Tromp, Jasper

van Essen, Bart J.

Voors, Adriaan A.

English

NARCIS 

Risk factors for the development of heart failure in patients with or without prior myocardial infarction COMMENT

ARTS repository - University of Groningen

   University of GroningenRisk factors for the development of heart failure in patients with or without prior myocardialinfarction COMMENTvan Essen, Bart J.; Voors, Adriaan A.; Tromp, JasperPublished in:European Journal of Heart FailureDOI:10.1002/ejhf.2538IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2022Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):van Essen, B. J., Voors, A. A., & Tromp, J. (2022). Risk factors for the development of heart failure inpatients with or without prior myocardial infarction COMMENT. European Journal of Heart Failure, 985-987.Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2538CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.European Journal of Heart Failure (2022) 24, 985–987 EDITORIAL COMMENTdoi:10.1002/ejhf.2538Risk factors for the development of heartfailure in patients with or without priormyocardial infarctionBart J. van Essen1, Adriaan A. Voors1, and Jasper Tromp1,2,3*1University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; 2Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; and3Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore & the National University Health System, Singapore, SingaporeThis article refers to ‘Comparing and contrasting riskfactors for heart failure in patients with and without his-tory of myocardial infarction: data from HOMAGE and theUK Biobank’ by T. Rastogi et al., published in this issue onpages 976–984.One in five men and women will develop heart failure (HF) duringtheir lifetime.1 Once patients have developed HF, their mortalityand morbidity are high.2 Identifying those patients at risk for thedevelopment of HF is therefore important. In particular, modifiablerisk factors – like hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, obesity,smoking and diabetes mellitus – have the potential to preventHF and are cost-effective public health interventions.3,4 Cardiacischaemia, through either a previous myocardial infarction (MI) orcoronary artery disease (CAD), is among the chief risk factors fordeveloping HF.5,6 From studies in patients with prevalent HF welearned that patients with ischaemia and HF have unique charac-teristics: they are more often men, rather have HF with reducedejection fraction (HFrEF) than HF with preserved ejection frac-tion (HFpEF), and have more comorbidities.7 Importantly, networkanalysis of proteins highlighted activation of unique pathophysi-ological pathways in patients with ischaemia, relating to inflam-mation, endothelial dysfunction, coagulation and atherosclerosis.8Whether cardiac ischaemia influences the association of risk fac-tors for incident HF is important to design effective preventionstrategies.Against this background, in this issue of the Journal, the studyby Rastogi et al.9 provides new insights into the modifying effectsof MI on risk factors for HF. The authors used data from 26 478participants of the Heart ‘OMics’ in AGEing (HOMAGE) databaseto investigate whether a previous history of MI modified theassociation between risk factors and incident HF hospitalization.Their results were validated in 500 001 participants from the UKThe opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the Editors of the European Journal of Heart Failure or of the European Society of Cardiology. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2495*Corresponding author. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore & the National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549,Singapore. Email: jasper_tromp@nus.edu.sg................................................................................................... Biobank study. The authors found that male sex, older age, andhigher heart rate were associated with incident HF, regardless ofprior MI. In participants with a prior MI, smoking status, diabetes,and a worse renal function were associated with new-onset HF,but not those without a previous MI. Higher body mass index,elevated systolic blood pressure, and higher blood glucose levelswere significantly associated with HF onset in participants withoutprior MI, but not in participants with a previous MI. The authorsobserved similar associations in multivariable models and externalvalidation in the UK Biobank cohort.Rastogi and colleagues need to be complimented for their study.Their results support personalized primary and secondary preven-tion strategies depending on the presence of a prior MI. Strengthsof the study include the large sample size and use of a largevalidation cohort. The study results should also be interpreted inlight of various limitations. First, MI was defined by history alone.No data were available regarding the timing of MI, whether it wastransmural or subepicardial, or if it occurred multiple times or onlyonce. The timing and extent of a previous MI might impact the riskof developing HF. There was a notable difference in the proportionof patients developing HF after MI in the derivation and validationcohort. The incidence of new-onset HF was almost three-foldhigher in the participants with a prior MI in the validation thanin the derivation cohort. This significant difference in the risk ofnew-onset HF in patients with a history of MI suggests that MI inparticipants from the validation cohort was perhaps more recent,more severe, or both. Furthermore, participants in the validationcohort were younger and had fewer comorbidities, such as dia-betes and hypertension, than the derivation cohort. In addition,the prevalence of prior MI was 27% in the derivation cohort com-pared to 0.91% in the validation cohort. This could be attributedto a younger study population but could also be due to a higherpercentage of smokers (30% vs. 10%) and men (70% vs. 45%) in© 2022 European Society of Cardiology986 Editorial commentthe validation and derivation cohort, respectively. The abovemen-tioned differences might have influenced the modifying effect ofa prior MI. Furthermore, data about the type of HF (i.e. HFrEFvs. HFpEF) were unavailable in this study. Risk factors for incidentHFrEF and incident HFpEF are different.10 For example, smokingand a previous MI are more important risk factors for HFrEF.11Obesity, atrial fibrillation and hypertension are generally consid-ered more important risk factors for HFpEF.10 However, a priorMI is also found in patients with HFpEF,12 especially in the settingof a subepicardial infarction. Therefore, the incident HF cases inthe study by Rastogi et al.9 were likely a mixed bag of patients withHFpEF and HFrEF with ischaemic and non-ischaemic aetiology.Regardless of the limitations, Rastogi et al.’s study adds to com-pelling evidence that excess HF risk conferred by comorbiditiesshould not be considered individually. Instead, we should recognizethe intimate shared links between comorbidities and risk factorsthat determine HF risk. Rarely do elderly individuals have only onecomorbidity. Indeed, more than 54% of individuals aged >65 yearsliving in the United Kingdom will have more than two comorbiditiesby 2035.13 Studies from patients with prevalent HF demonstratedthat comorbidities cluster in unique patterns,14 which differaccording to geographic region and possibly determine whether .................................................................. patients have HFrEF or HFpEF. This is likely due to common riskfactors of comorbidities, which ultimately lead to HFrEF or HFpEF.In the present study, a history of smoking was associated with anincreased risk of HF in patients with a prior MI. Simultaneously,smoking is a significant risk factor for CAD and, therefore, MImight ultimately be a shared risk factor. On the other hand, obesitywas more strongly related to new-onset HF in participants withouta prior MI. This effect could be mediated by obesity-related hyper-tension and diabetes, both identified as comorbidities for incidentHF in this group. Unfortunately, comorbidities are subject to com-pound interest: the odds of developing new conditions are higherin people with pre-existing comorbidities than in those without.15Identifying relevant interactions between comorbidities deepensour understanding of shared risk factors and can aid in identifyingthe first tipping stone leading to a common final pathway of HFrEFor HFpEF (Figure 1). Furthermore, identifying risk factors thatcontribute most to new-onset HF in the context of prior MI versusno prior MI can guide preventive strategies in these patients. Ona pathophysiological level, interactions between comorbiditiescause the activation of multiple complex disease pathways leadingto HF. Disentangling disease pathways requires consideration ofthese interactions. Multi-omic approaches enable linking specificCreated with BioRender.comFigure 1 The interplay between multimorbidity, number of involved pathophysiological pathways and the risk of new-onset heart failure (HF).© 2022 European Society of CardiologyEditorial comment 987phenotypical features to underlying pathophysiological pathways,giving more insight in the interplay between comorbidities andthe risk of new-onset HF. Future research should consider thecomplex interplay between comorbidities in preventing HF toidentify shared risk factors for prevention. Studies identifyingpathophysiological pathways and treatment targets in patients withprevalent HF should consider the interaction between multiplecomorbidities, pathophysiological pathways and left ventricularejection fraction phenotypes.In conclusion, the study by Rastogi and colleagues providescrucial new evidence highlighting the interplay between risk factors,multimorbidity, and the risk of new-onset HF. The present studyresults add to the existing evidence of shared links betweencomorbidities and emphasize a required shift in thinking of HFprevention and disease pathways leading to HF.Conflict of interest: J.T. is supported by the National Univer-sity of Singapore Start-up grant, the Tier 1 grant from the min-istry of education and the CS-IRG New Investigator Grant fromthe National Medical Research Council; has received consultingor speaker fees from Daiichi-Sankyo, Boehringer Ingelheim, RocheDiagnostics and Us2.ai, owns patent US-10702247-B2 unrelatedto the present work. A.A.V. and/or his institution received con-sultancy fees and/or research grants from: Amgen Astrazeneca,Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Cytokinetics, Myokar-dia, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Roche Diagnostics, unre-lated to the present work. All other authors have nothing todisclose.References1. van Riet EES, Hoes AW, Wagenaar KP, Limburg A, Landman MAJ, Rutten FH.Epidemiology of heart failure: the prevalence of heart failure and ventriculardysfunction in older adults over time. A systematic review. Eur J Heart Fail.2016;18:242–52.2. Tromp J, Ouwerkerk W, van Veldhuisen DJ, Hillege HL, Richards AM, van derMeer P, et al. A systematic review and network meta-analysis of pharmacological ....................................................................................................... treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail.2022;10:73–84.3. Kohli-Lynch CN, Lewsey J, Boyd KA, French DD, Jordan N, Moran AE, et al.Beyond ten-year risk: a cost-effectiveness analysis of statins for the primaryprevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2022;145:1312–23.4. Richman IB, Fairley M, Jørgensen ME, Schuler A, Owens DK, Goldhaber-FiebertJD. Cost-effectiveness of intensive blood pressure management. JAMA Cardiol.2016;1:872–9.5. Tromp J, Beusekamp JC, Ouwerkerk W, van der Meer P, Cleland JGF, AngermannCE, et al. Regional differences in precipitating factors of hospitalization foracute heart failure: insights from the REPORT-HF registry. Eur J Heart Fail.2022;24:645–52.6. Tromp J, Paniagua SMA, Lau ES, Allen NB, Blaha MJ, Gansevoort RT, et al. Agedependent associations of risk factors with heart failure: pooled population basedcohort study. BMJ. 2021;372:n461.7. Tromp J, Ouwerkerk W, Cleland JGF, Angermann CE, Dahlstrom U, Tiew-HwaTeng K, et al. Global differences in burden and treatment of ischemic heart diseasein acute heart failure: REPORT-HF. JACC Heart Fail. 2021;9:349–59.8. Sama IE, Woolley RJ, Nauta JF, Romaine SPR, Tromp J, Ter Maaten JM, et al. Anetwork analysis to identify pathophysiological pathways distinguishing ischaemicfrom non-ischaemic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22:821–33.9. Rastogi T, Ho FK, Rossignol P, Merkling T, Butler J, Clark AL, et al. Comparingand contrasting risk factors for heart failure in patients with and without historyof myocardial infarction: data from HOMAGEand the UK Biobank. Eur J HeartFail. 2022;24:976–84.10. Ho JE, Enserro D, Brouwers FP, Kizer JR, Shah SJ, Psaty BM, et al. Predictingheart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction: the internationalcollaboration on heart failure subtypes. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9:e00311.11. Brouwers FP, de Boer RA, van der Hast P, Voors AA, Gansevoort RT, BakkerSJ, et al. Incidence and epidemiology of new onset heart failure with preservedvs. reduced ejection fraction in a community-based cohort: 11-year follow-up ofPREVEND. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:1424–31.12. Rush CJ, Berry C, Oldroyd KG, Rocchiccioli JP, Lindsay MM, Touyz RM, et al.Prevalence of coronary artery disease and coronary microvascular dysfunctionin patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. JAMA Cardiol.2021;6:1130–43.13. Kingston A, Robinson L, Booth H, Knapp M, Jagger C, Adelaja B, et al. Projec-tions of multimorbidity in the older population in England to 2035: estimatesfrom the Population Ageing and Care Simulation (PACSim) model. Age Ageing.2018;47:374–80.14. Tromp J, Tay WT, Ouwerkerk W, Teng THK, Yap J, MacDonald MR, et al.Multimorbidity in patients with heart failure from 11 Asian regions: a prospectivecohort study using the ASIAN-HF registry. PLoS Med. 2018;15:e1002541.15. Xu X, Mishra GD, Dobson AJ, Jones M. Progression of diabetes, heart disease,and stroke multimorbidity in middle-aged women: a 20-year cohort study. PLoSMed. 2018;15:e1002516.© 2022 European Society of Cardiology

Dissertations of the University of Groningen

   University of GroningenRisk factors for the development of heart failure in patients with or without prior myocardialinfarction COMMENTvan Essen, Bart J.; Voors, Adriaan A.; Tromp, JasperPublished in:European Journal of Heart FailureDOI:10.1002/ejhf.2538IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2022Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):van Essen, B. J., Voors, A. A., & Tromp, J. (2022). Risk factors for the development of heart failure inpatients with or without prior myocardial infarction COMMENT. European Journal of Heart Failure, 985-987.https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2538CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.European Journal of Heart Failure (2022) 24, 985–987 EDITORIAL COMMENTdoi:10.1002/ejhf.2538Risk factors for the development of heartfailure in patients with or without priormyocardial infarctionBart J. van Essen1, Adriaan A. Voors1, and Jasper Tromp1,2,3*1University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; 2Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; and3Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore & the National University Health System, Singapore, SingaporeThis article refers to ‘Comparing and contrasting riskfactors for heart failure in patients with and without his-tory of myocardial infarction: data from HOMAGE and theUK Biobank’ by T. Rastogi et al., published in this issue onpages 976–984.One in five men and women will develop heart failure (HF) duringtheir lifetime.1 Once patients have developed HF, their mortalityand morbidity are high.2 Identifying those patients at risk for thedevelopment of HF is therefore important. In particular, modifiablerisk factors – like hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, obesity,smoking and diabetes mellitus – have the potential to preventHF and are cost-effective public health interventions.3,4 Cardiacischaemia, through either a previous myocardial infarction (MI) orcoronary artery disease (CAD), is among the chief risk factors fordeveloping HF.5,6 From studies in patients with prevalent HF welearned that patients with ischaemia and HF have unique charac-teristics: they are more often men, rather have HF with reducedejection fraction (HFrEF) than HF with preserved ejection frac-tion (HFpEF), and have more comorbidities.7 Importantly, networkanalysis of proteins highlighted activation of unique pathophysi-ological pathways in patients with ischaemia, relating to inflam-mation, endothelial dysfunction, coagulation and atherosclerosis.8Whether cardiac ischaemia influences the association of risk fac-tors for incident HF is important to design effective preventionstrategies.Against this background, in this issue of the Journal, the studyby Rastogi et al.9 provides new insights into the modifying effectsof MI on risk factors for HF. The authors used data from 26 478participants of the Heart ‘OMics’ in AGEing (HOMAGE) databaseto investigate whether a previous history of MI modified theassociation between risk factors and incident HF hospitalization.Their results were validated in 500 001 participants from the UKThe opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the Editors of the European Journal of Heart Failure or of the European Society of Cardiology. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2495*Corresponding author. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore & the National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549,Singapore. Email: jasper_tromp@nus.edu.sg................................................................................................... Biobank study. The authors found that male sex, older age, andhigher heart rate were associated with incident HF, regardless ofprior MI. In participants with a prior MI, smoking status, diabetes,and a worse renal function were associated with new-onset HF,but not those without a previous MI. Higher body mass index,elevated systolic blood pressure, and higher blood glucose levelswere significantly associated with HF onset in participants withoutprior MI, but not in participants with a previous MI. The authorsobserved similar associations in multivariable models and externalvalidation in the UK Biobank cohort.Rastogi and colleagues need to be complimented for their study.Their results support personalized primary and secondary preven-tion strategies depending on the presence of a prior MI. Strengthsof the study include the large sample size and use of a largevalidation cohort. The study results should also be interpreted inlight of various limitations. First, MI was defined by history alone.No data were available regarding the timing of MI, whether it wastransmural or subepicardial, or if it occurred multiple times or onlyonce. The timing and extent of a previous MI might impact the riskof developing HF. There was a notable difference in the proportionof patients developing HF after MI in the derivation and validationcohort. The incidence of new-onset HF was almost three-foldhigher in the participants with a prior MI in the validation thanin the derivation cohort. This significant difference in the risk ofnew-onset HF in patients with a history of MI suggests that MI inparticipants from the validation cohort was perhaps more recent,more severe, or both. Furthermore, participants in the validationcohort were younger and had fewer comorbidities, such as dia-betes and hypertension, than the derivation cohort. In addition,the prevalence of prior MI was 27% in the derivation cohort com-pared to 0.91% in the validation cohort. This could be attributedto a younger study population but could also be due to a higherpercentage of smokers (30% vs. 10%) and men (70% vs. 45%) in© 2022 European Society of Cardiology986 Editorial commentthe validation and derivation cohort, respectively. The abovemen-tioned differences might have influenced the modifying effect ofa prior MI. Furthermore, data about the type of HF (i.e. HFrEFvs. HFpEF) were unavailable in this study. Risk factors for incidentHFrEF and incident HFpEF are different.10 For example, smokingand a previous MI are more important risk factors for HFrEF.11Obesity, atrial fibrillation and hypertension are generally consid-ered more important risk factors for HFpEF.10 However, a priorMI is also found in patients with HFpEF,12 especially in the settingof a subepicardial infarction. Therefore, the incident HF cases inthe study by Rastogi et al.9 were likely a mixed bag of patients withHFpEF and HFrEF with ischaemic and non-ischaemic aetiology.Regardless of the limitations, Rastogi et al.’s study adds to com-pelling evidence that excess HF risk conferred by comorbiditiesshould not be considered individually. Instead, we should recognizethe intimate shared links between comorbidities and risk factorsthat determine HF risk. Rarely do elderly individuals have only onecomorbidity. Indeed, more than 54% of individuals aged >65 yearsliving in the United Kingdom will have more than two comorbiditiesby 2035.13 Studies from patients with prevalent HF demonstratedthat comorbidities cluster in unique patterns,14 which differaccording to geographic region and possibly determine whether .................................................................. patients have HFrEF or HFpEF. This is likely due to common riskfactors of comorbidities, which ultimately lead to HFrEF or HFpEF.In the present study, a history of smoking was associated with anincreased risk of HF in patients with a prior MI. Simultaneously,smoking is a significant risk factor for CAD and, therefore, MImight ultimately be a shared risk factor. On the other hand, obesitywas more strongly related to new-onset HF in participants withouta prior MI. This effect could be mediated by obesity-related hyper-tension and diabetes, both identified as comorbidities for incidentHF in this group. Unfortunately, comorbidities are subject to com-pound interest: the odds of developing new conditions are higherin people with pre-existing comorbidities than in those without.15Identifying relevant interactions between comorbidities deepensour understanding of shared risk factors and can aid in identifyingthe first tipping stone leading to a common final pathway of HFrEFor HFpEF (Figure 1). Furthermore, identifying risk factors thatcontribute most to new-onset HF in the context of prior MI versusno prior MI can guide preventive strategies in these patients. Ona pathophysiological level, interactions between comorbiditiescause the activation of multiple complex disease pathways leadingto HF. Disentangling disease pathways requires consideration ofthese interactions. Multi-omic approaches enable linking specificCreated with BioRender.comFigure 1 The interplay between multimorbidity, number of involved pathophysiological pathways and the risk of new-onset heart failure (HF).© 2022 European Society of CardiologyEditorial comment 987phenotypical features to underlying pathophysiological pathways,giving more insight in the interplay between comorbidities andthe risk of new-onset HF. Future research should consider thecomplex interplay between comorbidities in preventing HF toidentify shared risk factors for prevention. Studies identifyingpathophysiological pathways and treatment targets in patients withprevalent HF should consider the interaction between multiplecomorbidities, pathophysiological pathways and left ventricularejection fraction phenotypes.In conclusion, the study by Rastogi and colleagues providescrucial new evidence highlighting the interplay between risk factors,multimorbidity, and the risk of new-onset HF. The present studyresults add to the existing evidence of shared links betweencomorbidities and emphasize a required shift in thinking of HFprevention and disease pathways leading to HF.Conflict of interest: J.T. is supported by the National Univer-sity of Singapore Start-up grant, the Tier 1 grant from the min-istry of education and the CS-IRG New Investigator Grant fromthe National Medical Research Council; has received consultingor speaker fees from Daiichi-Sankyo, Boehringer Ingelheim, RocheDiagnostics and Us2.ai, owns patent US-10702247-B2 unrelatedto the present work. A.A.V. and/or his institution received con-sultancy fees and/or research grants from: Amgen Astrazeneca,Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Cytokinetics, Myokar-dia, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Roche Diagnostics, unre-lated to the present work. All other authors have nothing todisclose.References1. van Riet EES, Hoes AW, Wagenaar KP, Limburg A, Landman MAJ, Rutten FH.Epidemiology of heart failure: the prevalence of heart failure and ventriculardysfunction in older adults over time. A systematic review. Eur J Heart Fail.2016;18:242–52.2. Tromp J, Ouwerkerk W, van Veldhuisen DJ, Hillege HL, Richards AM, van derMeer P, et al. A systematic review and network meta-analysis of pharmacological ....................................................................................................... treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail.2022;10:73–84.3. Kohli-Lynch CN, Lewsey J, Boyd KA, French DD, Jordan N, Moran AE, et al.Beyond ten-year risk: a cost-effectiveness analysis of statins for the primaryprevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2022;145:1312–23.4. Richman IB, Fairley M, Jørgensen ME, Schuler A, Owens DK, Goldhaber-FiebertJD. Cost-effectiveness of intensive blood pressure management. JAMA Cardiol.2016;1:872–9.5. Tromp J, Beusekamp JC, Ouwerkerk W, van der Meer P, Cleland JGF, AngermannCE, et al. Regional differences in precipitating factors of hospitalization foracute heart failure: insights from the REPORT-HF registry. Eur J Heart Fail.2022;24:645–52.6. Tromp J, Paniagua SMA, Lau ES, Allen NB, Blaha MJ, Gansevoort RT, et al. Agedependent associations of risk factors with heart failure: pooled population basedcohort study. BMJ. 2021;372:n461.7. Tromp J, Ouwerkerk W, Cleland JGF, Angermann CE, Dahlstrom U, Tiew-HwaTeng K, et al. Global differences in burden and treatment of ischemic heart diseasein acute heart failure: REPORT-HF. JACC Heart Fail. 2021;9:349–59.8. Sama IE, Woolley RJ, Nauta JF, Romaine SPR, Tromp J, Ter Maaten JM, et al. Anetwork analysis to identify pathophysiological pathways distinguishing ischaemicfrom non-ischaemic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22:821–33.9. Rastogi T, Ho FK, Rossignol P, Merkling T, Butler J, Clark AL, et al. Comparingand contrasting risk factors for heart failure in patients with and without historyof myocardial infarction: data from HOMAGEand the UK Biobank. Eur J HeartFail. 2022;24:976–84.10. Ho JE, Enserro D, Brouwers FP, Kizer JR, Shah SJ, Psaty BM, et al. Predictingheart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction: the internationalcollaboration on heart failure subtypes. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9:e00311.11. Brouwers FP, de Boer RA, van der Hast P, Voors AA, Gansevoort RT, BakkerSJ, et al. Incidence and epidemiology of new onset heart failure with preservedvs. reduced ejection fraction in a community-based cohort: 11-year follow-up ofPREVEND. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:1424–31.12. Rush CJ, Berry C, Oldroyd KG, Rocchiccioli JP, Lindsay MM, Touyz RM, et al.Prevalence of coronary artery disease and coronary microvascular dysfunctionin patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. JAMA Cardiol.2021;6:1130–43.13. Kingston A, Robinson L, Booth H, Knapp M, Jagger C, Adelaja B, et al. Projec-tions of multimorbidity in the older population in England to 2035: estimatesfrom the Population Ageing and Care Simulation (PACSim) model. Age Ageing.2018;47:374–80.14. Tromp J, Tay WT, Ouwerkerk W, Teng THK, Yap J, MacDonald MR, et al.Multimorbidity in patients with heart failure from 11 Asian regions: a prospectivecohort study using the ASIAN-HF registry. PLoS Med. 2018;15:e1002541.15. Xu X, Mishra GD, Dobson AJ, Jones M. Progression of diabetes, heart disease,and stroke multimorbidity in middle-aged women: a 20-year cohort study. PLoSMed. 2018;15:e1002516.© 2022 European Society of Cardiology

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Risk factors for the development of heart failure in patients with or without prior myocardial infarction COMMENT

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Dissertations of the University of Groningen

Proceedings - University of Groningen

University of Groningen

University of Groningen

Proceedings - University of Groningen

Dissertations of the University of Groningen