The  paper deals with calculation of influence of toll establishment on  carriage in Czech Republic for domestic and foreign haulers. The outcome  is just first and not very precise, because of small number of nodes  (towns). Further will be this volume put more precisely via add of  nodes. This work is very time-consuming. This paper can be something  like manual for haulers how to count influence of toll establishment

Nachtigall, Petr

Široký, Jaromír

Logistics and Transport (E-Journal)

Logistyka i Transport Influence of toll establIshment In czech RepublIc on hauleRs pRIce’s491. Introduction Since 1st of January 2006 we have in Czech Republic (further only CR) new system of toll dra-wings which is based on Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC). This system is obligatory for vehicles buses with total weight over 12tons and implemented on chosen sections of motorways and fast highways (see Picture 1). That ways were divided into toll stages which are bordered by toll points (toll gates).  The height of toll tariff depends on number of axles and volume of emissions (EURO standard). In the table 1 are those tariffs.Table 1: View of tariffs used in CR [Kč]toll prices on highways and express wayseuRo 0 – 2 euRo 3 – 52 3 4+ 2 3 4+2,30 3,70 5,40 1,70 2,90 4,20Source: www.premid.czpetr nachtIgall*Jaromír ŠIRoký**InfLuence of ToLL esTabLIshmenT In czech RepubLIc on hauLeRs pRIce’sThe paper deals with calculation of influence of toll establishment on carriage in Czech Republic for dome-stic and foreign haulers. The outcome is just first and not very precise, because of small number of nodes (towns). Further will be this volume put more precisely via add of nodes. This work is very time-consu-ming. This paper can be something like manual for haulers how to count influence of toll establishment.*  Ing. Petr Nachtigall, University of Pardubice **  Ing. Jaromír Široký, Ph.D., University of PardubiceInfluence of toll establIshment In czech RepublIc on hauleRs pRIce’s Logistyka i Transport50 Picture 1: Map of road under toll in CR  Source: www.premid.cz Each vehicle which is using paid route must have on board unit (OBU). The price of OBU is app. 1500 Kč and hauler can use 2 types of payment:1.1.1 First of them (pre-pay) is advantageous to foreign haulers and to sporadic users. He is similar to credit recharging system of the cell phone. User will give money to the OBU and after each passage round toll gate is the credit lowered. Under 600 Crowns is driver informed that OBU needs another recharge,1.1.2 Second way (post-pay) is similar to fixed payment tariff by cell phone. Payments are made in accounting periods for whole vehicles and whole kilometers traveled in previous period. Most important difference between cell phones and toll system is in non saving money using post-pay system. In the toll system are nowadays registered app. 150 000 vehicles (90 000 in pre-pay mode and 60 000 in post-pay mode). Each hauler can also on web sites premid.cz on-line monitor instants of time when their vehicle is passing the toll gate and he can see set up of the OBU, time of pass and price of course. That was only short description of toll collecting system in Czech Republic. In the next lines will be reflection over system elements and set-up of the system.2. possibilities for czech Republic System, which is used in Czech Republic, uses principle of microwave transmission and that system was privileged before satellite systems. That system used to look suited for Czech Republic, because of small volume of highways. Nowadays we see that our system will be extended for 1st class roads, where is existing system uneconomic, because of large number of new toll gates and money for maintenance. In the table 2 is proposal of toll prices on 1st class roads. Logistyka i Transport Influence of toll establIshment In czech RepublIc on hauleRs pRIce’s51Table 2: Expected toll prices on 1st class routestoll prices on 1st class routesemission standard euRo 0 – 2 euRo 3 – 5 number of axles 2 3 4+ 2 3 4+Rate Kč/km 1,10 1,80 2,60 0,80 1,40 2,00Source: http://www.schenker.czAnnotation of both systems:• DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communication): Transmission of information is between road facility and (RSE – Road Side Equipment) and on board unit (OBU). The communication is mi-crowave band.• GNSS–CN (Global Navigation Satellite Systems – Cellular Network): That system uses satellite navigation for positioning and measuring of distance run, transmission of information goes over telecommunication network.Table 3: Advantages and disadvantages of both systemsDsRcAdvantages DisadvantagesExtensive use in Europe No compatibility with second systemCheap OBU (app 1 500 Kč) Expensive infrastructureEasy implementation into praxis Small perspectivity of other RTTT (Road-Tran-sport and Traffic Telematics) applicationsgnss-cnAdvantages DisadvantagesCheap ground infrastructure Expensive OBU (app 15 000 Kč)High perspectivity of other RTTT applications Necessity of special control pointsReferences from EU No practical experiences – system in Germany is first applicationSource: author Next elements, which have impact on prices for use of road infrastructure has been set by go-vernment. Those are emission standard and number of axles. In the first case were vehicles divided into 2 groups: EURO 0 – 2 and EURO 3 – 5. That division de-motivates haulers out from buying of new vehicles with EURO 4 or 5. Nowadays, they will pay the same toll for vehicle with EURO 3, 4 and 5. In the second case are vehicles divided into three groups according to number of axles (up to 3, 4 and 5), but the haulers motivation is similar to the first case (i.e. low), because semitrailer tractor has minimally two axles. The semitrailer has one, two, but most frequently three axles (one is retractable). So that 90 % of semitrailer units will pay the most expensive toll. Regardless of possible differences for full and empty semitrailers. Influence of toll establIshment In czech RepublIc on hauleRs pRIce’s Logistyka i Transport523. financial impact on haulers3.1. selection of nodes (cities) How was the impact of those changes on haulers? It depends on hauling distance and percentage of hauling distance on paid traffic route. Next lines will answer for the question about average haulingTable 4: Unified nodesnum-ber of nodesfinal node Unified nodes3 Františkovy Lázně aš Františkovy Lázněcheb3 Tachov Mariánské LázněTachov Rozvadov2 Karlovy Vary Karlovy VarySokolov3 Rokycany Příbram Rokycany Plzeň2 Domažlice Domažlice Folmava3 Strakonice Strakonice Písek prachatice5 České Budějovice České BudějoviceČeský KrumlovDolní Dvo-řištěJindřichův hradecTábor6 Jihlava Pelhřimov Třebíč Havlíčkův brodJihlava humpo-lecŽďár nad Sázavou5 praha beroun praha kladno Benešov Rakovník4 pardubice pardubice chrudim hradec KrálovéRych-nov nad Kněžnou3 Náchod Náchod Trutnov Královec4 liberec liberec Jabolonec nad nisouhabartice semily6 Chomutov Chomutov Hora Sv. ŠebestiánaŽatec louny most Kadaň6 Ústí nad labem Ústí nad labemČeská Lípa Litoměřice Děčín teplice Cínovec4 Mladá Boleslav Mladá BoleslavJičín Mělník Nymburk2 kolín kolín Kutná Hora2 Svitavy Svitavy Ústí nad orlicí4 Jeseník Jeseník Mikulovice Bruntál Šumperk6 Ostrava Ostrava Karviná Frýdek – MístekČeský TěšínChalupki Opava4 Vsetín Vsetín Horní Bečva zlín Nový Jičín4 olomouc olomouc Kroměříž Přerov Prostějov3 Uherské Hradiště Uherské HradištěStarý Hro-zenkovhodonín2 Hatě Hatě Znojmo3 brno brno Blansko Vyškov2 Břeclav Břeclav Mikulov   Source: AuthorLogistyka i Transport Influence of toll establIshment In czech RepublIc on hauleRs pRIce’s53distance. Authors’ research came out from 91 largest cities and border checkpoints in Czech Republic 1. First step of solution was reduction of nodes, cause matrix 91 to 91 has 8281 values (unreduced number of nodes), so that some cities were unified into one node. Therefore resultant value is just suboptimum which can be further improved. In the next table 4 are unified nodes.   After that reduction fairly good matrix 25 to 25 (225 values – reduced number of nodes) has been set. Next step was matrix of minimal distances from internet server www.mapy.cz. Whereas the differen-ce between distances A – B and B – A is small, they are called equate. Whole table is in supplement 1.3.2. matrix of paid toll Next step of the solution was matrix of paid toll. Those values are in matrix in supplement 2. Data were taken from web calculator on www.premid.cz for basic settings EURO 0-2 and 2 axles. 3.3. matrix of rates of distances on paid routes to whole hauling distance That step is very important for the solution, but without self predicative value. That table is in supplement 3. The mathematic formula for that matrix is in formula 1: 100×=ijkmijij dppx [%]   (1)where: xij matrix of rates of distances on paid routes to whole hauling distance i – j, pij matrix element from supplement 2, pkm toll per kilometer (2,3 Kč/km), dij matrix elements from supplement 1.3.4. Calculation of average hauling distance with nodes rating The next to the last step is calculating average distance hauled on paid route with nodes rating (that rating is first column from table 4. The formula 2 calculates new matrix with nodes rating. This matrix is in the table in supplement 4:   jiijij wwxx ××=*      [-]    (2)where: x*ij elements from matrix in supplement 4, xij elements from matrix in supplement 3, wi, wj rating of node i and j.1 Aš, Benešov, Beroun, Blansko, Brno, Bruntál, Břeclav, Cínovec, Česká Lípa, České Budějovice, Český Krumlov, Český Těšín, Děčín, Dolní Dvořiště, Domažlice, Folmava, Františkovy Lázně, Frýdek – Místek, Habartice, Hatě, Havlíčkův Brod, Hodonín, Hora Sv. Šebestiána, Horní Bečva, Hradec Králové, Humpolec, Chalupki, Cheb, Chomutov, Chrudim, Jabolonec na Nisou, Jeseník, Jičín, Jihlava, Jindřichův Hradec, Kadaň, Karlovy Vary, Karviná, Kladno, Kolín, Královec, Kroměříž, Kutná Hora, Liberec, Litoměřice, Louny, Mariánské Lázně, Mělník, Mikulov, Mikulovice, Mladá Boleslav, Most, Náchod, Nový Jičín, Nymburk, Olomouc, Opava, Ostrava, Pardubice, Pelhřimov, Písek, Plzeň, Praha, Prachatice, Prostějov, Přerov, Příbram, Rakovník, Rokycany, Rozvadov, Rychnov nad Kněžnou, Semily, Sokolov, Starý Hrozenkov, Strakonice, Svitavy, Šumperk, Tábor, Tachov, Teplice, Trutnov, Třebíč, Uherské Hradiště, Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Orlicí, Vsetín, Vyškov, Zlín, Znojmo, Žatec, Žďár nad SázavouInfluence of toll establIshment In czech RepublIc on hauleRs pRIce’s Logistyka i Transport54The formula 3 is for calculation of average hauling distance hauled on paid route: 100221,*×−=∑=nnxdrnjiijp [%]     (3)where: dp average hauling distance hauled on paid routes, x*ij elements from matrix in supplement 4, nr reduced number of nodes, n unreduced number of nodes. That way was calculated value 44 %. That means that during haul users goes approximately 44 % on paid roads. So that we have to calculate average hauling distance for calculation of price rising.3.5. Monetary value of toll implementation The last step is only calculation of average hauling distance from matrix in supplement 1 accor-ding to formula 4:  nnddrnjiij−=∑=D221,  [km]       (4)where: dD average hauling distance, dij elements from matrix in supplement 1, nr reduced number of nodes, n unreduced number of nodes. Resultant value of the calculation is 223,05 km. So that we haul on paid route at a medium:  d = dD x dp = 98km. The monetary value of toll implementation is in the table 5.Table 5: Average paid tollAverage paid toll [Kč]euRo 0 – 2 euRo 3 – 52 3 4+ 2 3 4+225 363 529 167 284 412Source: Author4. conclusion As mentioned about, calculated values are just a suboptimum, which will be further improved by adding of nodes. However we can say that impact of toll implementation isn’t negligible and haulers will count the toll towards their prices.The paper was written under institutional research „Theory of transport systems” (MSM 0021627505) University of Pardubice.Recenzent: doc. Ing. Vaclav CempirekLogistyka i Transport Influence of toll establIshment In czech RepublIc on hauleRs pRIce’s55Supplement 1: Matrix of minimal distances [km] ta-chovKarlovy VaryRoky-canyDomaž-liceStrako-niceČeské Budějo-viceJihlavaprahapardu-biceNáchodlibereccho-mu-tovÚstí nad labemMladá bole-slavkolínSvitavyJeseníkostra-vaVsetínolomo-ucuher-ské hradi-štěHatěbrnoBřeclavFrantiško-vy Lázně6048133110185245306178291333265104166225253373446558540462460394388437Tachov688259135195281158267308268124192223229348422534516438436369364413Karlovy Vary10512116922925913124428621956120179207326399511494416413347341391Rokycany818714720683191233193103170148154273346458441363360294288338Domažlice83141279156264306265161243220227346419531513435433296361410Strakonice57157115218260219182203174180231373410392314312213237289České Budějovice139148202292251251239206186214326392375297295159220272Jihlava12591154228228216183831032172642471691678892144praha10715010998916469190264381363286283213204260pardubice65120217184994573179243229139217183139193Náchod1322582251189792111218246160239238160227liberec1659751104174246347329243385318243362Chomutov64144175294367482465387384319312362Ústí nad labem85143262336466448370368301296345Mladá Boleslav59159231330312226337270262314kolín120209290272186238171163215Svitavy1121761587214614667134Jeseník11619597187257177236Ostrava74100140250180229Vsetín8260233163130olomouc7515681132Uherské Hradiště1538066Hatě7994brno61Influence of toll establIshment In czech RepublIc on hauleRs pRIce’s Logistyka i Transport56Supplement 2: Matrix of paid toll [Kč] ta-chovKarlovy VaryRoky-canyDoma-žliceStrako-niceČeské Budějo-viceJihlavaprahapardu-biceNáchodlibereccho-mu-tovÚstí nad labemMladá bole-slavkolínSvitavyJeseníkostra-vaVsetínolomo-ucuher-ské hradi-štěHatěbrnoBřeclavFrantiško-vy Lázně1527,9169,415146,2146,2586,9311,3491491527,127,953,6439,6425,34914911038,3894,7950,2813586,9775892,8Tachov0154,40131,2131,2571,9296,3476476512,10431,7424,6410,34764761023,3879,7935,2798571,9760877,8Karlovy Vary9,4016,116,1333,148,8237,2237,2273,3025,7185,8171,5237,2237,2784,5640,9696,4559,2333,1521,2639Rokycany69,200417,5141,9321,6321,6357,70277,3270,2255,9321,6321,6868,9725,3780,8643,6417,5605,6723,4Domažlice00486,7211,1390,8390,8426,90346,5339,4325,1390,8390,8938,1794,5850712,8486,7674,8792,6Strakonice049,473,5236,1236,1272,2113,1194,7184,7170,40236,1500,8357,2412,7275,50237,5355,3České Budějovice060,10222,7258,8125,5181,3171,3000500,8357,2412,7275,50237,5355,3Jihlava258,500457,2323,9379,7369,700347,2435,3291,7347,22100172289,8praha162,6162,6198,734,1121,2111,296,9162,6162,6709,9566,3621,8484,6258,5446,6564,4pardubice025,2279,6279,674,241,50011081,152,5160,40122,4240,2Náchod25,5279,6279,6041,50011081,152,559,400112,5liberec25,7087,59625,525,5135,5106,678666,5440,425,5746,3Chomutov25,7224,6213,9279,6279,6775,3631,7687,2550323,9512629,8Ústí nad labem0213,9279,6279,6831,1687,5743605,8379,7567,8685,6Mladá Boleslav8,500145,6660,752,5579352,9541658kolín041,5451,4307,8363,3226,10188,1305,9Svitavy011081,152,515,246,80112,5Jeseník028,606,9222152,4282,4Ostrava28,957,528,9310,1240,5370,5Vsetín28,60166,596,90olomouc6,9222152,4282,4Uherské Hradiště84,815,20Hatě46,80brno112,5Logistyka i Transport Influence of toll establIshment In czech RepublIc on hauleRs pRIce’s57Supplement 3: Matrix of rates of distances on paid routes to whole hauling distance [%] ta-chovKarlovy VaryRoky-canyDoma-žliceStrako-niceČeské Budějo-viceJihlavaprahapardu-biceNáchodlibereccho-mutovÚstí nad labemMladá bole-slavkolínSvitavyJeseníkostra-vaVsetínolomo-ucuher-ské hradi-štěHatěbrnoBřeclavFrantiško-vy Lázně11255563426837673648612148573574881728977658789Tachov0820422988827867830988378594983749380679192Karlovy Vary40435616423654094536322667567359426671Rokycany370088747360810717972514082727294786291Domažlice0076596456700626762494177676785727181Strakonice01428473954274246410285340405738044České Budějovice018033452233360005641416041047Jihlava90008762768800707251895508188praha66477915587661372781689574539594pardubice0956663340002015163203854Náchod8475401900221414110022liberec707540651714147560590Chomutov176853413370597762447176Ústí nad labem065463678678772558386Mladá Boleslav60019921075579091kolín096849854105062Svitavy0272232514037Jeseník0602383752Ostrava17259545870Vsetín15031260olomouc4628293Uherské Hradiště2480Hatě260brno80Influence of toll establIshment In czech RepublIc on hauleRs pRIce’s Logistyka i Transport58Supplement 4: Matrix of rates of distances on paid routes to whole hauling distance with nodes rating ta-chovKarlovy VaryRoky-canyDomaž-liceStrako-niceČeské Budějo-viceJihlavaprahapardu-biceNáchodlibereccho-mutovÚstí nad labemMladá bole-slavkolínSvitavyJeseníkOstravaVsetínolomo-ucuher-ské hradi-štěHatěbrnoBřeclavFrantiško-vy Lázně58,772,8662,939,1572,1953,54593,12030,22561,71921,32750,1218,3419,52293,61109,51280,92561,78125,84668,04957,63181,31531,03032,62329,0Tachov0,0604,20,0513,4855,74475,71932,42483,51862,62671,80,03378,52215,31070,31241,72483,58008,44589,74879,33122,61491,92973,92289,9Karlovy Vary24,50,042,070,01737,9212,2825,0618,8950,60,0134,1646,3298,3412,5825,04093,02229,22422,31458,8579,31359,71111,3Rokycany0,00,00,02331,62296,9729,11031,62253,10,01314,91619,3641,6473,31323,95137,23930,03784,23055,31679,01633,71579,8Domažlice0,00,01283,31641,5803,2879,51714,60,01197,81303,9548,0445,91122,53862,12860,42763,52217,41239,71269,71173,6Strakonice0,0140,4654,4649,8774,61686,11065,11366,11124,3429,70,0762,93565,61949,21863,71614,9718,70,0619,6České Budějovice0,0613,50,01004,72618,01637,02483,51728,20,00,00,05432,43246,93106,12691,51197,80,01032,6Jihlava3371,70,00,04770,85069,75943,13857,70,00,03623,06813,43043,83623,01643,50,01346,11512,0praha1413,91060,41727,8444,81580,9967,0421,3707,01413,99259,64924,35407,03160,41123,92912,62453,9pardubice0,0175,32917,62917,6516,2144,30,00,01147,8564,2365,2836,90,0638,6835,5Náchod133,02188,22188,20,0108,30,00,0860,9423,1273,9232,40,00,0293,5liberec268,20,0608,7333,988,7177,41413,9741,6542,63477,41531,8133,02595,8Chomutov402,32343,71116,01458,82917,612135,16591,77170,84304,31689,94007,03285,9Ústí nad labem0,01116,01458,82917,613008,57173,97753,04741,01981,04443,73577,0Mladá Boleslav29,60,00,01519,34596,2365,23020,91227,52822,62288,7kolín0,0144,32355,11070,61263,7589,80,0490,7532,0Svitavy0,0573,9282,1182,639,781,40,0195,7Jeseník0,0199,00,036,0772,2795,1982,3Ostrava301,6600,0226,21617,91882,21933,0Vsetín199,00,0579,1505,60,0olomouc36,0772,2795,1982,3Uherské Hradiště221,259,50,0Hatě122,10,0brno293,5

Influence of toll establishment in Czech Republic on haulers price's

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Influence of toll establishment in Czech Republic on haulers price's

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