Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera is a major pest in cotton and one of the most polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest species of several crops such as cotton, pulses and vegetables in Asia. Lethal effects of Biolep®, Permethrin and Hexaflumuron belong to three different groups of insecticides were compared on larval stages of H. armigera. The trial was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments including a control and replicated thrice. Our results shown three insecticides, Biolep®, Permethrin and Hexaflumuron had significant difference in larval population mortality of H. armigera. After 3rd day Biolep® caused maximum mortality that was 39 larvae. Permethrin and Hexaflumuron caused 29 and 31 larval mortality after 3rd day, respectively. Generally, the number of mortality decreased and the maximum rate of mortality in 12th day was 7 larvae that obtained by using Hexaflumuron. Our results showed that the Hexaflumuron was persistent in comparison with other insecticides. Biolep® registered above 75% (average 77) reduction in number of larvae on the basis of post-spray data, followed by 68% and 70% each by Permethrin and Hexaflumuron, respectively

Ali Darvishzadeh

Ali-Akbar Katoulinezhad

Siavash Salimian-Rizi

Directory of Open Access Journals

Arthropods, 2014, 3(4): 161-165  IAEES                                                                                    www.iaees.orgArticle  Effect of Biolep®, Permethrin and Hexaflumuron on mortality of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)  Ali Darvishzadeh 1, Siavash Salimian-Rizi 2, Ali-Akbar Katoulinezhad2 1Researcher of Center of Advance Research, Quality and Development of ETKA elite, Tehran, Iran  2Mazrae Nemooneh Agricultural Research Station, Aq Qala, Gorgan, Iran E-mail: Darvishzadeh@ut.ac.ir  Received 22 September 2014; Accepted 12 October 2014; Published online 1 December 2014   Abstract Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera is a major pest in cotton and one of the most polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest species of several crops such as cotton, pulses and vegetables in Asia. Lethal effects of Biolep®, Permethrin and Hexaflumuron belong to three different groups of insecticides were compared on larval stages of H. armigera. The trial was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments including a control and replicated thrice. Our results shown three insecticides, Biolep®, Permethrin and Hexaflumuron had significant difference in larval population mortality of H. armigera. After 3rd day Biolep® caused maximum mortality that was 39 larvae. Permethrin and Hexaflumuron caused 29 and 31 larval mortality after 3rd day, respectively. Generally, the number of mortality decreased and the maximum rate of mortality in 12th day was 7 larvae that obtained by using Hexaflumuron. Our results showed that the Hexaflumuron was persistent in comparison with other insecticides. Biolep® registered above 75% (average 77) reduction in number of larvae on the basis of post-spray data, followed by 68% and 70% each by Permethrin and Hexaflumuron, respectively.  Keywords Cotton bollworm; Helicoverpa armigera; Permethrin; Hexaflumuron; Biolep®.         1 Introduction Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is one of the serious pests of several crops such as cotton, pulses and vegetables in Asia (Sharma et al., 2005).This pest is very polyphagous and causes an estimated loss of US $ 2 billion on different crops worldwide (Fitt, 1991). Currently, the most efforts on the control of this pest are on the insecticide application, and it has developed high levels of resistance to insecticides (Kranthi et al., 2002).  Different methods, including application of chemical and microbial insecticides, are used to prevent the Arthropods     ISSN 2224­4255   URL: http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/online­version.asp RSS: http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/rss.xml E­mail: arthropods@iaees.org Editor­in­Chief: WenJun Zhang Publisher: International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Arthropods, 2014, 3(4): 161-165  IAEES                                                                                    www.iaees.orgdamage induced by this pest. Microbial control of agricultural and health-related insect pests has been considered as an alternative to synthetic insecticides. Microbial agents are generally highly specific against target insect pests, thus facilitating the survival of beneficial insects in treated crops (Lacey et al., 2001).  Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a rod-shaped, gram-positive, spore-forming, crystal-liferous bacterium which occurs naturally in soil, water and grain dust (Lambert and Peferoen, 1992). Bt was first isolated from lepidopteran larvae and is naturally present in both live and dead insects (Damgaard et al., 1997). The insecticidal activity of Bt is the most important feature of this organism and it is active against more than 150 pest species, including Cotton bollworm, H. armigera (Aronson et al., 1986). The insecticidal activity of Bt is primarily due to certain proteins that are synthesised in abundance during sporulation and form crystals that consist of one or more proteins known as Cry or d-endotoxins. The toxins are in the inclusions as inactive protoxins that are solubilised in the alkaline environment of the insect gut and activated by gut proteases. They exhibit a variety of biological actions including cytolytic, hemolytic, in addition to entomocidal activities (Bravo et al., 2004). In this study we compared lethal effects of Biolep®, Permethrin and Hexaflumuron belong to three different group of insecticides (Biolep is a water dispersible powder formulation of B. thuringiensis var. Kurstaki; Permethrin is a common synthetic chemical belongs to the family of synthetic chemicals called pyrethroids and functions as a neurotoxin; Hexaflumuron is an insect growth regulator that interferes with insects chitin synthesis) on larval stages of H. armigera.   2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Location and insects The study was conducted during 2013 and 2014 at field condition in Mazrae Nemooneh agricultural research station (Aq Qala, Golestan province, North of Iran) (Coordinates: 37°00′50″N 54°27′18″E) (Darvishzadeh et al., 2014). During September and October, the period in which cotton (Golestan cultivar) produces squares, flowers, and first bolls, the experiment was carried out on H. armigera larvae of different instars. 2.2 Insecticides The following insecticides were used: Biolep® (SC formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki) (Nature Biotechnology Company (Biorun), SC, 108 CFU/ml), Permethrin (Mahan Co., EC 15 %), Hexaflumuron (Mahan Co., EC 15 %). 2.3 Bioassay The trial was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments including a control and replicated thrice. Plot size was 20 m2 with row to row and plant to plant distance were 80 and 20 cm, respectively. Three insecticides viz., B. thuringiensis, Permethrin and Hexaflumuron at 1500 ppm were in water solution. The control plots were sprayed with water only. Numbers of H. armigera larval mortality were counted from whole plants of each treatment plot after 3, 5, 7 and 12 days of the insecticides application. The mean larval mortality (%) of each treatment were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test after One Way ANOVA at α= 5%.  2.4 Statistical analysis Mortality numbers were calculated by the Abbott correction formula for natural mortality in the untreated control (Abbott, 1925). The log dosage-probit response line was obtained with the Probit analysis (Polo-PC 1987). One way ANOVA (analysis of variance) data analysis performed followed by Duncan multiple range test when significant differences were found at P = 0.05 using the SPSS 22.0 statistical package.   162Arthropods, 2014, 3(4): 161-165  IAEES                                                                                    www.iaees.org3 Results Our results shown three insecticides, Biolep®, Permethrin and Hexaflumuron had significant difference in larval population mortality of H. armigera. After 3rd day Biolep® caused maximum mortality that was 39 larvae. Permethrin and Hexaflumuron caused 29 and 31 larval mortality after 3rd day, respectively (Tab. 1). Generally, the number of mortality decreased and the maximum rate of mortality in 12th day was 7 larvae that obtained by using Hexaflumuron. Our results showed that the Hexaflumuron was persistent in comparison with other insecticides (Table 1).      Table 1 Mean mortality of H. armigera larvae exposed to different insecticides application (rep= 3). Treatments Post-spray mortality (mean ± SE) 3rd day 5th day 7th day 9th day 12th day Biolep® 39±1.09 31±0.98 11±0.74 4±0.13 2±0.09 Permethrin 29±0.89 19±0.87 14±0.64 5±0.15 3±0.10 Hexaflumuron 31±1.03 19±0.74 15±0.44 11±0.25 7±0.21   Mortality number of larval stage of H. armigera exposed to insecticides application shown in figure1. These figure shows there are significant differences between the different insecticides used in time periods. Biolep® decreased mortality number more than other insecticides after whole treatment times (Fig. 1).  Fig. 1 Mortality number of larval stage of H. armigera exposed to different insecticides application (rep= 3) (Different letters over columns indicate significant differences according to Duncan test at α= 0.05; Columns with the same letter are not significantly different; Vertical bars indicate standard error (±)). 163Arthropods, 2014, 3(4): 161-165  IAEES                                                                                    www.iaees.orgBiolep® registered above 75% (average 77) reduction in number of larvae on the basis of post-spray data, followed by 68% and 70% each by Permethrin and Hexaflumuron, respectively (Fig. 2).  Fig. 2 Mortality% of larval stage of H. armigera exposed to different insecticides application.   4 Discussion This study indicated that the Biolep® is more effective than other pesticides used in control of cotton bollworm. Biolep® is a new microbial class of insecticides with a new mode of action and is registered for use against a wide variety of caterpillars including H. armigera larvae (Arshad et al., 2009). Beneficial insects such as assassin bug, damsel bug, lacewing larvae, spiders, predacious mites and wasps (Pollinators and Parasitic) are not significantly affected by residues of Biolep®. The main target for Bt toxins is insect midgut (Knowels, 1994). One option to reduce the insecticide use on cotton is the exploitation of transgenic Bt cotton as a component of integrated pest management programs (Gore et al., 2001). Edge et al. (2001) reported that the integration of transgenic cotton with Bt as an IPM component has many benefits like reduced use of broad- spectrum insecticides, increased control of target pests, reduced production cost, increased yield and better opportunity for biological control. Bt cotton containing Cry1Ac has had lethal effect against H. armigera (Arshad et al., 2009; Wan et al., 2005). Transgenic crops may perform differently under different ecological conditions and cropping systems, so there is need for researchers to conduct and layout field trials to study the impact of available Bt cotton varieties on target pests for the long-term implementation of transgenic crops. Finally, we suggest that other researchers study the synergistic effects of simultaneously application of Biolep® and other conventional insecticides on H. armigera to indicate best integration of pesticides for control of this pest.    164Arthropods, 2014, 3(4): 161-165  IAEES                                                                                    www.iaees.orgAcknowledgements First author is so grateful of Gorgan farm staff for his useful guides. Also we thank Mr. Ghasemi and Mr. Sharifian, for providing the insect culture and useful helps and suggestions.    References Abbott WS. 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18(2): 265-267 Aronson AI, Beckman W, Dunn P. 1986. Bacillus thuringiensis and related insect pathogens. Microbiological Reviews, 50: 1-24 Arshad M, Suhail A, Arif MJ, Khan MA. 2009. Transgenic Bt and non-transgenic cotton effects on survival and growth of Helicoverpa armigera. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11(4): 473-476 Bravo A, Gomez I, Conde J, Munoz-Garay C, et al. 2004. Oligomerization triggersbbinding of a Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab pore-formingtoxin to aminopeptidase N receptor leading to insertion into membrane microdomains. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1667: 38-46 Damgaard PH, Hansen BM, Pedersen JC, Eilenberg J. 1997. Natural occurrence of Bacillus thuringiensis on cabbage foliage and in insects associated with cabbage crops. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 82: 253-258 Darvishzadeh A, Hosseininaveh V, Salimian-rizi S. 2014. Enzymatic activity of α-amylase in alimentary tract Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Characterization and compartmentalization. Arthropods, 3(3): 138-146  Edge JM, Benedict JH, Carroll JP, Reding HK. 2001. Bollgard cotton: an assessment of global economic, environmental, and social benefits. Journal of Cotton Science, 5(2): 121-136 Fitt GP. 1991. Host plant selection in Heliothinae. In: Reproductive Behaviour in Insects Individuals and Populations (Bailey WJ, Ridsdill-Smith TJ, eds). 172-201. Chapman and Hall, London, UK Gore J, Leonard BR, Adamczyk JJ. 2001. Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) survival on 'Bollgard' and 'Bollgard II' cotton flower buds and flower components. Journal of Economic Entomology, 94: 1445-1451 Knowles BH. 1994. Mechanism of action of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal d-endotoxins. Advances in Insect Physiology, 24: 275-308 Kranthi KR, Jadhav DR, Kranthi S, et al. 2002. Insecticide resistance in five major pests of cotton in India. Crop Protection, 21: 449-460 Lacey LA, Frutos R, Kaya HK, Vail P. 2001. Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Do they have a future? Biological Control, 21: 230-248 Lambert B, Peferoen M. 1992. Insecticidal promise of Bacillus thuringiensis. Bioscience, 42: 112-122 Sharma HC, Pampapathy G, Dhillon MK, Ridsdill-Smith TJ. 2005. Detached leaf assay to screen for host plant resistance to Helicoverpa armigera . Journal of Economic Entomology, 98: 568-576 Wan P, Zhang YJ, Wu KM, Huang MS. 2005. Seasonal expression profiles of insecticidal protein and control efficacy against Helicoverpa armigera for Bt cotton in the Yangtze River Valley of China. Journal of Economic Entomology, 98(1): 195-201  165

Effect of Biolep®, Permethrin and Hexaflumuron on mortality of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(4)/Biolep-Permethrin-Hexaflumuron-mortality-of-cotton-bollworm.pdf

Effect of Biolep®, Permethrin and Hexaflumuron on mortality of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Directory of Open Access Journals