Anceaux, J. C.

English

The Australian National University

THE LINGUISTIC POSITION OF SOUTH-EAST SULAWESI : A PRELIMINARY OUTLINE J • C. ANCEAUX 1 .  I NT RO D U C T I O N  About the linguis t i c  map o f  south-east ern Sulawesi relatively little i s  known . What is found in the exist ent pub licat ions all goes back -mainly via Esser ' s  language map of Indonesia - t o  Adriani ' s  work ( volume 3 of Adriani and Kruij t 1 9 1 4 ) .  Adriani was ab le to make only some pre­liminary , cautious remarks , based on insuffi cient materials : s c anty data in short wordlists j otted down by non-linguis t s , which gave oc­cas ion only for s ome ob servations on sound-changes . Worse s t i l l  was the lack of knowledge about the number of language s and their geographical dist ribut i o n ,  shown ( t o  give one e xamp le only ) by the fact t hat Adriani thought t hat the is lands of Muna and Buton had only one language each ! That the real fact s were much l e s s  s imp le was found out by the government linguist E . J .  van den Berg , who worked in the area for several years , j ust  be fore World War I I . Unfortunate ly , he was ki lled in the war , and all his materials were lost , so that we will never know how much he found out ( see  Cens e , e d .  1 95 4 ) . The data presented here were collected during a short s t ay in the area in July 1 9 7 5 . There was no opportunity then t o  do much more than elicit  s ome lexical data and find out about the geographi cal distri­but ion of the various language s and dialect s .  The main results are pre sented here . The original p lan of comparing the languages not only with each other but also with those of the rest of Sulawesi has had t o  be postpone d ,  as it has turned out t hat in spite of all t he work done before , especially by Adriani , we s t i l l  have a long way to go b e fore any comprehensive p i c t ure of the group ing of the C e lebes languages can be given . 2 7 5  Anceaux, J.C. "The Linguistic Position of South-East Sulawesi: A Preliminary Outline". In Wurm, S.A. and Carrington, L. editors, Second International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics: Proceedings. C-61:275-283. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978.   DOI:10.15144/PL-C61.275 ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s).  Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL.  A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.2 7 6  J .  C.  ANCEAUX 2 .  T H E  W O R D L I ST S  All the wordlists will  be  used here but not i n  ful l .  A selecti on w i l l  be made of those items whi ch could be used for a lexicostat i s t ical c la s s i fi c at ion as a first s ort ing out of  dialects versus languages . Later correct ion will always be poss ible , i f  necessary , e . g .  i f  working out the sound-changes marking the differences offers important alt erna­t i ve s olut ions . To s how how the dialect-versus-language de cisions were made merely on the s t rength of the materials themselve s ,  without reference t o  any p e rt inent stat ements of the speakers , the lists are given here in the order and with t he numbers they were allotted as they came in . The only exception is given under 14 , a list of Wol i o ,  already s t udied be fore ( Anceaux 1 9 5 2 ) .  The languages are probably representat ive of the whole lingui s t i c  p i c t ure of the province of  Sulawesi Tenggara, covering the main p art of t he s outh-west ern peninsula of the is land and all  the adj acent smaller i slands , of which Muna , But on ,  and Kabaena are the most import ant . Of the lexical materials only a few s amp le s  can be given here . They were t aken at random from the list s . Only for t he first six it ems are all  the l i s t s  represent e d ;  for the other items one list was chosen from each group of what was dec i ded to represent a single language . As to the spelling in the list s :  � and � are glottalised ( ' imp losive ' ) ,  c and j have the Indonesian (EYD ) value . ' One ' ' Two ' ' Three ' 1 - ' a s a  ' .£ua ' t o l u  2 .  ' a s a  ' d u a  ' t o l u  3 .  s a ' ? a s a  ' d u a  ( t o ) ' t o : l u  4 .  ' ? a s a  ' .£u a ' t o l u  5 .  ' ?  i s e  1 0 '  r u a t o ' t o l u  6 .  ' ? a s a  ? o ' r u a  ? o ' t o l u  7 .  m e ' ? a s a  ? o ' r u a  ? o ' t o l u  8 .  r a ' ? a n u ,  r a ' ,? o l) ' r u a ( o l) ' t o l u  9 .  ' i s e ,  ' s a : d e ? o ' r u a ? o ' t o l u  1 0 . ' i s e  ' r u a  ' t o l u  1 1 - ' s a t u  ' d u a  ' t i g a  1 2 . ' i s e  ' d u a  ' t o l u  1 3 .  ' I s e  ' d u a  ' t a l u  14 . ' i s e  ' j  u a  ( - r u a )  ' t a l u  1 5 .  d i ' S E ?  ' d u a  ' t o l u  THE LINGUISTIC POSITION OF SOUTH-EAST SULAWESI 277  ' One ' ' Two ' ' Three ' 1 6 .  ' d i s e ?  d o ' r u a  ' t o l u  17 . ' ? i s e ' r u a  ' t o l u  18 . ' ? i s e ' r ua  ' t o l u  19 . rne ' ? a s a  o ' r ua ? o ' t o l u  2 0 .  s e ' i s e  r u ' d u a t o ' t o l u  2I . ' ? i s e  do ' r u a  t o ' t o l u  2 2 .  ' s a t u  ' d ua  ' t i g a  2 3 . s e ' a h u  h u ' a h u  t o l o ' a h u  2 4 .  ' ? i s e  ' d ua  ' t o l u  2 5 .  ' s a t u  ' d u a  t o l u ' a n u  2 6 . ' ? i s e  ' d ua  ' t o l u  2 7 .  ' ? i s e  ' d ua  ' t o l u  2 8 .  ' ? i s e ' d ua  ' t o l u  2 9 .  ' d i s e ' j u a  ' t o l u  3 0 . ' i s e  ' j  ua  ' t o l u  3 I .  ' ? a s o  ? o ' r uo ? o ' t o l u  3 2 . ' ? a s o  ? o ' r uo ? o ' t o l u  ' Four ' ' Five ' ' Six ' I .  ' p a ? a  ' 1 i rna ' n o ' o 2 .  ' I)g a n a  ' 1 i rn a ' n o ' o 3 .  ' I) g a n n a  l o '  1 i rna n o ' n o ? o 4 .  ' p a ? a  ' 1  i rna ' n o ? o 5 .  ' p a ? a  1 0 '  1 i rna n o ' n o ? o  6 .  ? o ' p a :  ? o '  1 i rna ? o ' n o :  7 .  ? o ' p a :  ? o '  1 i rna ? o ' n o :  8 .  ' p a t a , p a ' t o l)  1 0 : ' 1 i rna n o ' n o ? o 9 .  ? o ' p a :  ? o '  1 i rna ? o n ' o :  10 . ' ? arn p a  ' l  i rna ' ? a n a  II . ' ? a rnp a t  ' 1 i rna ' ? a n a  12 . ' ? a p a  ' 1 i rna ' ? a n a  1 3 .  ' ? a p a  ' 1 i rna ' a n a  1 4 .  ' a p a  ( p a t a )  , 1 i rn a ' ? a n a  1 5 .  p a : ' d i rna n o ' ? o 1 6 .  ' p a ? a  ' 1  i rna ' n o ? o  17 . ' p a ? a  ' 1 i rna ' n o ? o  1 8 .  ' pa ? a  ' 1 i rna ' n o ? o 19 . ? o ' pa :  ? o ' 1 i rna ? o ' n o :  2 0 .  ? o ' p a l i ' d i rna n o ' n o :  2 I .  p o ' p a ? a  1 0 '  1 i rn a n o ' n o : 278  J . C . ANCEAUX , FouT" 'Five ' 'Six ' 2 2 .  ' am p a t ' l i ma ' ? a n a m  2 3 .  p a ' t a h u  I I ' m a h u  nomu ' a h u  2 4 .  ' p a a  ' d l ma n o : 2 5 .  p a t o ' ? o n u  I l ma ' ? o n u  n omo ' ? o n u  2 6 . ' ? a p a  ' l i ma n o : 2 7 .  p a : ' d l ma n o :  2 8 .  ' ? a p a  ' l i ma n o :  2 9 .  ' p a a  ' I I m a  ' ? a n a  30 . ' wa p a  ' l i ma ' ? a n a  31 . ? o ' ? oma ? o '  l i mo ? o ' ? o n o  32 . ? o '  ? om b a  ? o ' l i mo ? o ' ? o n o  'Many ' ' I ' ' Yo u '  ( sg .  ) 'He ' 1 .  ko ' r u o  I '  a ku j ' ko ? o  I ' ? I a 5 .  t o ' ? a r u  I '  n d a ? I s u ' m l u  I ' ? I a 6 .  me ' ? a r u  ' ? a k u  ' co ?o I '  a 8 .  9 0 ' r u o  I '  a ? u  I ' s o ?o  ' I a 9 .  ? o ' mp o l e  u ' l) ku d e  l ' l) ko ? o 1-' n a d e  1 0 . n o ' baxe  I '  n o  I I ' n c u c u  ' a ' n oa 1 1 .  ' b a r f  I '  a k u  I '  ko ?o S 1 ' 1  a 1 3 .  ' b a h l 1 ' 1  d I ' h I n t u a ' noa  1 4 .  ' ba r l  I '  a k u  l ' l) k o : I '  n c  I a 31 . d a ' d l o  I ' n a k u  I ' n o ? o  I ' e:  ' We '  ( e xc 1 .  ) ' We ' ( inc 1 .  ) ' Wh o ?  ' ' Sun ' 1 .  I '  k a m l I '  k I t a I ' e: ? e: ? o ' l ow 5 .  I ' s a m l  I '  I) k I t a I '  n d e ? e  h o ' I e o  6 .  I '  cam l ' k l t a ' I) a l 0 ' 1 eo 8 .  I ' s am l ' k l t a h l e ' ? e n o  0 ' 1 e o  9 .  I ' I) kam  I I ' I) k  I t a I ' n a l o  0 '  l eo 1 0 . I '  n s a m  I I ' n t a n o  l a ' Ra e  0 ' 1 eoo ' I eo 1 1 . ' ka m l  I '  k I t a I '  s em I ' ? eo 1 3 .  s a ' od l  n t a ' od l  l a ' ? a e  0 '  l eo 1 4 . l ' l) k a m l l ' l) k  I t a I ' n cema  ' e o 3 1 .  l ' I) 9 a m i 1 ' 1)9 I t o  I '  n a e:  0 '  l eo THE LINGUISTIC POSITION OF SOUTH-EAST SULAWESI 2 7 9  'Moon ' ' Star ' 'Stone ' ' Water ' l .  ' ko m b a  b l ' t u ? o  ' b a t u  ' t e ? e  5 .  ' b u l a  b l ' c u k o  ' l o ko ' h e ? e  6 .  r a ' moa  ? o l  I ' mpopo  ' wa t u  ' ? E ? E  8 .  ' b u d o m p l o ' m p l o  t o ' n d u r i  ' uwe  9 .  ' wu l a  b l ' c u ? o  ' wa c u  ' ? e ? e  1 0 . ' wu l a  k a m b e a ' m b e a  ' wa c u  ' ? o ? e  1 l .  ' b u l o  kam p l o ' m p l o  ' £.a t u  ' ? u e  1 3 .  ' wu l a  k a  I I ' po p o  ' ko n t u  ' ? oe 1 4 .  ' b u l a  k a  I i '  mpopo  ' ba t u  ' uwe 3 l .  ? o ' b u l a  ? a n a ' b u l a  ? o ' wa t u  i ' b o I ' Wood ' ' Le af ' ' Banana ' ' Tai l- ' l .  ' ka u  ' ro ? o  ' l o ka ' h i k u 5 .  ' s a u  ' ro ? o  ka ' d e s e  ka ' ? l s u 6 .  ' k e u  ' r i r i  ' p u n t l  ' i k I 8 .  ' ka u  ' r0 1 0  ' r)a n e  ka ' ? l s u 9 .  ' k e u  ' I e b e  ' p u n c i ' I k I 1 0 . ' s a u  xo ' n o n o  ka ' i e l  ' l e s  i 1 l .  ' ka u 5 0 ' 1 e u  ' l o ka ka ' ? E s o 1 3 .  ' s a u  ' ho n u  k a ' i e l  ' I E n  5 I 1 4 .  ' ka u  ' t awa ' l o k a  ' I e n c  I 3 l .  ' ka s u  ' t awa ' p u n d l ' ? I k u 'Fish ' 'Mouth ' ' Nose ' 'Mouth ' l .  ' kE n t a ' s a ? a  ' n o ? o  ' n u s u  5 .  ' ? i s a ' s a ? a  ' I)O ? O  ' r) a r a  6 .  ' i c a  l a ' l) E l d o ' ? E r) E  ' I) a l)a  8 .  ' I s e ' ku I e ' bobo  ' I) u n s u  9 .  ' I k a  ' ? u I E ' ? E l)e ' r) a l) a  1 0 . ' ke n t a ' ? u I E n E  ' £.o£.a 1 l .  p e ' s u e  ' ow l o  ' bo b o  ' I) a l)a  1 3 .  ' k e n t a  ' ? u I E n E  ' wo b a  1 4 . i ' k a n e  ' u l o  ' a r)o ' m u n c u , ' I) a l) a  3 l .  ' ?  i k a  s a w  ' ? E r)e ' p o n d u  2 8 0  J . C .  ANCEAUX ' Tooth ' 'Name ' ' Fire ' ' New ' l .  ' ko n i I)a : l u ' k a p i b o ' ? ow 5 .  ' I) i ? i ' I)e a  ' ? a p i b u ' kow 6 .  ' I) i s  i ' n e ? u  ' a p i  t o ' n i a  8 .  ' I) i n s o  ' n  i a ' a p i  b u ' kow 9 .  ' I) i s i I) e : ' a p i  t o ' n i a 1 0 . ' 1 i mp o  ' ko n a  ' b ea b '  ? o u  l l .  ' I) i n s i  ' s a ro o ' a p u  b a ' a u 1 3 .  u ' a l) ka ' n e a  i ' i p i  b u ' ? ou  1 4 .  ' I)  i n c i  ' s a ro ' wa :  ' b a u  3 l .  ' I)  i s  i ' t amo ' a p i  b u ' ? o h u  Aft e r  a l l  the percent ages of  shared cognate s  were computed the lists  were grouped t ogether if  they showed 80 ( or more ) p ercent of cognates , s o  that each list showed at least a cognation percentage of 80 with one other list in the s ame group . This brought t ogethe r :  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  and 4 ( group B ) , 5 ,  1 6 ,  1 7 , 1 8 ,  and 2 1  ( group C ) ,  6 ,  7 ,  and 1 9  ( group D ) , 1 0 ,  12 , 2 0 ,  and 30 ( group G ) , 1 3 ,  1 5 , 2 2 ,  2 3 ,  2 4 ,  2 5 ,  2 6 , 2 7 ,  2 8 ,  and 29 ( group J ) ,  and 31 and 32 ( group K ) , whereas list s 1 4 ,  8 ,  9 ,  and 11 did not show such a high percent age with any of the others and were labeled separate ly as group A ,  E, F ,  and H respect ively . Each group of lists  was t aken t o  represent one language . It was only aft er this that the languages were p laced on the map . The comparison of the - rather s canty - grammat ical data which was ab le to be collected only confirmed the results of  the lexical comparison . Computation of the lexi cal relat ionship s ,  made after averaging all t he lists  for each language , yie lded the following result s :  A B C D E F G H J K 4 6  4 3  4 8  6 5  4 2  5 6  39 4 1  3 9  J 52  4 7  6 2  4 3  5 0  4 6  7 1  4 5  H 6 7  4 9  5 4  4 2  6 8  4 6  5 1  G 5 3  4 7  5 7  4 2  5 1  4 6  F 5 1  4 9  5 4  7 3  49  E 5 0  5 7  6 4  4 5  D 4 7  4 6  5 1  C 5 6  5 9  B 4 9  THE LINGUISTIC POSITION OF SOUTH-EAST SULAWESI 2 8 1  On account of the s e  percentages it was pos s ible t o  group languages A ,  E ,  and H t ogether as their mutual relationship was s omewhat c loser than their relat ionships with other languages . In the s ame way D,  F and K go togethe r ,  and also C ,  G and J .  Only B s c ores relatively low with all the others . S t i l l  there is reason t o  believe that all  the language s of  this area b elong t o  one subgroup , but it is only through further comparison that the t ruth of this hypothe s i s  can be t e s t e d .  I t  might w e l l  be that , i f  such a subgroup exis t s , other languages must be added to it . Anyhow , it is c lear that Adriani ' s  Muna-Buton group has to be reformulate d .  Not a l l  the languages discussed here have generally accepted name s . Only A is generally known as Wolio . It i s  the language of the capital of  Buton , Baubau, and was the official language of the Sultanat e . It i s  s t i l l  underst ood and spoken by many speakers of other languages , especially people belonging t o  the t raditional upper c lass , as orig­inally it  must have been the language of the nobility , those who filled all  the government posts  in former days . J i s  known as Muna or Wuna language , but because of the diale ctal variat ions nobody has c lear ideas of  what belongs t o  it  and what does not . A l l  the others have litt le prest ige out s ide the area in which they are spoken . The best  known of them i s  K,  usually called To laki or Lalaki , spoken in a large area on the p enin sula . Next comes D ( Rumbia or Moronene ) . The most striking feature of the geographical distribut ion i s  the t endency of s ome languages to spread in an east-west direct ion regardle ss  of  intervening nat ural .barriers like mountains or sea . 2 8 2  NUMBERS , wordlt:=;!:; 1 31 J . C . ANCEAUX l'3 � 28 � ""ANUI LANGUAGE MAP OF SOUTH-EAST SULAWES I  lANGUAGf S ·  ����@ A H::: 0 : r .. H SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF LANGUAGES AND DISTRIBUTION OF WORDLISTS �"S THE LINGUISTIC POSITION OF SOUTH-EAST SULAWESI B I B L I OGRAPHY ADRIANI , Nicolaus and Alb . C. KRUIJT 1912-14 Ve Ba4e ' e- 4 p4ekende T04adja ' 4  van Midden - C el e b e4 . 3 vols . VKNA 4 4 - 4 6 . Bat avia : Landsdrukkerij . ANCEAUX , J . C .  1952 The Wolio Lang uag e .  VKI  1 1 .  CENSE , A .A . , ed . 1954  ' Mededelingen uit d e  vers lagen van Dr E . J .  van den Berg : t aalambtenaar op Buton 1 9 3 6 - 1 9 4 1 ' .  Bij d4TL V  110 : 154- 8 4 .  ESSER, S . J . 1938  ' Talen ' . In : Atla4 van T4o pi4 ch Nede4lan d .  Amst erdam : Koninklij k "Nederlandsch Aardrij kskundig Genoot schap . 2 8 3  Anceaux, J.C. "The Linguistic Position of South-East Sulawesi: A Preliminary Outline". In Wurm, S.A. and Carrington, L. editors, Second International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics: Proceedings. C-61:275-283. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978.   DOI:10.15144/PL-C61.275 ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s).  Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL.  A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.

The Linguistic Position of South-East Sulawesi: A Preliminary Outline

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The Linguistic Position of South-East Sulawesi: A Preliminary Outline

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