Pluta-Saladra, Edyta

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<i>Proces beginek świdnickich w 1332 roku. Studia historyczne i edycja łacińsko-polska</i>, oprac. Paweł Kras, Tomasz Gałuszka OP, Adam Poznański, Lublin 2017, ss. 292.

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RES HISTORICA 54, 2022DOI:10.17951/rh.2022.54.739-745Proces beginek świdnickich w 1332 roku. Studia historyczne i edycja łacińsko-polska, oprac. Paweł Kras, Tomasz Gałusz-ka OP, Adam Poznański, Lublin 2017, ss. 292The interest in the problems of Beguines, often shown against the background of heretical movements, is evidenced by the increasing num-ber of historical works. The fi rst Polish studies devoted directly to the subject of beguines, their organization and functioning in society are the publications by Jerzy Wyrozumski1, Danuta and Bohdan Lapis2. Beguines and Beghards also appeared in the research on medieval heresies under-taken by Kazimierz Dobrowolski3 and Stanisław Bylina4. More recent publications include the monograph by Jarosław Szymański5 and Mag-dalena Ogórek6. Unfortunately, the last-mentioned author did not bring anything new to the scientifi c discourse on Beguines, nor on more broadly called- heretical movements7. The medieval inquisition system was also the subject of the interest of Polish historians, its aftermath is a series of articles and books showing the genesis, course of the trial, and the types of punishments and penances imposed on those condemned for heresy8. 1 J. Wyrozumski, Beginki i begardzi w Polsce, „Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace historyczne” 1971, 261, 35, s. 7–22.2 D. Lapis, B. Lapis, Beginki w Polsce w XIII–XV wieku, „Kwartalnik Historyczny” 1972, 78, 3, s. 521–544.3 K. Dobrowolski, Pierwsze sekty religijne w Polsce, „Reformacja w Polsce” 1924, 3, 9.4 S. Bylina, Wizje społeczne w herezjach średniowiecznych. Humiliaci, beginki, begardzi, Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków–Gdańsk 1974; idem, Polskie badania nad ruchami heretyckimi w średniowieczu, „Przegląd Historyczny” 1995, 86, 3–4, s. 303–311; idem, Ruchy religijne w średniowieczu. Studia, Warszawa 1991, s. 155–175.5 J. Szymański, Ruchy heretyckie na Śląsku w XIII i XIV wieku, Katowice 2007.6 M. Ogórek, Beginki i waldensi na Śląsku i Morawach do końca XIV wieku, Racibórz 2012.7 E. Pluta, review: Magdalena Ogórek, Beginki i waldensi na Śląsku i Morawach do końca XIV wieku, Racibórz 2012, „Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka” 2014, 4, s. 151–155.8 Inter alios: P. Kras, „Ad abolendam diversarum haeresium pravitatem”. System Inkwizy-cyjny w średniowiecznej Europie, Lublin 2006; idem, Działalność inkwizycyjna dominikanów krakowskich w średniowieczu, w: Mendykanci w średniowiecznym Krakowie, red. K. Ożóg, T. Gałuszka, A. Zajchowska, Kraków 2008, s. 383–406; idem, Średniowieczna inkwizycja i Zakon Braci Kaznodziejów. Zarys problematyki badawczej, w: Ch. Caldwell Ames, Inkwizycja i Dominikanie. Słuszne prześladowanie, Poznań 2013, s. 7–35; idem, O biskupich inkwizytorach w Polsce i w Czechach: przyczynek do dyskusji, w: Memoria viva. Studia historyczne poświęcone pamięci Izabeli Skierskiej (1967–2014), red. A. Gąsiorowski, G. Rutkowska, Warszawa–Poznań 740 REVIEWSDOI:10.17951/rh.2022.54.739-745There is also a signifi cant number of foreign publications in the context of the discussed subject of heretical movements, including Beguines and Beghards9. However, it is impossible to list all of them, the author refers in footnotes to more important bibliographic items.The publication by Paweł Kras, Tomasz Gałuszka OP and Adam Poznański is the latest att empt at a synthetic approach to the events re-lated to the process of Beguines of Świdnica. The authors undertook the task of a critical source edition, as well as translating the protocol of trial hearings from 1332, located in the Vatican Library, under the signature Vat. Lat. 13119a into Polish. At the outset, the researchers indicated the substantive value of this manuscript. The latest edition of the source is to help in understanding the ambiguities of the 15th-century copy of the Świdnica trial, known from the edition of Bolesław Ulanowski10. In addition, slight but signifi cant diff erences were identifi ed between the mentioned texts. This is undoubtedly an important observation, as other Polish researchers, who declared knowledge of both sources, did not point to any particular discrepancies between them.The reviewed publication has been divided into two parts, the fi rst consists of a collection of studies devoted to the community of Beguines, while the second (one) is the source edition. The collection of studies on Beguines, i.e., the fi rst part of the reviewed publication, consists mainly of articles by P. Kras, except for the last sketch on inquisitor Jan of Schwen-kenfeld, by T. Gałuszka OP. Studies on Beguines are preceded by an introduction, containing the history of fi nding a copy of the Świdnica protocol and its publication by Bolesław Ulanowski. The authors also published a review of the scientifi c analyses of the issued document, this 2015, s. 382–400; Inkwizycja papieska w Europie środkowo-wschodniej, red. P. Kras, Kraków 2010; T. Gałuszka, Tomista inkwizytorem. Jan Schwenkenfeld OP i proces beginek świdnickich w 1332 roku, w: „Felix indiget amicis”. Studia z dziejów kultury duchowej i intelektualnej średniowiecza ofi arowane Profesorowi Krzysztofowi Ożogowi, red. W. Świeboda, M. Zdanek, Kraków 2016, s. 15–42.9 E.W. McDonnel, The Beguines and Beghards in medieval culture, with special emphasis on the Belgian scene, New Brunswick 1954; R.E. Lerner, The Heresy of the Free Spirit in the Later Middle Ages, Berkeley 1972; B. Hotz , Beginen und willige Arme im spätmitt elalterlichen Hildesheim, Hildesheim 1988; M. Lambert, Medieval Heresy. Popular Movements from the Gre-gorian Reform to the Reformation, Oxford 1992; J.H., Arnold, Inquisition and Power. Catharism and Confessing Subject in Medieval Languedoc, Philadelphia 2001; F.M. Reichenstein, Das Be-ginenwesen in Deutschland. Studien und Katalog, Berlin 2001; S. Walter, Cites of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries 1200–1565, Philadelphia 2001.10 B. Ulanowski, Examen testium super vita et moribus Beguinarum per inquisitorem he-reticae in Sweydnitz  anno 1332 factum, w: Scriptores rerum Polonicarum, t. 13, Kraków 1889, s. 239–255. REVIEWS 741DOI:10.17951/rh.2022.54.739-745shows the considerable interest of researchers in the Świdnica process, as well as the procedure and course of the inquisition process. The publica-tion ends customarily with a summary in English, a bibliography and a person-geographic index.The fi rst six studies introduce the reader to the subject of the Beguine movement. P. Kras began his narrative by outlining the historical con-text in which new religious communities were born. The 12th century was a time of changes in the approach to female spirituality, as a result of which the process of accepting new forms of piety along with com-mitment and deepening of religious life by women from various social groups began11. According to the author, Beguines were supposed to be one of the answers to the ideas of the time, which were the slogans con-cerning the desire to follow Christ. Beguines were thus created against the background of complex religious and social transformations that enabled women to fulfi ll their religious aspirations.P. Kras in an orderly way outlines the next stages of the history of Beguines and provides various theories about, inter alia, the origin of the name of the movement, type of community, sect of the free spirit or testimony of the sisters, pointing to the latest postulates and interpreta-tions. Moreover, the author provides his own suggestions for explanation of particular issues, which is a great advantage of this part. For example, P. Kras undertook an att empt to verify the solutions of the name „unio fi l-iarum Udyllindis”12, proposed by Jarosław Szymański, which appeared in the testimonies of the Świdnica Beguines. When analyzing the hypotheses of J. Szymański, P. Kras came up with his own proposal, he showed that the name mentioned could have originated from Odelinda from Pyrzyce, the founder of the community of Beguines from Cologne. As a conse-quence, another problem undertaken by the author was the question of the origin of the community in Świdnica. He put forward the assumption that the Świdnica Beguines could have originated from the convent in Cologne, showing the similarities between the two communities in the organizational structure. The person connecting both organizations could have been the German Geza, who was also the fi rst mistress of the be-guinage of Świdnica. Therefore, thanks to her, models of new piety and organization could be transferred from Cologne. This proposal is quite convincing, considering that the Beguines were characterized by high mobility. However, it should be remembered that the Świdnica process is the only source so far indicating the existence of a wider organizational structure (p. 103).11 A. Vauchez, Duchowość średniowiecza, tłum. H. Zaremska, Gdańsk 2004, s. 128–135.12 J. Szymański, op. cit., s. 105–106.742 REVIEWSDOI:10.17951/rh.2022.54.739-745The issue that requires clarifi cation is the issue of the stay of Beguines in the community. In the fi rst chapter, the author, presenting the stat-utes of Beguines for houses in Strasbourg, indicates that women had the right to leave the community and, depending on the length of their stay, they could or may not keep their property (p. 46). On the other hand, in the chapter relating directly to the Świdnica Beguines, the author writes that „w formule składanych ślubów znalazło się, także zobowiązanie do pozostania we wspólnocie aż do śmierci” (in the formula of vows, there was also an obligation to remain in the community until death) (p. 109). Therefore, we do not know whether it was a specifi c feature of the Świdnica community, or whether that obligation was also present in other female Beguinages. There is also the question of how we should treat this obligation, especially that in the Świdnica trial, „former hooded sisters” testifi ed as witnesses. In addition, Beguines were characterized by freedom of movement and quite high mobility. It should be added to this part that an insightful and comprehensive discussion of the Beguines movement should be supplemented with a presentation of this type of communities in Silesia, which would show the scale of the phenomenon and expand the context of the Świdnica process13.T. Gałuszka OP undertook the development of the second part, i.e., the critical source edition of the document kept in the Vatican Library. The editing rules were derived from the approach proposed by Antoine Dondaine in an article published in Przegląd Tomistyczny14. On the basis of a critical analysis of the text from the Vatican Library (Va) and a copy from the Archives of the Krakow Cathedral Chapter (Kr), T. Gałuszka OP presented some interesting hypotheses regarding the relationship between the above-mentioned sources and the context of the creation of Krakow’s copy. In relation to the fi fteenth-century manuscript, we do not have any knowledge of the author, time nor circumstances of the creation. T. Gałuszka OP put forward an interesting proposal, according to which the text was to be writt en against the background of anti-Hussite disputes about the frequency of communion, basing his deliberations on the manicula in the margin, pointing to the fragment concerning the reception of holy communion. In the account of both manuscripts, the Author proposed the existence of one more source that could be used by the Krakow copyist. The observation was based on a careful analy-sis of the two texts, which revealed some omissions of fragments and 13 E. Wółkiewicz, Kościół i jego wierni. Struktury kościelne i formy pobożności w średniowiecznej Nysie, Kraków 2014, s. 115–121.14 A. Dondaine OP, Rodzaje aparatu krytycznego stosowanego w edycjach łacińskich tekstów średniowiecznych, [tłum. K. Niemczyka], „Przegląd Tomistyczny” 1992, 5, s. 193–206. REVIEWS 743DOI:10.17951/rh.2022.54.739-745diff erences in individual passages. The text of Va appears softer in rela-tion to the beguines of Świdnica, while in the text of Kr the approach is more critical. In addition, the author argues the existence of the alleged source by the customs of the papal chancellery, where the rule of making several copies of the interrogation reports was in force. Source Va – Ex-aminatio testium in causa Capuciatarum monialium in Swydnicz was published in Latin and Polish, translated by A. Poznański. The text of the protocol from Świdnica was divided for the day of the interrogation and the testimonies of the witnesses. This translation is carefully annotated with footnotes in which we fi nd an explanation of the individual terms, places, persons appearing in the source, as well as the various elements of the inquisitorial process.To sum up, the presented source edition has been prepared in a reli-able way, with an appropriate introduction, containing the rules of edit-ing both in Latin and Polish, a description of the manuscripts and their critical study. The historical study preceding the edition is an insightful lecture on the movement of Beguines, characterized by a consistent and logical structure. The authors used wealth of literature, primarily foreign-language ones, pointing to the latest postulates and interpretations of the phenomena in question. At this point, questions should be asked what the edition of the discussed source brings to research on the process of Beguines in Świdnica, to research on the inquisition process, and more broadly on the city of Świdnica. Critical analysis showed some diff erences in the perception of testimony. The gentler treatment of hooded sisters by the Vatican source allows for new research questions to be asked as part of the interpretation of the events in Świdnica. Unfortunately, there are no new arrangements for the topography of the indicated city. Finally, it is worth noting that the authors of the publication in question are the fi rst Polish researchers who undertook in-depth work on a source in the Vatican Library. In Poland, this publication is also a summary of the lat-est knowledge and research postulates on female beginaria. It is therefore an important and valuable work that will hopefully contribute to further studies of quais-monastic communities and heretical movements in Pol-ish lands.REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAFIAArnold J.H., Inquisition and Power. Catharism and Confessing Subject in Medieval Languedoc, Philadelphia 2001.Bylina S., Polskie badania nad ruchami heretyckimi w średniowieczu, „Przegląd Historyczny” 1995, 86, 3–4.Bylina S., Ruchy religijne w średniowieczu. Studia, Warszawa 1991.744 REVIEWSDOI:10.17951/rh.2022.54.739-745Bylina S., Wizje społeczne w herezjach średniowiecznych. Humiliaci, beginki, begardzi, Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków–Gdańsk 1974.Dobrowolski K., Pierwsze sekty religijne w Polsce, „Reformacja w Polsce” 1924, 3, 9.Dondaine OP A., Rodzaje aparatu krytycznego stosowanego w edycjach łacińskich tekstów średniowiecznych, [tłum. K. Niemczyka], „Przegląd Tomistyczny” 1992, 5.Gałuszka T., Tomista inkwizytorem. Jan Schwenkenfeld OP i proces beginek świdnickich w 1332 roku, w: „Felix indiget amicis”. Studia z dziejów kultury duchowej i intelektual-nej średniowiecza ofi arowane Profesorowi Krzysztofowi Ożogowi, red. W. Świeboda, M. Zdanek, Kraków 2016.Hotz  B., Beginen und willige Arme im spätmitt elalterlichen Hildesheim, Hildesheim 1988.Inkwizycja papieska w Europie środkowo-wschodniej, red. P. Kras, Kraków 2010.Kras P., „Ad abolendam diversarum haeresium pravitatem”. System Inkwizycyjny w średniowiecznej Europie, Lublin 2006.Kras P., Działalność inkwizycyjna dominikanów krakowskich w średniowieczu, w: Mendykanci w średniowiecznym Krakowie, red. K. Ożóg, T. Gałuszka, A. Zajchowska, Kraków 2008.Kras P., O biskupich inkwizytorach w Polsce i w Czechach: przyczynek do dyskusji, w: Me-moria viva. Studia historyczne poświęcone pamięci Izabeli Skierskiej (1967–2014), red. A. Gąsiorowski, G. Rutkowska, Warszawa–Poznań 2015.Kras P., Średniowieczna inkwizycja i Zakon Braci Kaznodziejów. Zarys problematyki badawczej, w: Ch. Caldwell Ames, Inkwizycja i Dominikanie. Słuszne prześladowanie, Poznań 2013.Lambert M., Medieval Heresy. Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the Reforma-tion, Oxford 1992.Lapis D., Lapis B., Beginki w Polsce w XIII–XV wieku, „Kwartalnik Historyczny” 1972, 78, 3.Lerner R.E., The Heresy of the Free Spirit in the Later Middle Ages, Berkeley 1972.McDonnel E.W., The Beguines and Beghards in medieval culture, with special emphasis on the Belgian scene, New Brunswick 1954.Ogórek M., Beginki i waldensi na Śląsku i Morawach do końca XIV wieku, Racibórz 2012.Pluta E., [rec.] Magdalena Ogórek, Beginki i waldensi na Śląsku i Morawach do końca XIV wieku, Racibórz 2012, „Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka” 2014, 4.Reichenstein F.M., Das Beginenwesen in Deutschland. Studien und Katalog, Berlin 2001.Szymański J., Ruchy heretyckie na Śląsku w XIII i XIV wieku, Katowice 2007.Ulanowski B., Examen testium super vita et moribus Beguinarum per inquisitorem hereticae in Sweydnitz  anno 1332 factum, w: Scriptores rerum Polonicarum, t. 13, Kraków 1889.Walter S., Cites of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries 1200–1565, Phila-delphia 2001.Vauchez A., Duchowość średniowiecza, tłum. H. Zaremska, Gdańsk 2004.Wółkiewicz E., Kościół i jego wierni. Struktury kościelne i formy pobożności w średniowiecznej Nysie, Kraków 2014.Wyrozumski J., Beginki i begardzi w Polsce, „Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace historyczne” 1971, 261, 35.Edyta Pluta-Saladra(Pedagogical University of Krakow, Poland)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-5221e-mail: edyta.pluta-saladra@up.krakow.pl REVIEWS 745 PUBLICATION INFOe-ISSN: 2449-8467ISSN: 2082-6060THE AUTHOR’S ADDRESS: Edyta Pluta-Saladra, the Ins  tute of History & Archival studies of the Pedagogical University of Krakow, 2 Podchorążych street, Kraków 30-084, PolandSOURCE OF FUNDING: Financed from the author’s own fundsSUBMITTED:2021.12.22ACCEPTED:2022.10.31PUBLISHED ONLINE:2022.12.14WEBSITE OF THE JOURNAL:h  ps://journals.umcs.pl/rhEDITORIAL COMMITTEE E-mail:reshistorica@umcs.pl