Background: Intermittent fasting during Ramadan entails major changes in metabolism and energy expenditure. This study sought to determine effect of the Ramadan fasting on serum levels of adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as two inter-related peptides involved in cells sensitivity to insulin and glucose metabolism.

Methods: Total of seventy healthy men, with age range equal or greater than 30, with at least three type2 diabetes mellitus (DM) risk factors were selected. Serum lipid profile, anthropometric indices and plasma glucose levels were determined using conventional methods. Also, serum adiponectin and TNF- α concentrations were assessed using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. Data were analyzed by paired t-test.

Results: Ramadan fasting resulted in a significant increase of serum adiponectin (P< 0.000), fasting glucose (P< 0.000) and triglycride (P< 0.001). Body mass index was lowered during the fasting (P< 0.000). Finally, no remarkable decrease was found in serum TNF-α levels (P= 0.100).

Conclusion: Ramadan fasting resulted in augmented adiponectin levels which may help in improving metabolic stress induced by insulin resistance in men with predisposing factors of type2 DM

Javad Rasuli

Mohammad Alizadeh

Sadegh Feizollahzadeh

Sorayya Kheirouri

Health Promotion Perspectives

PubMed

Directory of Open Access Journals

 77  Health Promotion Perspectives, 2014, 4(1), 77-81 doi: 10.5681/hpp.2014.010  http://journals.tbzmed.ac.ir/HPP   Augmented Plasma Adiponectin after Prolonged Fasting  During Ramadan in Men  Sadegh Feizollahzadeh1, Javad Rasuli2, *Sorayya Kheirouri3, Mohammad Alizadeh4  1Department of Clinical Diagnostic Laboratories, Shahid Madani Hospital,  Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran  2Department of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran 3Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 4Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran   ARTICLE  INFO  ABSTRACT  Article type: Original Article   Background: Intermittent fasting during Ramadan entails major changes in metabolism and energy expenditure. This study sought to determine effect of the Ramadan fasting on serum levels of adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as two inter-related peptides involved in cells sensitivity to insulin and glucose metabolism.  Methods: Total of seventy healthy men, with age range equal or greater than 30, with at least three type2 diabetes mellitus (DM) risk factors were selected. Serum lipid profile, anthropometric indices and plasma glucose levels were determined using conventional methods. Also, serum adiponectin and TNF- α concentra-tions were assessed using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. Data were analyzed by paired t-test.  Results: Ramadan fasting resulted in a significant increase of serum adiponectin (P< 0.000), fasting glucose (P< 0.000) and triglycride (P< 0.001). Body mass index was lowered during the fasting (P< 0.000). Finally, no remarkable decrease was found in serum TNF-α levels (P= 0.100).   Conclusion: Ramadan fasting resulted in augmented adiponectin levels which may help in improving metabolic stress induced by insulin resistance in men with predisposing factors of type2 DM.    Article history: Received: Sep 28 2013 Accepted: Jan 07 2014 e-published: July 12 2014   Keywords: Ramadan fasting, Adiponectin,  TNF-α,  Insulin sensitivity  *Corresponding Author:  Sorayya Kheirouri Tel: +98 411 3362117;  e-mail:  kheirouris@tbzmed.ac.ir       Introduction  Intentional abstention from foods is a frequent practice among followers of many religions including Muslims. These beha-vioral changes provide a great forum for re-searchers who interested in life style modifi-cation strategies to look for its effects on individuals’ health status. The month of Ramadan, as a specific model of intermittent fasting, is associated with very profound al-teration in life style of the observers includ-ing dietary patterns and physical activity. The fasting is known to affect many aspects of metabolism such as body composition and glucose and lipid profile. Adipokines play as key coordinators in many aspects of body metabolisms including energy expenditure pathways. Adipocytes are the most frequent source of production for these active polypeptides.1 Adiponectin, a 30-KD protein, is one of the most abundant Citation: Feizollahzadeh S, Kheirouri S, Rasuli J, Alizadeh M. Augmented Plasma Adiponectin after Prolonged Fasting  During Ramadan in Men. Health Promot Perspect 2014; 4(1):77-81.   Health Promotion Perspectives, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2014; P: 77-81  78 adipokines that is involved in modulation of both glucose and fatty acid metabolism. It has a specific conformational structure con-sisting four domains; an N-terminal signal sequence, a specific variable region, a colla-gen-like domain and a carboxy-terminal glo-bular domain. Interestingly, the latest do-main, has partial structure similar to tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).2,3 However, they down regulate each others' secretion imply-ing their important role on pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity and also chronic inflammatory diseases.4-6  A high plasma level of adiponectin is as-sociated with augmented insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. Adiponectin may be involved in activation of AMP activated pro-tein kinase which in turn down regulates li-pogenesis. Moreover, adiponectin sup-presses expression of enzymes responsible for gluconeogenesis in mRNA level and subsequently liver and muscular glucose load.3 Besides, it is efficiently able to impede damage of β-cells in endocrine pancreas which is usually induced by either autoim-mune components or lipid peroxidation.7 On the contrary, TNF-α produced by ma-crophages, mononuclear lymphocytes and adipose tissue posses a potent pro-inflam-matory effect.8 Thus, it is thought to play a major role in the etiology of insulin resis-tance through inhibition of insulin signaling pathways followed by termination of insulin responsiveness.9  Adiponectin levels could be increased through both pharmaceutical and lifestyle modifications.10 In addition, the most suc-cessful therapeutic managements of type 2 DM patients are strongly correlated with significant elevation of adiponectin via con-trol of sensitivity to insulin.11 Collectively, up-regulation of plasma adiponectin levels plays a major role in reduction of insulin re-sistance and metabolic syndrome.12,13 It seems that TNF-α and adiponectin anta-gonize each other, regulating expression of the other and acting in an antagonist manner in modulating many aspects of insulin ac-tion.3, 14 Fasting during Ramadan, ninth lunar month is the religious duty of all healthy adult Muslims. During this month, Muslims abstain eating and drinking from dawn to sunset. This mode of fasting is a unique model of intermittent daily fasting for one month and is distinct from experimental fasting. This alteration in daily eating pat-terns and meal frequency influences many metabolic and physiologic aspects of human body.15 Most importantly, the Ramadan in-termittent fasting entails major changes in sleep pattern, physical activity and eating ha-bits which may cause changes in cytokines balance.  The aim of current study was to elucidate alterations of adiponectin and TNF-α among men observing Ramadan fasting with three risk factors of type 2 DM.   Materials and Methods  This study was performed during Rama-dan of 2012 (July-August). Ethical approval of this study was gained from the Research Ethics Committee. Females were excluded from the study, because they are not allowed to observe fasting during menstruation. Men who were suffering from obesity, defined as body mass index (BMI) greater than 30, DM, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases including hyperbilirubinemia, high levels of  aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino-transferase and alkaline phosphatase, acute or chronic inflammatory disease or any other known disease were excluded from the study. Healthy men who had at least three risk factors of type 2 DM; overweight (25<BMI<30), age ≥ 30  years and a seden-tary lifestyle were included in the study. Par-ticipants with physical activity of less than 20 minute a day and with frequencies of less than three times a week were considered to be sedentary. The obese men were also ex-cluded because it could affect adiponectin production.4  All the participants were interviewed face to face and a full demographic and medical history was collected. Body weight of the participants was measured pre and post Ra-madan with a precision of 0.1 kg. The height was measured to the nearest 0.5 cm at the Feizollahzadeh et al.: Augmented Plasma Adiponectin Fasting …  79 same time intervals. All of the subjects fasted for at least 25 days during Ramadan and had two main meals named as Iftar and sahur. Venous blood was taken twice; once at first or 2nd day of Ramadan and the other at last 3 days of the fasting period after an av-erage day time fasting of between 10 to twelve hours. Serum was separated by cen-trifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 min and stored at −20°C until completion of the study. All serum samples were analyzed on the same run soon after the end of the study to avoid inter-assay variations. Adiponectin and TNF-α concentrations were determined using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from Mediagnost, and Id LabsTM Inc Biotechnology, respectively. The blood samples were also analyzed for fasting glucose, plasma triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipo-protein (HDL-C), and low density lipo-protein (LDL-C) by enzymatic colorimetric method using Pars Azmoon reagent kits and BT3000 Autoanalyser.  Statistical Analysis Normality of data was checked using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Data were pre-sented as mean ± SD. Paired t-test was used to compare pre and post Ramadan fasting variables. Differences were considered sig-nificant when P values were less than 0.05. All analyses were performed using SPSS 17.  Results  Seventy healthy overweight volunteer males were included in this study. The mean age of the participants was 47.88 years rang-ing from 30 to 70.   As shown in Fig. 1, there was a signifi-cant increase in serum level of adiponectin (P <0.001) and an unremarkable decrease in TNF-α (P = 0.100) after Ramadan as com-pared to pre-Ramadan. As shown in Table 1, no significant changes were observed on total cholesterol, LDL – C and HDL – C after Ramadan as compared to pre-Rama-dan. In contrast, plasma concentrations of glucose (P < 0.001) and triglyceride (P < 0.001) were significantly increased. After Ramadan subjects BMI (P < 0.001) were significantly decreased than pre Ramadan.     Fig. 1: Effect of Ramdan fasting on serum levels of Adiponectin (A) and TNF-alpha (B).  The data are presented as mean (SEM)  Table 1: Effect of Ramadan fasting on blood glucose, lipid profile and body mass index Component Pre Ramadan (mean ± SD) Post Ramadan (mean ± SD) P Glucose (mg/dl) 96.7±17.29 106.56±24.67 0.001 Triglyceride (mg/dl) 139.85±89.31 165.14±84.96 0.001 Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) 207.91±33.89 213.37±30.31 0.009 HDL (mg/dl) 57.74±9.70 57.88±8.62 0.825 LDL (mg/dl) 118.47±28.26 120.4±27.07 0.437 Weight (kg) 79.77±8.95 77.93±8.93 0.001 Body Mass Index 27.98±1.38 27.35±1.51 0.001               P values based on Paired t tests  Health Promotion Perspectives, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2014; P: 77-81  80 Discussion  The current study revealed that intermit-tent fasting of Ramadan was associated with significant increase in serum level of adipo-nectin among men with risk factors of type 2 DM. It has been reported that an increase in serum adiponectin was followed by im-provement in insulin sensitivity3 and also cells protection against injuries induced by autoimmunity and lipotoxicity.7 It has been shown that higher adiponectin levels were consistently associated with a lower risk of type 2 DM in prospective studies of diverse populations.3 Adiponectin is a promising target for reducing risk of type 2 DM.16 It seems that fasting during Ramadan in men with risk factors for type 2 DM may atte-nuate development of the disease.  We also found a significant decrease in BMI of the participants after the Ramadan fasting. Production of some adipokines in-cluding adiponectin is correlated to body fat mass.17 Therefore, we speculate that aug-mented adiponectin levels in post Ramadan can be attributed to weight loss and de-creased body fat percentage.  However, our finding is not correspondent with a report that no significant change of adiponectin levels existed after Ramadan fasting in trained young men.18 On the contrary to previous reports,19-20 we did not observe any significant decrease in serum levels of TNF-α after Ramadan fasting. Besides, the fasting is associated with alteration in classically activated macrophage regulation/signaling and increase macro-phage function and of proinflammatory cy-tokines and immune cells in healthy sub-jects.21,22 Adiponectin with its immune func-tion and anti-inflammatory action23 can help this beneficial balance of cytokines during the fasting. Levels of total cholesterol, LDL and HDL did not increase significantly during Ramadan. Interestingly, the serum level of triglyceride significantly increased during the fasting period. It should be mentioned that there are contradictory data regarding effect of Ramadan fasting on lipid profile in pre-vious studies.24-26 These discrepancies might be attributed to very fluctuant dietary habits and variable physical activity levels and sleep patterns of participants in different study plans. Effect of the Ramadan fasting on plasma glucose levels is intensively reviewed by many research groups. We found a signif-icant increased level of plasma glucose con-centrations during the fasting period. Rama-dan fasting has no significant changes on serum glucose.20,23,26,27 While, others reported either higher25 or lower22 blood glucose levels after the month of the fasting. These con-troversies may be due to different food ha-bits, total calorie intake, number of fasting days, period of daily fasting, time of sam-pling, genetic differences and different daily activity levels.23 However, the most im-portant limitation of this study was that we were unable to assess the impact of dietary patterns and physical activity levels and also the sleep patterns on profile of adipokine production.   Conclusion   Intermittent fasting during Ramadan can cause adiponectin elevation in men have risk factors of diabetes type 2 and may be of help to decrease risk of type- 2 diabetes. Further studies are needed to better clarify effect of intermittent fasting on profile of adipokines and cytokines related to metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus.  Acknowledgements  We sincerely thank all the participants in the project. This work was supported by grants from Deputy for Research in Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.   Competing interests  The authors declare that there is no con-flict of interest.   References  1. Coelho M, Oliveira T, Fernandes R. Biochemi-stry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ. Arch Med Sci 2013;9:191-200.  Feizollahzadeh et al.: Augmented Plasma Adiponectin Fasting …  81 2. Fasshauer M, Klein J, Neumann S, Eszlinger M, Paschke R. Hormonal regulation of adipo-nectin gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002;290:1084–1089.  3. Lihn AS, Pedersen SB, Richelsen B. Adiponectin: action, regulation and association to insulin sensitivity. Obes Rev 2005;6:13-21. 4. Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C, Kim MJ, Caron M, Vidal H, et al. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006;17:4-12. 5. Matsuzawa Y, Funahashi T, Kihara S, Shimomura I. Adiponectin and metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:29-33. 6. Tschritter O, Fritsche A, Thamer C, Haap M, Shirkavand F, Rahe S, et al. Plasma adiponectin concentrations predict insulin sensitivity of both glucose and lipid metabolism. Diabetes 2003;52:239-243. 7. Lee YH, Magkos F, Mantzoros CS, Kang ES. Effects of leptin and adiponectin on pancreatic β-cell function. Metabolism 2011;60:1664-1672. 8. Moller DE. Potential role of TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 di-abetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2000;11:212-217. 9. Borst SE. The role of TNF-alpha in insulin resistance. Endocrine 2004;23:177-182. 10. Swarbrick MM, Havel PJ. Physiological, phar-macological, and nutritional regulation of cir-culating adiponectin concentrations in humans. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2008;6:87-102.  11. Tsao TS.  Assembly of adiponectin oligomers. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2014;15:125-136. 12. Li S, Shin HJ, Ding EL, van Dam RM. Adipo-nectin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes: a sys-tematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2009;302:179-188. 13. Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Endocr Rev 2005;26:439-451. 14. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Miranda-Filloy JA, Llorca J. Insulin resistance in rheumatoid arth-ritis: the impact of the anti-TNF-alpha therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1193:153-159. 15. Azizi F. Islamic fasting and health. Ann Nutr Metab 2010;56:273-282.  16. Spranger J, Kroke A, Möhlig M, Bergmann MM, Ristow M, Boeing H, et al. Adiponectin and protection against type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet 2003;361:226-228.  17. Cnop M, Havel PJ, Utzschneider KM, Carr DB, Sinha MK, Boyko EJ, et al. Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: evidence for independent roles of age and sex. Diabetologia 2003;46:459-469. 18. Bouhlel E, Denguezli M, Zaouali M, Tabka Z, Shephard R. Ramadan fastings effect on plasma leptin, adiponectin concentrations, and body composition in trained young men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2008;18:617-627. 19. Sharifi F,  Masoud  A, Rezai M, Ziaei M,  Hedayati M. Evaluation of serum levels of IL-1α, TGF-β , TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ, cortisol and immunoglobulins in islamic Ramadan fasting. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007;9:201-204. [In Persian] 20. Unalacak M, Kara IH, Baltaci D, Erdem O, Bucaktepe PG. Effects of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and hematological parameters and cytokines in healthy and obese individuals. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2011;9:157-161.  21. Lahdimawan A, Handono K, Indra MR, Prawiro SR. Effect of Ramadan fasting on classically activated, oxidative stress and inflammation of macrophage. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2013;3:14-22.  22. Faris MA, Hussein RN, Al-Kurd RA, Al-Fararjeh MA, Bustanji YK, Mohammad MK. Impact of Ramadan intermittent fasting on oxidative stress measured by urinary 15-f(2t)-isoprostane. J Nutr Metab 2012;2012:802924. 23. Villarreal-Molina MT, Antuna-Puente B. Adi-ponectin: anti-inflammatory and cardiopro-tective effects. Biochimie 2012;94:2143-2149. 24. Ziaee V, Razaei M, Ahmadinejad Z, Shaikh H, Yousefi R, Yarmohammadi L, et al. The changes of metabolic profile and weight during Ramadan fasting. Singapore Med J 2006;47:409-414. 25. Nematy M, Alinezhad-Namaghi M, Rashed MM, Mozhdehifard M, Sajjadi SS, Akhlaghi S, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on cardi-ovascular risk factors: a prospective observa-tional study. Nutr J 2012;11:69. 26. Maislos M, Khamaysi N, Assali A, AbouRabiah Y, Zvili I, Shany S. Marked increase in plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol after pro-longed fasting during Ramadan. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57:640-642. 27. Bouguerra R, Jabrane J, Maâtki C, Ben Salem L, Hamzaoui J, El Kadhi A, et al. Ramadan fasting in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2006;67:54-59. [In French]  

Augmented Plasma Adiponectin after Prolonged Fasting During Ramadan in Men

http://doaj.org/search?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22term%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A%226ae8bdb46581426a9b10b1cc767b0d18%22%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%7D

Augmented Plasma Adiponectin after Prolonged Fasting During Ramadan in Men

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Directory of Open Access Journals