Article信州大学理学部附属諏訪臨湖実験所報告 9: 69-75(1995)departmental bulletin pape

Ho, Wan, PARK

Seung, IK, CHOI

Tae-Seok,  AHN

English

Shinshu University Institutional Repository

Rep. Stt",a llydrobioL. 9' 69NZ5 (IP95)Proceedings of the 7th lnternational S},mposiumon Riyer and Lake Enirironments, l994 MatsumotoThe distribution of attached bacteria on cellulose film and cellulosedegradation rates in Lake Soyang, Kerea.Tae-Seok AHN, Seung Ik CHOI And Ho Wan PARKDept. of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University,Chunchon, 200-701, Korea, Fax;+82-361-51-3991.NWReDUCTION    Organic compounds in large lakes are derived frovaphytoplankton and macrophyte, and these autochthonous organicmateriais are the major resuitant of the eutrophication [4].Cellulose, a cell wall coraponent of phytoplankton and macrophyte is a raajor constituent o£ autochthonous organic materials andparticularly abundant in lakes [13].    Attached bacteria are important £or the remineralization ofparticulate orgaRic matter [8] because they are more active than free-living bacteria [6]. They assirailate low concen･tration oforganic raaterials and nutrients inbo high quality food forpredator [7].    The purpo$es of thi$ study were to define the cellulo$edegradation rates and the role of attached bacteria in LakeSoyang, which is in eutrephic state [2]MATERIALS AND METHODS    Triplicate cellulose strips (2.5 x 5 cm) stainned withRemazol Brilliant Blue R [1] and duplicate strips in litter bagwere submerged in water column and water--sediment interface ofLake Soyang, 'frova January to November, 1992. After ca. 2 monthsexposure, the strips were retrieved and then blue and unstainedstrips were used to uaeasure the cellulose degradation rates [5]and to e$timate attached bacteria numbers [3,11], respectively.RESULTS    The values of cellulose degradation rates and attachedbacterial numbers are shown in Table 1. At first experiment (from 16 January to 19 March, 1992), cellulose degradation rateswere 8.5 - 19.4 g in water column and 55.0 rg in water-sedimentintenface (bottom). The attached bacterial numbers were 1.6 xlo6 -- g.7 x lo6 cell$ cm-2 in water colums and 1.s × lo7 cens cra-26970in the bottorn. The degradation rates were consistant with changeof attached bacterial numbers.    At second experiment (from 19 March to IS May), thedegradation rates and bacterial numbers were the lowest. Onlyat o m, the bacterial number was 7.s x lo6 cells cm'2, which washigher than those of first experiment. And at bottom, thebacterial number were half of the first experiraent.    The changes in ceUulose degradation rates and attachedbacteriaX numbers at third experiment (from 15 May to 23 July)were quite different from first and second experiments (Fig. Ia).The degradation rates at 7 and 10 m depths were the highestvalue$, 80.7 and 7S.5 k, respective2y. And below 20 m, thedegradation rates were about 20 ? and decreased with depth.Attached bacterial numbers were consistent with the change o£cellulose degradation rates except for bottom sample. Curiouslyat the bottom, only 1.2 ? of ceilulose was attacked, whileattached bacterial numbers was 2.5 × !07 cells cm-2. During theperiod with high temperature (4th experiraent, from 23 Ju}y to 21September), at O - 2 m depths, the ceUulose degradation rateswere iess than 10 k, and 5 - 20 m depths the rate were about 40%. Below 20 va, the rates were changed with depth like otherexperiments. But in epilimnion (O - 15 m), the cellulosedegradation rates were reverseXy changed with attached bacterialnumbers. At the bottom, the degradation rate was only O.3 %sinilar to the third experiment, but the bacterial numbers wasonly s.s x lo6 cells cra-2, one fifth of the third experiraent.    The degradation rates were rever$ely changed with bacterialnumber$ at the tifth experiment (Fig. Ib). The degradation rateswere 20 - 30 k in epilimnion and hypolimnion. But inmetaMmnion, the rates were more than 40 g, especially at 40 mthe rate was 83.4 g which was the highest rates in this study.The attached bacterial nurnbeys at o m wa$ 1.8 x lo7 cells cm-2                                                            'the highest value of O m. From 2 m to 60 m, the bacterialnumbers were relatively constant with range of 6.2 x lo6 -- 7.s xlo6 ceRs cm-2. In hypolimnion (70 and 80 m depths), the attachedbacterial numbers were about three times higher than those of theabove water column.    The variation patterns of ceHulose degradation rates andattached bacterial numbers could be divided into 3 groups: epi-,71raeta- and hypolimnion. The $cattergram of degradation rates andbacterial numbers at three groups were shown in Fig. 2. Inepilimnion, slope between two parameters was O.02, which meansthat the ceilulose degradation was due to the bacterial specificactivities (Fig. 2a). Xn metalimnien, iche slope was O.05 whichmay suggest that the attached bacterial numbers were responsiblefor cellulose degradation (Fig. 2b). But in hypolimnion, therewas no correlation between two parameters (Fig. 2c).DISCUSSION    rn aquatic ecosystem, the cellulose degradation is initiatedby the extraee!lular enzyrne activities excreted from attachedbacteria [9]. The growth of attached bacteria and enzymeactivities would depend on the water teraperature, concentrationof nutrients and other enviroRmental factors. rn the thirdexperiment, the high deg]radation rates was probably due to thehlgh water temperature. In contrast to this, when watertemperature was low during the fir$t and the seceRd experiment,the cellulose were slowly degraded. Even in ice covered lake$,the degradation of organic materials wa$ observed by Tison etal.[12]. At from O m to 5 m layer, the degradation rates were}ow in the 3rd and the 4th experitaents, which suggest$ that thehigh intensity of radiation and high temperature may inhibit thebacterial growth and activity. The ceXlulo$e decomposer,Cytophaga-like bacteria are inactivated above 24 OC in Canadianlakes [5]. Eventhough the causative mioroorganisms were notdeEined in I}ake Soyang, exce$$ively high tempexature (32 OC) maybe one of the reason for low degradation.    The highest rate of cellulo$e degradation in 40 m of the 5thexperiment (Fig. ib) may be due to the precipitation and nutrSentsupply from hypolimnion. Not only high rate of cellulosebreakdown but aiso the higher bactevial numbers, higher valuesof bacterial activities and lower concentration of dissolvedoxygen in metalirnnion were already reported [1].    The relationship between cellulose degradation rates andattached bacterial number were apparently different froin eachlayer. !n epilmnion, cellulose degradatlon was responsible tothe bacterial activitie$. By the environmentai factors, such astempeirature, UV radiation, nutrient eoncentration and biological72factors such as bacterial species composition and competitionwith fungi cou!d affect the bacterial activities. But inmetalimnion, the cellulose degradation was due to the bacteriainumbers. Because this iayer is more stable than epilmnion, thespecific activity for cellulose degradation seems to becon$tant, except for destratification period.    In hypolimnion, since the anoxic zone wa$ periodicallyoccured, temperature was constalntly low, and nutrientconcentration was high [2], the major factor affecting tocellulose degradation might be anoxic coRdition. The humic acidand polyphenol substances form anoxic condkions are enzymeinhibitors [10, 14]. During the study period, only in May, thedissoived oxygen concentration was 8.9 rag l-i, while otherseasons were anoxic state. By this anoxic state, the enzymeactivities were depxessed and the ceilulose was degraded slowly.Because the development of anoxic zone, and the difference ofchemical compositions and quantity of huvaic acid, the ceUulosedegradation rate$ were widely varied (O.2 - 55 k) not correlatedwith attached bacterial numbers.ACKNOWIL,EDGMEN[P   This study was partiy suppoxted from Research Center forMolecular Microbiology, Seoui NatioRal University.REFERENCES 1.Ahn, T.S., 1991. The high rates o£ cellulose breakdownrate in metalirRnion of Lake Soyang, Korea. Ve2rh. fnternat.Verein. J)imno2. 25:1441--1445. 2.Cho, K.S., B. Kim and T.S. Ahn. 1991. Reports on the effectsof fishfarm to lake water quality. KOWACO. 3.Choi, S.X., H.W. Park and T.S. Ahn. 1993. [l]he celluiosedegradation aRd distribution of attached bacteria on cellulosefUm in Lake Soyang. Kouc. J. Microbio2. 31(5):4S2-457. 4.Godshal}<, G.Ij. and J.W. Barko. 1985. Vegitative successionand decomposition in reservoir$. In D. Gunnison (Ed.) Microbialprocess in reservoirs. p 59-78. Dr.W. Junk Pulbl. Dordrecht. 5.Hoeniger, J.F.M. 1985. Microbial decomposition of cellulosein acidifying lakes of south-central Ontario. Appl. Environ.Microbio!. 50:315-32273 6.Kirchman, D., and R. Mitchell. 1982. Contribution ofparticle-bound bacteria to microheterotrophic activity in fivecoastal pond$ and two vaarshes. Appl. Environ. Microbio2.43:200--209 7.Kirchman, D.. 1983. The production of bacteria attachedto particles suspended in a freshwater ponds. Limnol. Oceanogr.28:858--872. 8.Kogure, K. 1989. AttachmeRt of aquatic bacteria--overview.p.131-134. Proceedings of 5th ISME, Kyoto. 9.Ljungdahi, L.G. and K.E. Eriksson. i985. Ecology o£microbial celiulose degradation. Adv. Microb. Ecol. 8:237-29910.MUnster, J. and R.J. Chx6st. 1990. 0rigin, compositionand microbiai utliization of dissolved organic raatter. p.8-46.fn J. Overbeck and R.J. Chr6st (ed.) Aguatic rnicrobia2 ecoZogyiBiochemical and molecular approaches. Springer-Verlag. N.Y.U.Paul, J.H. 1982. Use of Hoechst dyes 33258 and 33342 forenumeration of attached and planktonic bacteria. App2. Environ.MicrobioJ. 43:939-94412.[risen, D.L., D.H. Pope and C.W. Boylen. 1980.!nfluence of seasonal tempeyature on the temperature optirna ofbacteria in sediments of Lake George, New York. App2. Envi2ron.Microbiol. 39:675-67713.Wetzel, R.G.. 1983. Limnology, 2nd ed. Saunders CollegePublisheec$. N.Y.14.Wetzel, R.G.. 1991. Extracellulax enzymatic interactions;storage, redistribution, and interspecific communication. XnR.J. Chr6st (ed.) Microbia2 enzymes in aguatic environments.p.6-28 Springer-Verlag. N.Y.74Table l. The cellulose degradation rates and          on cellulose films in Lake Soyang.attached bacterial ntunbersDepth lst exposure 2nd exposure 3rd exposure 4th expesure 5th expesure(m) C B C B C B C B C Bo le.1 1.6 4.4 7.8 3.e 2.3 20.6 18.31 7.2 2.9 6.9 6.0 23D 5,O3 9.4 2.5 8.8 5.6 29.7 3.5 25.2 3.55 12.9 4.0 8.8 29 32.0 10.2 53.8 9.2 30.4 6.77 l4.4 4.2 8.4 1.8 80.7 22.8 35.6 6.410 14.4 2.5 9.I 3.8 75.5 41.0 49.5 6.215 11.9 2.1 32 3i.7 29.7 40.3 8.8 25.5 7,520 l.6 l.8 20.8 115 30.7 16.430 l9.4 4.l O.6 3.5 22.4 11.2 25.4 IO.6 469 3.24e 13.5 3.7 7.8 3.3 21.l 14.9 152 12.2 83.4 5.450 14.l 5.4 9.4 4.8 14.8 6.4 l32 8.5 49.4 6.2oo 13.2 4.4 14.4 4.6 21.1 10.3 34.0 6,47e 8.5 9.7 9.7 7.2 7.3 le.3 27.3 20.680 12.7 8.0 7.3 35 267 16.1Bot. 55.0 14.8 54.7 7.4 1.2 24.9 O.3 55.C liilX,igLo.se{:lle,g,:/iS..atko.".r.'`s,(.%),,eu:g,l,g.2,.m,.,o,ntheslst expeiment: from 16 Ianuary to 19 March, l9922nd experiment: from 19 M[arch to 15 May, 19923rd experiment: from 15 May to 23 July, l9924th experiment: frem 23 July to 21 September, 19925th experiment: frorn 21 September to 27 November,Bot.: Water-se(liment interfaceBlanks are due to the missing strips199275Evxx"neaoo 20Degradation (%)40 60 80 100204060801OO120loo 20Oegradation {%}40 60 80- ' ii , s'''tstlA'     ---- -e       --    -- - --I--× ee Bacteria" DegradationSediment a  341o7cens em-2)Ev=-acoo1OO204060801OO     Ol2Attached bacteria ( x120 s.tt N-N'dtdi eNt"-"-es.'.'. -..V'BacteriaDegradatioSediment b     Ol2Attached bacteria { x 3  710   4      -2cells cm )Flg. 1. The typical depth profiles ef ceRulose degradation rates and attached bacterianumbers on cellulose film in Lake Soyang. a) third exposure, b} fifth exposure.4.53.01.5o.oae1e     n=252 r=O.81       =O.02eslopeeeee ee3eecy--E e co or otsot'"" xw rc･= co w o oanT mxx o ra:<4.5o 20 40 60 80 1eo3.01.5o.otoeee   n =19    r =O.80slope ==O.05eee  2lee3e4.5o 20 40 60 80 1OO3.01.5o.oceeeee   n=11    r =O.11slope ==O.O04eeo 20   40 60Degradation (%}80 1OOFig.2. The scattergram of cellulose degradation andattached bacteria nurnbers in Lake Soyang.Nurnbered data are excluded for statisticalanalysis. a) surface layer (O - 15 m}, b} middlelayer (20 - 60 m}, c) bottom layer {70 m-bottom}.

The distribution of attached bacteria on cellulose film and cellulose degradation rates in Lake Soyang, Korea.

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The distribution of attached bacteria on cellulose film and cellulose degradation rates in Lake Soyang, Korea.

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