Epilepsy is a common disorder with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in treatment, there remain a minority of people with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy for whom surgery may be beneficial. It has been suggested that not enough people are offered surgical treatment, partly owing to the fact that current non-invasive techniques do not always adequately identify the seizure onset zone so that invasive EEG is required. EEG-fMRI is an imaging technique, developed in the 1990s (Ives, Warach et al. 1993) which identifies regions of interictal epileptiform discharge associated haemodynamic changes, that are concordant with the seizure onset zone in some patients (Salek-Haddadi, Diehl et al. 2006). To date there has been no large scale prospective comparison with icEEG and postoperative outcome. This thesis presents a series of experiments, carried out in a cohort of patients scanned using EEG-fMRI as part of a multi-centre programme, designed to investigate the relationship between EEG-fMRI and intracranial EEG and to assess its potential role in pre-surgical evaluation of patients with focal epilepsy. The results suggested that positive, localised IED-related BOLD signal changes were sensitive for the seizure onset zone, as determined on icEEG, both in patients neocortical epilepsies, but were not predictive of outcome. Widespread regions of positive IEDrelated BOLD signal change were associated with widespread or multifocal abnormalities on icEEG and poor outcome. Patterns of haemodynamic change, identified using both data driven and EEG derived modeling approaches, correspond to regions of seizure onset on icEEG, but improvements for modeling seizures are required. A study of a single seizure in a patient who underwent simultaneous icEEGfMRI, showed similar findings.. An exploratory investigation of fMRI-DCM in EEG-fMRI, suggested it can provide information about seizure propagation and this opens new avenues for the non-invasive study of the epileptic network and interactions with function
