Welfare is traditionally understood through social security decommodifying labor markets orsocial investment policies. In the domain of housing, however, welfare for homeowners is largelyhidden in the tax codes’ fiscal exemptions. Based on a content analysis of legislation, this pa-per introduces a novel yearly database of 37 countries between 1910 and 2020 to uncover the“hidden welfare state” of taxes on imputed rent, deductibility of mortgage payments, housingcapital gains tax and VAT on newly built dwellings. Summary indices of homeownership at-tractiveness and neutrality of the tax code show that fiscal homeownership policies have beenin decline until the 1980s and risen ever since. They are in place where finance is liberally andlabor restrictively regulated. Contrary to the classical welfare state, they are not associatedwith an economic logic of industrialism or left-wing governments, but a rent-regulation alter-native of Common-Law jurisdictions and smaller countries. As welfare for property owners, thelogic of fiscal homeownership welfare diverges from the classical welfare for the laboring classes.1 Introduction 2 Explaining homeowner supporting policies 3 Tax treatment of the owner-occupied housing 3.1 Imputed rent tax 3.2 Tax deductibility of mortgage payments 3.3 Capital gains tax 3.4 VAT on the new dwellings 4 Quantification of taxation attractiveness and tenure neutrality 4.1 Leximetric approach to taxation policies 4.2 Our approach 5 Results: descriptive and explanatory assessment of homeownership welfare 5.1 Individual tax indices 5.2 Correlation with other regulation indices 5.3 Regression analysis 6 Discussion and conclusion Literature Appendix A: Robustness tests Appendix B: An overview of the evolution of the country-specific homeowner-ship tax treatment Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany India Ireland Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Peru Poland Portugal Russia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom US
