Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of bacterial pneumonia especially in
the elderly or those with significant comorbidities, and is also frequently associated
with exacerbations of COPD (1, 2). Existing S. pneumoniae vaccines have partial
strain coverage, may lack efficacy in high risk groups, and generally seem to have
poorer efficacy against pulmonary compared to systemic infection (3,4). Hence
alternative strategies to conventional vaccines maybe required to prevent the
persisting high morbidity and mortality caused by S. pneumoniae lung infections
