Jungmann, K

English

At the Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut (KVI) in Groningen, NL, a new facility (TRImuP) is under development. It aims for producing, slowing down and trapping of radioactive isotopes in order to perform accurate measurements on fundamental symmetries and interactions. A spectrum of radioactive nuclids will be produced in direct, inverse kinematics of fragmentation reactions using heavy ion beams from the superconducting AGOR cyclotron. The research programme pursued by the KVI group includes precision studies of nuclear beta-decays through beta-neutrino (recoil nucleus) momentum correlations in weak decays and searches for permanent electric dipole moments in heavy atomic systems. This offers a large potential for discovering new physics or to limit parameters in models beyond standard theory significantly. The scientific approach chosen in TRImuP can be regarded as complementary to such high energy physics. The facility in Groningen will be open for use by the worldwide community of scientists.</p

Dissertations of the University of Groningen

   University of GroningenTRI mu P - A new facility to investigate fundamental interactions with optically trappedradioactive atomsJungmann, KPublished in:Acta Physica Polonica BIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2002Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Jungmann, K. (2002). TRI mu P - A new facility to investigate fundamental interactions with opticallytrapped radioactive atoms. Acta Physica Polonica B, 33(8), 2049-2057.CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Vol. 33 (2002) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B No 8TRIP  A NEW FACILITY TO INVESTIGATEFUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS WITH OPTICALLYTRAPPED RADIOACTIVE ATOMSKlaus JungmannyKernfysish Versneller Instituut, Rijksuniversieit GroningenZernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands(Reeived June 14, 2002)At the Kernfysish Versneller Instituut (KVI) in Groningen, NL, a newfaility (TRIP) is under development. It aims for produing, slowing downand trapping of radioative isotopes in order to perform aurate measure-ments on fundamental symmetries and interations. A spetrum of ra-dioative nulids will be produed in diret, inverse kinematis of fragmen-tation reations using heavy ion beams from the superonduting AGORylotron. The researh programme pursued by the KVI group inludespreision studies of nulear -deays through neutrino (reoil nuleus)momentum orrelations in weak deays and searhes for permanent ele-tri dipole moments in heavy atomi systems. This oers a large potentialfor disovering new physis or to limit parameters in models beyond stan-dard theory signiantly. The sienti approah hosen in TRIP an beregarded as omplementary to suh high energy physis. The faility inGroningen will be open for use by the worldwide ommunity of sientists.PACS numbers: 12.15.Ji, 12.10.Dm, 29.30.Aj, 32.80.Pj1. Introdution  the standard theoryAtomi physis has played an important and ruial role in the devel-opment of modern physis. Preision measurements have lead quite oftento unexpeted disoveries suh as the existene of several isotopes for oneelement or the disovery of anomalous magneti moments. In these asessmall and faint unexpeted signals or tiny deviations from the standard the-oretial treatment of atoms were observed. They have every time eventuallylead to a new piture of fundamental physis. Presented at the Photons, Atoms and All That, PAAT 2002 Conferene, CraowPoland, May 31June 1, 2002.y Representing work of the TRIP group [1℄ at KVI.(2049)2050 K. JungmannAs an example, the manifestation of the deviation at the permille levelof the eletron g-fator from the value 2 predited in the Dira theory to-gether with the observation of the Lamb shift in atoms have given rise to thbest quantum eld theory we know, Quantum Eletrodynamis (QED) [2℄.Today there is little serious doubt about the validity of QED in partiu-lar its underlying onepts. Only the sometimes very diult alulationspresent mathematial problems and disussions on the best suited tehnialapproahes our. However, in all known ases agreement has been reahedat an admirable level of preision between theory and experiments over 10orders of magnitude in momentum transfer.QED is the U(1) part of the so alled eletroweak Standard Model (SM)whih has SU(2)U(1) symmetry [3℄. Together with the understood fea-tures of strong interation  mainly known as Quantum Chromodynamis(QCD)  it forms the standard theory. This is a powerful theoretial refer-ene framework whih allows to desribe all observations in partile physisuntil the turn of the millenium. Although the reently disovered, spe-taular neutrino osillations are not fully provided with standard theory,they an, however, be most probably inorporated in a straight forward waywithout any signiant hanges to the basi struture of this theory build-ing. The model uses 12 fundamental fermions, whih are the six quarks(u; d; s; ; b; t) and the six leptons (e; ,  , e, ,  ), as building bloks ofmatter and 12 bosons (, W+, W , Z0, 8 gluons) as mediators of the fores.It should be mentioned that through the inlusion of QED in the eletroweakStandard Model all atomi physis and its wide range of appliations in var-ious dierent branhes of sienes is fully overed by the standard theory.Despite its suess, the Standard Model leaves many physial questionsopen. It provides an aurate desription of all experimental observationsin partile physis. However, often it also laks any deep explanation forthem. Among the open standing problems are the number of three partilegenerations, the masses of the fundamental fermions (quarks and leptons),the origin of parity violation in weak interations or the dominane of matterover antimatter in the universe. In order to provide better explanations forsome or all of these questions many speulative models have been invited.They arry names like Left-Right Symmetry, Tehniolor, Supersymmetryand many more. String- and Brane- or even M-theory oer even a oherentdesription whih inludes gravitation and quantum mehanis under oneumbrella. For testing the preditions of these models, there are in prinipletwo dierent oneptual approahes. One searhes diretly for new proessesand partiles. This is typially done at high energy failities. The alternativeapproah is to searh for deviations in the behaviour of systems whih anTRIP  a New Faility to Investigate Fundamental Interations . . . 2051be desribed to very high preision within standard theory. This method, forexample, an exploit the fat that properties of atomi systems an be wellalulated in the framework of QED. Preision measurements ould revealsmall deviations whih may originate from New Physis.2. TRIP  a new failityAt the Kernfysish Versneller Insituut (KVI) in Groningen a new faility TRIP (Trapped Radioative Isotopes: iro laboratories for fundamen-tal Physis) is at present being set up [4℄. It aims for produing radioativenulids, slowing them down and trapping them in atomi respetive ion trapsfor preision experiments.The isotopes are produed in diret, in inverse kinematis and in frag-mentation reations. Heavy ion beams, whih were aelerated in the thesuperonduting AGOR ylotron, are direted on xed targets, the materialof whih are hosen for optimal prodution rates.The reated isotopes of interest need to be separated from the primarybeam and other reation produts. This an be ahieved in a ombinedfragment and (gas lled) reoil separator. This devie onsists of mass andmomentum seletive ion optial image system. The arrangement has twopairs of dipole magnets for the primary partile seletion and quadrupolesfor aurate imaging (see gure 1). The whole devie foresees two possibletarget positions, one at its very entrane for fragmentation reations andFig. 1. The TRIP ombined fragment and reoil separator. It is designed to aessa large variety of proton-rih isotopes.2052 K. Jungmannanother one between the two dipole pairs for inverse kinematis reations.Sine the reation produts appear in a distribution of harge states, gaslling of the separator is essential for good imaging. The gas densities an behosen suh that eletron apture and stripping result in an eetive hargefor the ions, whih determines their trajetory in the ion optial system [5℄.After the separator the nulids of interest whih typially have 1 MeV/momentum are slowed down in a (gas) moderator to energies in the eVrange. They are further ooled by a buer gas while being guided andradially onned by a radio frequeny quadrupolar eld in to a Paul Trap.The latter ats as a beam bunher. After neutralization the atoms an bestored in atoms traps, e.g. a magneto-optial trap.A user faility is reated whih is open to the worldwide sienti ommu-nity. TRIP is jointly funded by FOM 1 and the Rijksuniversiteit Groningenin the framework of a managed programme. The time planning foresees thatthe faility is set up by 2004 followed by an exploitation phase until 2013.First physis experiments are expeted in 2005.3. Researh at TRIPResearh using trapped radioative atoms and ions overs a wide range ofphysis topis in atomi, nulear and partile physis [6℄ (see gure 2). Theloal group of researhers onentrates on two groups of experiments- prei-sion measurements of nulear -deays and searhes for permanent eletridipole moments in atoms.NuclearphysicsAtomicphysicsFundamentalInteractionsβ-decayAtomic momentsElectric dipoleNuclear momentsNuclear structureα- and γ-decayAtomic structurechemistrycondensatesvery rare isotopedetectionCovered by TRIµPFig. 2. Atom and ion traps are employed in experiments with their main goal indierent elds of physis and partiularly in interdisiplinary researh.1 Stihting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie, Duth funding ageny.TRIP  a New Faility to Investigate Fundamental Interations . . . 20533.1. Preision measurements of nulear -deaysIn standard theory the struture of weak interations is VA, whihmeans there are vetor (V) and axial-vetor (A) urrents with opposite rel-ative sign ausing a left handed struture of the interation and parity vio-lation [7℄. Other possibilities like salar, pseudo-salar and tensor type in-terations whih might be possible would be lear signatures of new physis.So far they have been searhed for without positive result. However, thebounds on parameters are not very tight and leave room for various speula-tive possibilities. The double dierential deay probability d2W=ded fora -radioative nuleus is related to the eletron and neutrino momenta ~pand ~q through d2Wded  1 +a~p  ~qE + bp1  (Z)2meE+h ~Ji  A ~pE +B~q +D~p ~qE +h~i  G ~pE +Q~J +Rh ~Ji  ~qE  ; (1)where me is the -partile mass, E its energy, ~ its spin, and ~J is the spin ofthe deaying nuleus. Among the oeients D is of partiular interest forfurther restriting model parameters. It desribes the orrelation betweenthe neutrino and -partile momentum vetors for spin polarized nulei andis parity violating in nature.The oeient R violates parity and time reversal. However, it relatesto parameters in speulative models whih are already well onstraint bysearhes for eletri dipole moments (see below). A diret measurementof the neutrino momentum is not eiently possible. Instead the reoilingnuleus an be deteted instead and the neutrino momentum an be reon-struted using the kinematis of the proess. Sine the reoil nulei havetypial energies in the few 10 eV range, preise measurements an only beperformed, if the deaying isotopes are suspended using extreme shallow po-tential wells. Suh exist, for example, in magneto-optial traps, where manyatomi speies an be stored at temperatures below 1 mK. Sine one needsto be able to trap the atoms optially and also the nulear properties mustbe suh that one has a rather lean transition, the isotopes of primary inter-est for KVI experiments are 20Na, 21Na, 18Ne and 19Ne. Optial trappingof both atomi Na and Ne is possible, although, in the latter ase trap-ping of metastable atoms is required [8℄. In the ase of Na suessful reoilspetrosopy experiments has been arried out in the framework of atomiharge transfer reations [9℄. For example, right-handed urrents ould give2054 K. Jungmannrise to deviations from standard theory preditions, whih are searhed for.Suh observations would be expeted to shine light into the mysteries behindparity violation in weak interations.3.2. Permanent eletri dipole moments in atomsA permanent eletri dipole moment of any fundamental partile vio-lates both parity and time reversal symmetries [10℄. With the assumptionof CPT invariane the permanent dipole moment also violates CP. The CPviolation as it is known from the Kaon systems auses through higher orderloops permanent eletri dipole moments for all partiles whih are at least4 orders of magnitude below the present experimentally established limits.It should be noted that the known soures of CP violation are not su-ient in Sakharov's model for the baryon asymmetry, i.e. the dominane ofmatter over antimatter in the universe [11℄. New soures of CP violationwould need to be disovered. Indeed, a large number of speulative modelsforesees permanent eletri dipole moments whih ould be as large as thepresent experimental limits just allow. Historially the non-observation ofpermanent eletri dipole moments has ruled out more speulative modelsthan any other experimental approah in all of partile physis [12℄.Permanent eletri dipole moments have been searhed for in various sys-tems with dierent sensitivities (see Table I). In omposed systems suh asmoleules or atoms fundamental partile dipole moments an be enhanedTABLE ILimits on permanent eletri dipole moments d for eletrons (e) [13℄, muons() [14℄, tauons () [15℄, protons (p) [16℄, neutrons (n) [17℄, and the meruryatom (199Hg) [18℄.Present limit on Standard model New physisjdj predition limits[10 27e m℄ [10 27e m℄ [10 27e m℄e < 1:6 (90% C.L.) . 10 11 . 1 < 1:05  109 (95% C.L.) . 10 8 . 200 < 3:1  1011 (95% C.L.) . 10 7 . 1700p  3:7 (6:3)  104  10 4 . 60n < 63 (90% C.L.)  10 4 . 60199Hg < 0:21 (90% C.L.)  10 6 . 0:2TRIP  a New Faility to Investigate Fundamental Interations . . . 2055signiantly [19℄. Partiularly in polarizable systems there an exist largeinternal elds. Radium atoms in exited states are very interesting for ele-tri dipole moment searhes. Beause of the rather lose lying 7s7p3P1 and7s6d32 states the a signiant enhanement has been predited [20℄ whihgives an signiant advantage over the merury atom, the system whih hasgiven the best limits so far [18℄. From a tehnologial point of view theywell aessible spetrosopially and a variety of isotopes an be produed infusion and evaporation or in ssion reations. The advantage of an aeler-ator based radium experiment is apparent, beause eletri dipole momentsrequire isotopes with spin and all Ra isotopes with nite nulear spin arerelatively short-lived. 3.3. Parity violation in atomsPreise measurements of weak harges in atomi parity violation experi-ments and the preise eletroweak parameter measurements at the LEP stor-age ring faility at CERN demonstrate together that the eletroweak Stan-dard Model overs interations over 10 orders of magnitude in momentumtransfer to very high preision. At present atomi parity experiments [21℄may have found hints to nulear anapole moments. A severe limitation inthe interpretation of the experiments arises from atomi struture alula-tions whih are possible at present to about 1% auray. Weak interationsin atoms sale with Z3. The Franium atom oers 18 times stronger weakinteration eets and one expets alulations of the atomi struture atthe same level of auray as for the so far best system, the Cesium atom.Sine there are only rather short lived Franium isotopes, suh experimentsare well suited to be arried out at aelerator sites. Eorts exist at Legnaro,Italy, Stony Brook, USA, and Los Alamos, USA. A seond important issueis the distribution of neutrons in the nulei to whih weak interations arevery sensitive. For Cesium a variation of the neutron number means thatradioative isotopes will be involved.3.4. AppliationsFor old radioative isotopes also a large variety of possibilities existsin researh onneting to applied sienes. For example one an imagine touse old polarized -emitters whih an be softly deposited on ondensedmatter surfaes. This will allow to extend the method of -NMR, whih isvery suessful in bulk material [22℄, to ondensed matter surfaes.2056 K. Jungmann4. ConlusionsThe new faility TRIP at KVI is expeted to oer new possibilitiesto study with high preision fundamental interations in physis and fun-damental symmetries in nature. The approah ombines nulear physis,atomi physis and partile physis in experimental tehniques as well asin the oneptual approahes. The intense interation between theory andexperiment will be neessary for an optimal exploitation of the faility. Pho-tons, Atoms and all That will oupy an essential and entral part in thisativity. Without the groundwork and the development of state of the artspetrosopy and atom manipulation tehniques in the reent past it wouldnever be possible to ahieve the desired preision, whih is neessary to arriveat relevant sienti onlusions.This artile is dediated to Tomasz Dohnalik on the oasion of his 60thbirthday. The author feels privileged to know Tomasz as a sientist and asa friend. In periods when free ommuniation and travel in Europe was notthe usual normality, as it naturally should be, our sienti relationship hadimportant and unforgettable speial human omponents as well. I am verygrateful for Tomasz' friendship. The organizers of the PAAT2002 onferenedeserve thanks for providing a relaxed and stimulating atmosphere.REFERENCES[1℄ The members of the TRIP group at KVI are at present: G.P. Berg,U. Damalapati, P. Dendooven, O. Dermois, M.N. Harakeh, R. Hoekstra,K. Jungmann, R. Morgenstern, A. Rogahevskiy, M. Sanhez-Vega,R. Shmidt, R. Timmermans, E. Traykov, L. Willmann, H.W. Wilshut.[2℄ Quantum Eletrodynamis, T. Kinoshita (ed.), World Sienti, Singapore1990.[3℄ Preision Tests of the Standard Eletroweak Model, P. Langaker (ed.) WorldSienti, Singapore 1995.[4℄ J.W. Turkstra, Hyperf. Int. 127, 533 (2000); see also: Trapped RadioativeIsotopes: -laboratories for fundamental Physis  TRIP, H.W. Wilshutet al. ., Aanvraag in het kader van het investeringsprogramma NWO-Groot,1999; H.W. Wilshut et al., Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. So. 222, 66 (2001).[5℄ M. Leino, Nul. Instr. Meas. 126, 320 (1997).[6℄ Atomi Physis at Aelerators: Laser Spetrosopy and Appliations, Hyperf.Int. 127, L. Shweikhard and H.-J. Kluge (eds.).[7℄ P. Herzeg, Prog. Part. Nul. Phys. 46, 413 (2001).[8℄ S.J.M. Kuppens et al., Phys. Rev. A65, 023410 (2002).TRIP  a New Faility to Investigate Fundamental Interations . . . 2057[9℄ J.W. Turkstra et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 123202 (2001).[10℄ CP Violation without Strangeness, I.B. Khriplovih, S.K. Lamoreaux,Springer, Berlin 1997.[11℄ M. Trodden, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, 1463 (1999); A.D. Sakharov, JETP Lett. 5,24 (1967).[12℄ N. Ramsey, at Breit Symposium, Yale 1999.[13℄ C. Regan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 071805 (2002); see also: E.A. Hinds, B.E.Sauer, Physis World 10, 37 (1997).[14℄ J. Bailey et al., Nul. Phys. B150, 1 (1978).[15℄ M. Aiari, et al., Phys. Lett. B , (1998).[16℄ D. Cho et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2559 (1989); see also: H.M. Quiney et al.,Phys. Rev. A57, 920 (1998).[17℄ P.G. Harris et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 904 (1999).[18℄ M.V. Romalis et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2505 (2001).[19℄ P.G.H. Sandars, Contemp. Phys. 42, 97 (2001).[20℄ V. Dzuba et al., Phys. Rev. A63, 062101 (2001).[21℄ W.C. Haxton, C.E. Wieman, Ann. Rev. Nul. Part. Si. 51, 261 (2001).[22℄ D. Fik, Hyperf. Int. 127, 463 (2000).

TRI mu P - A new facility to investigate fundamental interactions with optically trapped radioactive atoms

https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/58376722/TRI_P_a_New_Facility_to_Investigate_Fundamental_Interactions_with_Optically_Trapped_Radioactive_Atoms.pdf

TRI mu P - A new facility to investigate fundamental interactions with optically trapped radioactive atoms

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Dissertations of the University of Groningen