The purpose of this study was to investigate how spandex garment with compressive band affects kinematic variables during a golf swing. The X-factor and angular velocity of the club in EG were increased during the down swing phase, whereas the significant
changes of other kinematic variables were not found in this study. Thus, the effects of wearing spandex garment with compression band cannot be explained as a function of the kinematic variables of interest. It is clear that wearing spandex garment with compressive band may enhance joint stability, which in turn may affect joint kinetics and muscle activation. This has led to suggestions of the need for further kinetic and EMG
analyses to evaluate its function

Chae, Woen-sik

Kang, Ho-youl

Kang, Nyeon-ju

Kim, Dong-soo

Kim, Min-soo

Kim, Seong-jung

Lee, Gye-san

Lim, Young-tae

Yang, Chang-soo

English

ISBS (International Society of Biomechanics in Sports): Conference Proceedings Archive

625ISBS 2011 Porto, PortugalVilas-Boas, Machado, Kim, Veloso (eds.) Biomechanics in Sports 29Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences11 (Suppl. 2), 2011THE EFFECTS OF WEARING SPANDEX GARMENT WITH COMPRESSION BAND ON KINEMATIC VARIABLES DURING A GOLF SWING Chang-soo Yang1, Ho-youl Kang2, Gye-san Lee3, Young-tae Lim4, Seong-jung Kim4, Woen-sik Chae2, Min-soo Kim2, Dong-soo Kim2 and Nyeon-ju Kang2Department of sports and Health Science, University of Incheon, Incheon, Korea1Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea2  Department of Physical Education, Kwandong University, Kangneung, Korea3Division of Sport Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea4The purpose of this study was to investigate how spandex garment with compressiveband affects kinematic variables during a golf swing. The X-factor and angular velocity of the club in EG were increased during the down swing phase, whereas the significant changes of other kinematic variables were not found in this study. Thus, the effects of wearing spandex garment with compression band cannot be explained as a function ofthe kinematic variables of interest. It is clear that wearing spandex garment with compressive band may enhance joint stability, which in turn may affect joint kinetics and muscle activation. This has led to suggestions of the need for further kinetic and EMG analyses to evaluate its function. KEY WORDS: golf swing, spandex garment with compressive band, kinematic, X-factor. INTRODUCTION: The elasticity of garments provides increased flexion and extension torque at the end of each motion and this may affect athletic performance and a reduction in injuries (Doan et al, 2003). “X-factor” which means the resulting separation of the hip-shoulder alignment at the top of the down swing (Figure 1) and “X-factor stretch” which refers to the maximum X-factor angle after the top of the down swing are directly related to the golf swing performance (McLean, 1996; Cheetham, Martin, & Mottram, 2001). Cole and Grimshaw (2009) reported that higher X-factors were revealed in the elite golfers. The greater value of X-factor stretch was also demonstrated in the elite golfers (McLean, 2008). Therefore, improvement of golf swing can be gained from wearing spandex garment with compression band. Since actual effects of wearing spandex garment with compression band on gof performance are not established, the purpose of this study was to determine how spandex garment with compression band affects kinematic variables during a golf swing.Figure 1: The definition of X-factorextremities (Bosco, Cardinale, & Tsarpela, 1999). In this study, the participants, who were healthy college student, received vibratory stimulation at a lower frequency, which allowed for gains in explosive force while minimizing fatigue. In the tonic vibratory reflex [TVR] the muscle belly or tendon is stimulated by the Iα afferent neuron. The TVR is transmitted to the spindle by the α motor neuron, activating the fiber (Rittweger, Schiessl, & Felsenberg, 2001; Cardinale & Bosco, 2003). This muscle-neural phenomenon can be examined using EMG analysis. Following 20s of vibratory stimulation in the upper extremity at a frequency of 2.5 Hz and amplitude of 1 N, the EMGrms index decreased by 8%. Other related studies have shown similar results; for example, Bosco, Cardinale, and Tsarpela (2008) found that 60 seconds of vibratory stimulation raised the EMG mean power frequency, but decreased the EMGrms of the biceps brachii. Vibratory stimulation can activate α motor neuron through TVR and enhance nervous system adaptation (Romaiguere, Vedel, Azulay, & Pagni, 1991). Activation of the nervous system can elevate neuronal firing frequency and increase the synchronized neuronal units. The optimal level of vibratory stimulation loading can improve muscle adaptation, and decrease activation to avoid loss of muscle strength. This can improve effectiveness of muscle group. Overall results showed that low frequency and low amplitude vibratory stimulation [LfLa; 2.5 Hz, 1 N] which by the vibratory stimulation system of this study can have benefits for participants’ muscle strength and maximal force in the biceps brachii. This study shows that 60% maximal force loading, combined with vibratory stimulation at a frequency of 2.5 Hz and amplitude of 1 N sustained over 20s, is the best acute vibratory stimulation for the flexor muscle of the elbow joint.  CONCLUSION: This study presents a well-designed system and the associated methodology for examining the acute effect of vibratory stimulation on elbow joint flexor performance.  An optimal vibratory stimulation pattern has been found with most significant acute effect in terms of explosive contraction muscle strength and maximal force. For practical applications, because the VSTS can provide with smooth, precisely controlled frequency and amplitude of vibratory force, it is safe and comfortable to the athlete. Furthermore, the results provide a method in finding an optimal vibratory stimulation pattern for an athlete in warm up exercises to enhance his/her sports performance.  REFERENCES: Bosco, C., Cardinale, M., & Tsarpela, O. (2008). Influence of vibration on mechanical power and electromyogram activity in human arm flexor muscles. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 11, 527-534. Cardinale, M., & Bosco, C. (2003). The use of vibration as an exercise intervention. Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews, 31(1), 3-7. David, M.B., Holmes, W. F. & Eric, L. D. (2008). Comparing the effect of various whole-body vibration acceleration on counter movement jump performance. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 7, 144-150. Giorgos, P. & Elias, Z. (2007). Effect of whole-body vibration training on sprint running kinematics and explosive strength performance. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 6, 44-49. Hsu, C. T.,  & Tu, J. H. (2006). The Effects of the Stimulation Types for Men's Strength Performance of the Upper Limbs, Journal of Physical Education in Higher Education, 12, 115-124. Rittweger, J., Just, K., Kautzsch, K., Reeg, P., & Felsenberg, D. (2002). Treatment of chronic lower back pain with lumbar extension and whole-body vibration exercise. Spine, 27(17), 1829–1834. Torvinen, S., Kanus, P., Sievanen, H., Jarvinen, T. A. H., Pasanen, M., Kontulainen, S., & Jarvinen, T.L. N. (2002). Effect of four-month vertical whole bodyvibration on performance and balance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(9),1523-1528. Trans, T., Aaboe, J., Henriksen, M., Christensen, R., Bliddal, H., & Lund, H. (2009). Effect of whole body vibration exercise on muscle strength and proprioception in females with knee osteoarthritis. The Knee, 16(4), 256–261.  Acknowledgment This study was supported by the National Science Council’s plan, Taiwan, R. O. C. (NSC 97-2410-H-153-018-). 626ISBS 2011 Porto, PortugalVilas-Boas, Machado, Kim, Veloso (eds.) Biomechanics in Sports 29Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences11 (Suppl. 2), 2011important role in improving swing performance with performing greater muscle force or muscle activation. This has led to suggestions of the need for further kinetic and EMG analyses to evaluate its real function.  REFERENCES: Cheetham, P. J., Martin, P. E., Mottram, R. E., & St. Laurent, B. F. (2001). The importance of stretching the “"X-Factor”" in the downswing of golf: "X-Factor Stretch"  In: Optimizing Performance in Golf. P.R. Thomas(Ed). Australian Academic Press. 192-199. Cole, P. H., & Grimshaw, P. N. (2009). The X-factor and its relationship to golfing performance. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in sport, 5, 1-9. Doan, B. K., Kwon, Y. H., Newton, R. U., Shim, J. K., Popper, E. M., Rogers, R. A., Bolt, L. R., Robertson, M., & Kraemer, W. J. (2003). Evaluation of a lower-body compression garment. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 601-610. Gluck, G. S., Bendo, J. A., & Spivak, J.,M. (2007). The lumber spine and low back pain in golf: A literature review of swing biomechanics and injury prevention. The Spine Journal, 7, 1-11. McLean, J. (1996). The X-Factor Swing. Harper Collins Publishers: New york. McLean, J. (2008). Triple-X Factor. Three moves today's tour players use to drive the ball super-long, and how to make them work for you. Retrieved July 25, 2009, from http//www.golfdigest.com/instruction/swing/2008/01/mclean_xfactor. Myers, J., Lephart, S., Tsai, Y. S., Sell, T., Smoliga, J., & Jolly, J. (2008). The role of upper torso and pelvis rotation in driving performance during the golf swing. Journal of Sport Science, 26, 181-188. METHODS: Eight male golf players (23.0±1.7 yrs, 176.5±4.6 cm, 778.7±103.8 N), each with at least 6 years golf experience (handy cap 4.4±5.5), were recruited for this study. All subjects performed golf swings with the modern swing technique using their own drivers. Kinematic data from six digital camcorders (Visol Inc., MotionMaster100, 200 Hz) were collected while subjects were asked to swing for two conditions (CG: control group, EG: experimental group, wearing Techfit Powerweb, Adidas) in random order. In each condition, subjects had tried to swing five times and the best trial was selected for analysing. Twenty two reflective markers on the body and three reflective markers on the club were attached respectively. For each trial being analyzed, nine critical instants (BA; ball address, MB; middle of back swing, TA; take away, EB; end of back swing, ID; initial of down swing, MD; middle of down swing, BI; ball impact, MF; middle of follow through, EF; end of follow through) were identified from the video recording. The X-factor, X-factor stretch, Hip rise, and Angular velocity of club were computed for each trial. For each dependent variable, a paired t-test was performed to test between two groups (=0.05).  RESULTS: The X-factor in EG was decreased at EB but generally increased at ID, MD, and BI (Figure 2). The angular velocity of club in EG was greater at MD and BI (acceleration phase, Figure 3). However, the X-factor stretch in EG was less than the corresponding value in CG. The Hip rise (vertical location of left hip at critical instant - vertical location of left hip at BA) in EG was also decreased after ball impact.     Figure 2: X-factor at EB Figure 3: Angular velocity of club  DISCUSSION: For the down swing, the X-factor was generally greater in EG and the angular velocity of the club was increased at MD and BI. The X-factor in EG was less than the corresponding value in CG at EB. Myers et al. (2008) reported that increasing hitting distance can be possible by maximising the hip-shoulder separation angle to utilise the stretch shortening cycle during a golf swing. Gluck et al. (2007) proposed that the hip-shoulder separation angle has the potential to elevate the risk of low back pain by producing the excessive strain. These studies showed that the spandex garment with compressive band may contribute to the improvement swing performance by increasing X-factor during the down swing phase (active trunk rotation) and reducing the possibility of injury at the top of back swing (passive trunk rotation). However, other kinematic variables for evaluating the swing performance such as hip rise and X-factor stretch in EG did not indicate the positive effect of wearing spandex garment with compressive band. This means that the spandex garment may have greater functions in producing muscle force or muscle activation than those in kinematic variables.   CONCLUSION: All kinematic variables of interest were not significantly changed by wearing spandex garment with compressive band. Thus, wearing spandex garment with compressive band may not have benefit in terms of specific kinematic adjustment made to maximize golf swing. On the other hand, the spandex garment with compressive band may play an 627ISBS 2011 Porto, PortugalVilas-Boas, Machado, Kim, Veloso (eds.) Biomechanics in Sports 29Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences11 (Suppl. 2), 2011important role in improving swing performance with performing greater muscle force or muscle activation. This has led to suggestions of the need for further kinetic and EMG analyses to evaluate its real function.  REFERENCES: Cheetham, P. J., Martin, P. E., Mottram, R. E., & St. Laurent, B. F. (2001). The importance of stretching the “"X-Factor”" in the downswing of golf: "X-Factor Stretch"  In: Optimizing Performance in Golf. P.R. Thomas(Ed). Australian Academic Press. 192-199. Cole, P. H., & Grimshaw, P. N. (2009). The X-factor and its relationship to golfing performance. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in sport, 5, 1-9. Doan, B. K., Kwon, Y. H., Newton, R. U., Shim, J. K., Popper, E. M., Rogers, R. A., Bolt, L. R., Robertson, M., & Kraemer, W. J. (2003). Evaluation of a lower-body compression garment. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 601-610. Gluck, G. S., Bendo, J. A., & Spivak, J.,M. (2007). The lumber spine and low back pain in golf: A literature review of swing biomechanics and injury prevention. The Spine Journal, 7, 1-11. McLean, J. (1996). The X-Factor Swing. Harper Collins Publishers: New york. McLean, J. (2008). Triple-X Factor. Three moves today's tour players use to drive the ball super-long, and how to make them work for you. Retrieved July 25, 2009, from http//www.golfdigest.com/instruction/swing/2008/01/mclean_xfactor. Myers, J., Lephart, S., Tsai, Y. S., Sell, T., Smoliga, J., & Jolly, J. (2008). The role of upper torso and pelvis rotation in driving performance during the golf swing. Journal of Sport Science, 26, 181-188. METHODS: Eight male golf players (23.0±1.7 yrs, 176.5±4.6 cm, 778.7±103.8 N), each with at least 6 years golf experience (handy cap 4.4±5.5), were recruited for this study. All subjects performed golf swings with the modern swing technique using their own drivers. Kinematic data from six digital camcorders (Visol Inc., MotionMaster100, 200 Hz) were collected while subjects were asked to swing for two conditions (CG: control group, EG: experimental group, wearing Techfit Powerweb, Adidas) in random order. In each condition, subjects had tried to swing five times and the best trial was selected for analysing. Twenty two reflective markers on the body and three reflective markers on the club were attached respectively. For each trial being analyzed, nine critical instants (BA; ball address, MB; middle of back swing, TA; take away, EB; end of back swing, ID; initial of down swing, MD; middle of down swing, BI; ball impact, MF; middle of follow through, EF; end of follow through) were identified from the video recording. The X-factor, X-factor stretch, Hip rise, and Angular velocity of club were computed for each trial. For each dependent variable, a paired t-test was performed to test between two groups (=0.05).  RESULTS: The X-factor in EG was decreased at EB but generally increased at ID, MD, and BI (Figure 2). The angular velocity of club in EG was greater at MD and BI (acceleration phase, Figure 3). However, the X-factor stretch in EG was less than the corresponding value in CG. The Hip rise (vertical location of left hip at critical instant - vertical location of left hip at BA) in EG was also decreased after ball impact.     Figure 2: X-factor at EB Figure 3: Angular velocity of club  DISCUSSION: For the down swing, the X-factor was generally greater in EG and the angular velocity of the club was increased at MD and BI. The X-factor in EG was less than the corresponding value in CG at EB. Myers et al. (2008) reported that increasing hitting distance can be possible by maximising the hip-shoulder separation angle to utilise the stretch shortening cycle during a golf swing. Gluck et al. (2007) proposed that the hip-shoulder separation angle has the potential to elevate the risk of low back pain by producing the excessive strain. These studies showed that the spandex garment with compressive band may contribute to the improvement swing performance by increasing X-factor during the down swing phase (active trunk rotation) and reducing the possibility of injury at the top of back swing (passive trunk rotation). However, other kinematic variables for evaluating the swing performance such as hip rise and X-factor stretch in EG did not indicate the positive effect of wearing spandex garment with compressive band. This means that the spandex garment may have greater functions in producing muscle force or muscle activation than those in kinematic variables.   CONCLUSION: All kinematic variables of interest were not significantly changed by wearing spandex garment with compressive band. Thus, wearing spandex garment with compressive band may not have benefit in terms of specific kinematic adjustment made to maximize golf swing. On the other hand, the spandex garment with compressive band may play an 

THE EFFECTS OF WEARING SPANDEX GARMENT WITH COMPRESSION BAND ON KINEMATIC VARIABLES DURING A GOLF SWING

https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/download/4912/4555

THE EFFECTS OF WEARING SPANDEX GARMENT WITH COMPRESSION BAND ON KINEMATIC VARIABLES DURING A GOLF SWING

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

ISBS (International Society of Biomechanics in Sports): Conference Proceedings Archive