Analysis of Sustainability of Three Pest Management Alternatives in Greenhouse Tomato in the Horticultural Belt of La Plata

Abstract

El Manejo Convencional de plagas (MC) en tomate se basa en el uso de insecticidas, frecuentemente en forma indiscriminada, convirtiéndolo en poco sustentable económica, ecológica y socialmente. El Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIP) aparece como alternativa y establece pautas como monitoreo de plagas, aplicación de niveles máximos de tolerancia (NMT) y el uso de insecticidas selectivos. El Manejo Orgánico (MO) incluye el control de plagas a través de preparados caseros (purines) y del aumento de diversidad vegetal que provee alimento y refugio para la fauna benéfica. Se comparó la sustentabilidad de estas tres alternativas de manejo sanitario en tomate bajo cubierta para sus dos principales plagas: 1) Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) y 2) Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). El estudio se realizó en tres fincas durante dos campañas consecutivas. El mayor valor de sustentabilidad se encontró en el MO, seguido por el MIP, debido a que ambos presentaron un menor número de puntos críticos en las diferentes dimensiones (ecológica, económica, socio-cultural y técnica-productiva). El MC resultó ser no sustentable. El MIP sería el manejo más apropiado para el tomate bajo cubierta en el CHP porque: 1) actualmente se aplica en la región, 2) es más compatible con los principios agroecológicos, y 3) su implementación a mayor escala espacio-temporal conllevaría a un serie de beneficios (reducción de la contaminación ambiental, la mejora en las condiciones laborales, y la compatibilización con otras técnicas de control).Tomato pests in greenhouses are conventionally controlled by means of insecticides (referred herein as CM), which are frequently used indiscriminately, making the crop economically, ecologically and socially non-sustainable. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) provides alternative techniques different from the exclusive use of pesticides to cope with sanitary problems in crops. For the Horticultural Belt surrounding La Plata City (CHP), an Integrated Pest Control Management Protocol is being under implementation, and includes guidelines for producers (pest monitoring, use of maximum tolerance levels (MTL) and selective insecticides. Organic Management (OM) is also applied at a lesser extent in protected tomato in the region, and includes pest control through home-made preparations (“purines”), plant diversification that provides food and refuge for beneficial fauna (predators, parasitoids and pollinators), among others. In this contribution, the sustainability of three pest management alternatives in greenhouse tomato in the CHP, for: 1) Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and 2) Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) were analyzed. The study was carried out in three commercial farms in CHP during two consecutive production years. Sustainability analyses show that OM greenhouses, followed by IPM crops, had the higher sustainability values of the ecological, economical, social-cultural and technical-productive dimensions considered in this study, since both had the lesser number of critical points. CM crops were significantly non sustainable. To conclude, IPM is proposed as a proper pest management to carry out in greenhouse tomato in the CHP, because: 1) it is being applied in the region, 2) it is more compatible with agro-ecological principles, and 3) its implementation to larger space and temporal scales would imply a series of benefits (reduction of environmental contamination, improvement in rural work conditions, and its compatibility with another pest control techniques).Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

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