The literature has identified promising findings regarding the application of methodology
using visual art to develop the cognitive skill of observation and description to enhance critical
thinking among medical students. This longitudinal controlled quasi-experimental study aims to
demonstrate that Visual Thinking Strategies method and other art activities are effective in
improving and maintaining the ability to observe, describe and critically interpret artistic or medical
images in undergraduate medical students. The course of art and medicine was given at the 3rd, 4th,
and 5th year at the same cohort of students within the curriculum of Medicine and Surgery of
Sapienza University of Rome and a baseline pre-post assessment was performed using a validated
rubric to score a written test on observation and interpretation of paintings and clinical images. All
the students increased their score from pre to post-test in the 3rd year, but only the students
attending the electives during the 4th and 5th year maintained their ability to observe, describe and
critically interpret. Our findings suggest that The Visual Thinking Strategies, as arts-based learning
activities, are an effective methodology to increase the professional abilities of medical students but
if our findings are coherent with what is already known about the effectiveness of the observation of
fine arts to increase clinical visual skills but it needs persistence of these activities. Therefore they
should be added to medical curricula as a mandatory component
