Eory, Vera

Hutchings, Nick

FACCE MACSUR Reports (Modelling European Agriculture with Climate Change for Food Security)

1Farm management and sustainability indicators: What and how to  include in farm scale models?LiveM 2016 Conference, 15-16 June 2016, PotsdamVera Eory1 and Nick Hutchings21Scotland’s Rural College, 2Aarhus University2Key stuff1. Considering positive and negative impacts of farm management2. Footprinting of environmental AND economic AND social impacts3FertiliserElectricityFeedPre-farm Post-farmProcessingRetailConsumptionFarmNon-agricultural landFarmFarm FarmFarm FarmHuman well-being(material goods, health, social relations, etc.)Social(local identity, work conditions, health, etc.)Economic(equity, employment, etc.)Environmental(food and fibre provision, clean water provision, climate regulation, biodiversity, etc.)Agricultural sustainability4Costs & benefits of agricultureImpact UK GermanyWater pollution 267 105Air pollution (GHG, NH3) 1,287 1,301Soil 111 +Biodiversity and landscape 146 6Human health 898 10Total external costs [M EUR y-1] 2,707 1,422Total external costs (arable & grassland) [£ ha-1] 240 82Production value [EUR ha-1] 1,750 2,289Gross value added [EUR ha-1] 531 635Subsidies [EUR ha-1] 291 181External costs + Subsidies / Production value 30% 12%External costs + Subsidies / Gross value added 100% 41%Based on Pretty et al. 2001, Eurostat5Agricultural sustainabilityEnvironmental Economic SocialWater quality (N, P, >) Production Working conditionsAir quality (N, PM, >) Income/wealth distribution Human rightsGHGs Employment Communities, societySoil quality Consumption patterns Product responsibilityLand use Technology, infrastructure Human healthBiodiversity Production efficiency Animal welfarePests and diseases Competitiveness >Energy use >Water useToxicity (incl. antibiotics)>6EconomyFood supply chainFarm/landscapeComponentScale and scopeGHGsEmploymentHuman healthWealth distributionProduct responsibilityAir and water pollution7What to consider1. What are the significant negative & positive impacts? 2. Which impacts depend mostly on on-farm decisions?3. What are people/policy most concerned about?8How to integrate• Taking stock (~inventory approach) versus looking at changes (~impact assessment)• Extent of impact (implicit in the model or co-efficients) • Assessment options– Physical characterisation without a common assessment framework (e.g. LCA, ecosystem service modelling)– Multi-criteria assessment – weights of impacts defined by stakeholders– Cost benefit analysis (CBA), ecosystem service valuation – impacts monetised9Based on Curran  2006Environmental effects• Many well developed techniques (e.g. LCA)• Useful data sourcesImpact categories Emissions/effects Common metricGlobal warming GHGs CO2eqLand use (& sea bottom) Land occupation Ecological damageEnergy use Fossil fuels Resource used versus leftAcidification SOx, NOx, NH4, etc H+eqEutrophication PO4, NOx, NH4, NO3- PO4eqWater use Water extraction Resource used versus leftBiodiversity Biodiversity lossSpecies richness and evennessTerrestrial & aquatic toxicity Chemicals with lethal concentration LC50 eq>10Economic effects• Impact categories: income/wealth distribution, (rural) employment, consumption patterns, technology/infrastructure, competitiveness• Farm metrics: labour, mechanisation, income/profit• Data sources: economic equilibrium models, econometric approaches and input-output models (e.g. employment multipliers) as they capture cross-economy and international effects11Social effects• Impact categories: working conditions, human rights, communities & society, product responsibility, human health, animal welfare• Farm metrics: farm/contract labour, product quality, additional data on retailer/market• Data sources: social impact assessment and Social LCA– Boundaries: company’s influence vs product comparison– Often qualitative indicators (good/bad rating)– Data scarcity12Valuation• Location is important • In some cases threshold effect and strong marginal effect• Limited number of studies for a comprehensive coverage in Europe – benefit transferPotential data sources• GHG: C value (non-traded sector)• Valuation of ecosystem services, e.g. UK National Ecosystem Assessment, European Nitrogen Assessment, • Government environmental valuation publications (a UK database: http://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&Completed=0&ProjectID=19514#Description)13Conclusion1. There is a need to consider both positive and negative impacts of farm management>2. > regarding environmental AND economic AND social impacts – economic and social footprinting?3. Methodologies exist which can be adapted4. Some data are available both on the economic and social effects14Thank you!vera.eory@sruc.ac.uknick.hutchings@agro.au.dk

Farm management and sustainability indicators: What and how to include in farm scale models?

https://ojs.macsur.eu/index.php/Reports/article/download/SP8-7/277

Farm management and sustainability indicators: What and how to include in farm scale models?

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FACCE MACSUR Reports (Modelling European Agriculture with Climate Change for Food Security)