Cellular remodeling in creatine kinase-deficient muscles : adaptive changes and regulatory mechanisms

Abstract

Optimal balancing of production, distribution and consumption of cellular energy is of pivotal importance for every cell in the body. Therefore, all cells possess an elaborate network of enzymes that help in safeguarding energy homeostasis. Members of the creatine kinase (CK) family of enzymes play an important role in maintaining adequate energy levels in the cell. This thesis describes the consequences that ablation of the CK gene(s) has on other enzymes and signaling molecules in the cellular network for energy homeostasis. We studied skeletal muscles of different CK knockout mice using several molecular and physiological approaches. CK-deficient mice show changes in energy metabolism, an adaptive remodeling which partially compensates for the genetic defect. Muscle cells are obviously capable of 'sensing' the genetic defect and 'translating' this into an altered expression profile of mRNAs and proteins with a role in cellular energetics, presumably serving to sustain adequate levels of cellular ATP. These compensatory changes appear to be dependent on the tissue-specific cellular environment of CK. Furthermore, CK optimizes the function of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) Ca2+-ATPase and is directly involved in the refill of the SR. The MM-CK/ScCKmit system plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular ATP homeostasis in muscle, in the fine regulation of energy production and consumption, but this role can be compensated for by other enzyme systems. The studies in this thesis point to the importance of 'whole system' approaches for studying CK in the context of its dynamic (tissue specific) cellular environment (proteins, and presumably other molecules such as metabolites). Only by combining information obtained from different scientific approaches, we can elucidate the true function of the CK circuit, and the (many) regulatory principles that underlie its flexible role in muscle cell bioenergetics and physiology