results in the formation of primary bile acids (cholic and quenodeoxy-    *Corresponding author. E-mail: myazid@putra.upm.edu.my. Tel.: 603-8946 8402. Fax: 603-89423552. cholic), which may be subsequently 7-dehydroxylated into secondary bile acids (deoxycholic and lithocholic) (Noriega et al., 2004). Bile acids are toxic for living cells. Therefore, gastrointestinal microbiota must have deve-loped strategies to defend themselves against the toxic action of these compounds. Although the resistance mechanisms of these bacteria are still poorly understood, the inhibition of Bifidobacterium growth by bile may be overcome in some cases by progressive adaptation to increasing concentrations of these compounds (Chung et al., 1999; Margolles et al., 2003). Many studies were done in vitro model system to look at the adhesion properties of probiotic. Human colon carcinoma cell line HT-29, Caco2 and HT29-MTX are important in the assessment of adhesion properties of microorganisms (Saarela et al., 2000). The probiotic effect and the colonization capability were related to the surface properties of bacteria. These properties precisely determine the ability of the microorganisms to adhere both on the intestinal mucus and the enterocyte cells (epithelium cell). Mukai et al. (1997) suggest that the proteinaceous components of the cell surface are involved in the adhesion of Bifidobacterium. Study on the interaction of cells with substrate (in vivo and in vitro adhesion) is particularly important for understanding the mechanisms that regulate bacterial adhesion and as well      the colonization. Protein ligands that present on the cell surfaces and/or in the culture medium have been identified in some strains of bifidobacteria of human origin such as  B. breve,  B. longum,  B. bifidum  and  B. infantis (Bernet et al., 1994). The theoretical benefits of probiotic bifidobacteria in the intestinal was mediated by modulation the functionality of the intestinal microbial, gut barrier, immune system of the host. Both therapeutic and prophylactic roles have been proposed and trailed in animal and human. In recent years, studies on probiotic effects of bifidobacteria have been focused in areas of adherence properties, resistance to infection diseases and prevention of colon cancer (Tuomola et al., 1999; Crittenden et al., 2004). The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether a relation exists between the resistances to cholic acid and the important characteristics of bifidobacteria, for their survival and colonization on HT-29 epithelium cell line.   MATERIALS AND METHODS  Bacterial strains and growth condition  Bifidobacterium strains were obtained from the collection of biotechnology and functional food 2 laboratory at university Putra Malaysia. The bacterial strains were culture in de Man, Rogosa and sharpe (MRS; Merck, Germany) at 37°C for 12 - 16 h under anaerobic conditions. The bacterial strains were culture in MRS broth at 37°C for 16 h anaerobically and centrifuge at 4000 rpm for 12 min. 1.5 × 108 cfu/ml of the bacteria cell were suspended in HEPES-Hank buffer pH 5.6 containing 0.94 µM cholic acid and pH 6.6 containing 0.094 µM cholic acid.    HT-29 cell line culture  The human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (ATCC HTB-38) was purchased from American type culture collection. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle's minimal essential medium (DMEM; Merck, Germany) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum, 100 U ml-1 penicillin and 100 mg ml-1 streptomycin at 37°C in atmosphere of 5% CO2 95% air. For adhesion assays HT-29 monolayers were prepared on glass cover slip and placed in 6 well tissue culture plates. The cells maintained for 4 days to confluence to use in adhesion assays. The cell culture media was change everyday and replaced by fresh non-supplemented DMEM at lease 3 h before the adhesion assays.   In vitro adhesion assays  The adherence of Bifidobacterium strains on HT-29 cell culture was examined by adding Bifidobacterium suspension to 6 wells tissue culture plate and incubated at 37°C for 30, 60 and 120 min. After incubation the HT-29 cell culture were washed 5 times with PBS (pH 7.2), fixed with methanol, Gram stained and counted using 20 randomized microscopic fields per dish. Each determination was carried out in duplicate.    Statistical analysis  Statistical analysis was made using the SPSS 14.0 software (SPSS  Sulaiman et al.         5067    Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Data were subjected to t-test to compare the effect of cholic acid before and after added to HH buffer, A probability of P < 0.05 was used as the criterion for statistical significant.   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  A probiotic adhesion property was considered to be one of the main criteria for selecting probiotics for human use (Vesterlund et al., 2005). From the previous study, B. longum BB536 and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 had shown the ability to adhere on HT-29. The adhesion levels of both tested strains were depended on the strains and treatment applied (Ali et al., 2009). In this study, the number of adhered B. longum BB536 and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 in Hank's HEPES (HH) buffer with 2 concentration of cholic acid was observed. Both concentration of cholic acid reduced the adhesion properties of the 2 bifidobacteria strains and it does depend on the pH levels and exposure times. These results suggested that the acquisition of cholic acid resistant by these strains promote the ability to adhere on HT-29 human epithelium cell line gradually with time (Figures 1 and 2). The 2 concentrations of cholic acid used in this study, 0.94 and 0.094 µM are simulated the right colon and left colon respectively (Thomas et al., 2001). While the 2 pH levels used, pH 5.6 and 6.6 are represent the pH of ascending and descending part of human colon condition respectively. The adhesion assay was carried out after 30, 60 and 120 min of retention time. At 0.94 µM of cholic acid with pH level of 5.6, the adhesion ability of B. longum BB536 and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 was reduced (Figure 3). After exposed to cholic acid for 30 min, the number of adhering B. pseudocatenulatum G4 was decreased but there was no effect on the adhesion properties of B. longum BB536. The adhesion reduction was increased proportionately with increasing of time. After 30 min, the adhesion reduction was 5% for B. longum BB536 and 42% for B. pseudocatenulatum G4 compared to the adhesion capacity in the condition without cholic acid. After 60 min, the adhesion reduction was 45% for B. longum BB536 and 53% for B. pseudocatenulatum G4, and after 120 min the declined was 55% for B. longum BB536 and 64% for B. pseudocatenulatum G4. Figure 4 presented the effect of 0.094 µM cholic acid at pH level 6.6 on the adhesion ability of B. longum BB536 and B. pseudocatenulatum G4. The 0.094 µM cholic acid was reduced the adhering ability of both bacteria strains. After 30 min, the adhesion ability of B. longum BB536 and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 was reduced up to 20 and 22%, respectively. After 60 min, the reduction was 38% for B. longum BB536 and 40% for B. pseudocatenulatum G4 and after 120 min of time exposure, the number of   B. longum BB536 and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 was declined to 38 and 37%, respectively. 5068         Afr. J. Biotechnol.    A   B   Figure 1. Time course adhesion of Bifidobacterium with (0.94 µM) and without cholic acid at pH 5.6 (A) B. longum BB536 (B) B. pseudocatanulatum G4.   There were significant different between B. longum BB536 and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 on the adhesion ability with the present of cholic acid. B. longum BB536 showed more resistance to cholic acid compared to B. pseudocatenulatum G4 in both pH levels. The adherence capacity for both strains was increased gradually with increasing retention time. The highest negative effect of cholic acid was observed for B. longum BB536 (55%) when it was exposed to pH 5.6 for 120 min, and the lowest was 5% at pH 5.6 for 30 min. While for B. pseudocatenulatum G4, the highest negative effect of cholic acid was observed at pH 5.6 after 120 min with the reduction of 64% and the lowest was 22% at pH 6.6 after 30 min. B. longum BB536 and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 had shown slight resistant to the 2 concentrations of cholic acid used in this study. These indicated that the acquisition of cholic acid resistance by the B. longum BB536 and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 promoted changes      A      B  Figure 2. Time course adhesion of Bifidobacterium with (0.094 µM) and without cholic acid at pH 6.6 (A) B. longum (B) pseudocatanulatum    in their membrane protein profiles. Noriega et al. (2004) suggested that a synergistic response in microorganisms to adapted the conditions of the gut. In this context, it is important to assess the adhesion capacity of the probiotic strains as a characteristic for potential intestinal coloniza-tion immune modulation. The adhesion levels of B. longum BB536 and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 to HT-29 human epithelium cell line were depended on the strain and the treatment applied, implying that different mechanisms are probably involved in the adhesion of bifidobacteria, as previously suggested (Bibiloni et al., 1999). Adaptation to high concentrations of cholic acid might be valuable tools for increasing the survival of Bifidobacterium in the GIT. Therefore, we looked for a possible relation between cholic acid  concentrations  and  Sulaiman et al.         5069      Figure 3. Adhesion of B. longum BB536 and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 at 0.94µM of cholic acid with pH 5.6.      Figure 4. Adhesion of B. longum BB536 and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 at 0.094µM of cholic acid with pH 6.6.     different pH levels that could confer an additional selective advantage to these microorganisms. For this purpose, the capacity to survive the high and low concen-trations   of   cholic   acid  was  tested  against  B. longum  BB536 and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 and resistant deri-vatives. A greater capacity to tolerate high cholic acid concentration, probably making it better adapted to surviving through GIT. 5070         Afr. J. Biotechnol.    REFERENCES  Ali QS, Farid AJ, Kabeir BM, Zamberi S, Shuhaimi M, Ghazali HM, Yazid AM (2009). 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Cholic acid resistance and the adherence ability of Bifidobacterium pseudocaenulatum G4

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Cholic acid resistance and the adherence ability of Bifidobacterium pseudocaenulatum G4

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