DsbA leader peptide targets proteins for cotransla-tional translocation by signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway and has been the standard signal sequence for filamentous phage display of fast-folding Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins). In contrast, translocation of DARPins via the post-translational pathway, for example, with the commonly used PelB leader, has been reported to be highly inefficient. In this study, two PelB signal sequence libraries were screened covering different regions of the leader peptide for identifying mutants with improved display of DARPins on phage. A PelB variant with the most favorable combination of synonymous mutations in the n-region and hydrophobic substitutions in the h-region increased the display efficiency of a DARPin library 44-and 12-fold compared to PelBWT and DsbA, respectively. Based on thioredoxin-1 (TrxA) export studies the triple valine mutant PelB DN5 V3 leader was capable of more efficient cotranslational translocation than PelBWT, but the overall display efficiency improvement over DsbA suggests that besides increased cotranslational translocation other factors contribute to the observed enhancement in DARPin display efficiency
