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Latornadedecisionesenelambitomarifimo:surepercusiénenlacooperaciéninternacionalyenlasituaciéndelasgentesdelmarJ oséManuelSobrinoHeredia(Director)EditorialØBomarzoINDICEPRESENTACIÒN.7Primeraediclòn:diciembre2016©EditoriaiBomarzoS.L.c/DionisioGuardiolaI,4”02002Mhacete(Espaha)editoriajbomarzoR000comtvwwcdjrorialbomarzoesQuedanrigurosamenteprohibidas,sinlaaurorizaciénescritadeltitulardel“Copyright”,bajolassancionesestablecidasenlasIeyes,lareproducci,intoraioparcialdeestaobraporcualquiermediooprocedimiento,comprendidoslareprografiave!tratamienminformitico,yladistribuciàndeejemplaresdeellamediantealquiler.ImpresoenEspa6a.ISBN:978-84-16608-51-5D.L.:AB595-2016Disefzo:JavierHidaigoRomero.Maquetaciòn:JuanGòmezRubio.Imprime:PublfcepPRIMERAPARTE:LAPARTICIPACIÒNDELASORGANIZACIONESINTERNACIONALESENLATOMADEDECISIONES11LadecisiéndelaAsambleaGeneraidelasNNUUdeelaboraruninstrurnentojurfdicosobre“conservaciényusosostenibledeladiversidadbioiégicamarinafueradelaszonasdejurisdicciénnaciona]”.An5lisisdesdelaperspectivadela“Diplomaciaparlarnentaria”.AnnaAi.BadfaiMartE13LosAcuerdosdeAsociaciònEconòmicaentrelaUniònEuropea‘,‘ lospafsesACP:lucesysombrasparalossectorespesquerosenlospaisesdelCaribeydeAfricadelSur.AnnOioC.Biirgin31EiretodelaratificaciéndelConvenioOITa”188sobrecitrabajoenlapesca.]ainzecahecaPere/ra47LatornadedecisionesencifimbitodelaUEendesarroilodelConveniosobretrabajomarftimoylascondicionesdeempleoydetrabajodelagentedelrnaiIgnacioCaniòsVictoria61LaUniònEuropea,importanteactorenciderechointernacionaldelapescamaritima.RafaelCasadoRaigòn91LacompetenciaextemadelaUniònEuropeaenrelaciénconlaratificaciòndeciertosconveniosmarftimos.RostrioEspinosaCalabttig103Mejoradecondicionesdevidaabordodelospescadores:cipapeldelaO1T.FranciscaFerndndePro!119LaOpiniònConsultivadelTribunalInternacionaldeDerechodelMarde2deabrilde2015:cuestionesderepresentaciOnexterioryresponsabilidadintemacionaidelaUniénEuropea.PaolaGardaAndrade133LosaspectosjurisdiccionalesdelaopiniònconsultivasornetidaalTribunalInternacionaldeDerechodelMarporlaComisiònSubregionaldePesca.MiguelGardaGarcfa-RevitlovEdoardoJinzé;iezPiìieda155EIaccesodetercerosEstadosalasorganizacionesinternacionalesdepesca:Unacuestiònarevisar.MaiutetHi,iojaRojas167LaPoliticadelaUniònEuropearelativaaletiquetadodelosproductospesqueros.Petrtt(aE/eisaIspas189Decisionmakingandmaritimelaw:theroleofthelexmaritima.AndreaLeiMattina201Laparticipaci6ndelasOrganizacionesintemacionalesenlaconservaciònvgestiéndelapescaenaguasprofundas.GabrielaA.Oanta205REDEXMARMINISTERJODEECONOMiAYCOMPETrtIvIDADIPETRUTAELENASPAS8.CONCLU5IONESEiproblemadeletiquetadodelosalimentoshaconstitujdoysigUconstituvendo,engenerai,unproblemaactualdelaUniònEuropea.Justoporestarazén,senotaunaContinuapreocupaciònaniveldeIasinstitucionesdelaUniénEuropeaconciobjetivodemejorarlosrequisitosdeietiquetadodelosalimentosparagarantizaraloscon.sumidoresfinalescihechodequelosaiimentoscumplenlasnorma5existentesenlalegislaciéndelaUniònEuropeay,alavez,enelcasoquenocumplieranlosrequisitos,laspersonasoiflStitUCionesrespon.sablestienenqueresponderdeformajurfdica.EIetiquetadodelosalimentosengeneraiydeiosproductospesquerossobretodo,tieneunpapelmuvimportanteparaasegurarlaseguri..daddelosconsumidores.Paraqueciconsumidorpuedadecidir,seletienequeinformardemanei-alegaisobrelascuahdadesdeialimentoquedeseaconsumir.Poreso,aniveieuropeo,cietiquetadodelosahmentosocupaunpapelimportanteencicumphmientodelaspoifticasadoptadasaestenivel.i200iDECISIONMAKINGANDMARITIMELAW:THEROLEOFTHELEXMARITIMAAndreaLaMattinaProfessorediDirittodettaNavigazioneUniversit?tdiGenova1. Theaimofthispaperistopointoutsomespecfficfeaturesregardingthesourcesofmaritimelawandtheverypecuharroleofcommercialoperatorsas“decisionmakers”inthisfleid.ItseemstomethatinmaritimeIawthe“normal”interplayingbetweenintemationalorganizations,Stateiawsandoperatorsassumesdifferentcharacteristicswithrespecttoothersectorsoftheinternationaltrade.Inparticular,thespecialtyofmaritimelawinrelationtothistopicismarkedandevidencedbytwoftmndamentalaspects.2.InthefirstpiacemaritimeIawisa‘jttsco;ntttuneniercatorttiìt’thatoriginatesfromcustomandislargelvinciudedinintemationalconventionsorinnationaliaws:thisensuresessentiailysimiiarlegaisoiutions,althoughthewordingisnotalwaysidenticaiduetothedifferenceofthedoctrinesfromwhicheachofthemtookinspiration.ThatithasbeencleariystatedbytheUSCourtssince1875:intheTheLottawannacaseithasbeenafflrmedthat“ithappensthat,fmmthegeneraipracticeofco,umerciatnationsinmakingthescttnegenerattawthebasisandgrottndworkoftheirrespectiveniaritintesvstents,thegreatinassofntariti,netai’u’hichisthusreceivedbythesenationsincoimnon,comestobethecom;ioninaritimeta-ii’ofthewortd”,hence‘thereceivedmar—itinietaii’niavctifferindiffei-entcotintrieswithotttaffectingthegeneraiintegrirvof thesvstenzasahamtoniottswhote”184.Inthiscontext,theimportantcontributionofintemationalorganizationssuchastheComitéMaritimeIntemationai(CMI),IMO,UNCTADandUNCITRALinthe“making”ofconventionsforthe(re)unification88U.S.558,573(1875).SecaisoHOUGH, AdiniralteJurisdiction—OfLateYears,inHai-i’.L.Rev.,1924,529ff.:“,izaritimelan’isabodvofseactistoms.(...)cttstomofthesecinctiidesac,js(o,naryioterpretatiolzofcoiltractlanguage”;andCARBONE,5.andSCHIANODlPEPE,L.,Conflittidisovranitàedileggiileitrafficimarittimiti-adirittointenzacionaleedirittodell Vizioneeuropea,Torino,2010,3fE.201ANDREALAMATTINAEDECISIONMAKINGANDMARITIMELAW:THEROLEOFTHELEXMARITIMAIThegeneraitendencytoaninternationailegaiuniformity—thatdifferentiatesandcharacterizesthissubjectwithrespecttoaHotherareasofintemationalcommerce—makesciearthatwithinmaritimematters,thequestionofwhatreguiationappliestoasingiecasegivesrisenotoniytoachoice-of-lawissue,butaiso(and,perhaps,rather)totheneedtoreconstructthemostappropriatelegainiietodecidethecaseatissue,liyinterpretingconventionsandlorstateiawsasa‘uniform’system,takingintoaccountthereievanceofthepracticesoFinternationaimaritimeoperators.Inthissense,maritimelawonlyaccentuatessomethingthatisti-ueforaliinternationaicommerciailanamelytheinadequacyofthetraditionalchoice-of-lawmethodtosalveprobiemsconcerningtheidentificationofthelawgoverningaspecificlegaireiationship.3.Iiithesecondpiace,theotherspecificfeatureofmaritimeiawisthatpartyautonomyaisotakesgreaterreievanceinthisareaasatooioF‘materialjustice’aimedatdirectlygoverningagivensituationandwithoutthefilteroftheprovisionsofprivateinternationaliaw.Inshort,themaritimeareaconfirmsits‘speciahtv’inrelationtoothersectorsofinternationalcommercialiaw.Itcompelsjudges/arbitratorstodeterminethelawapplicabletoaspecificcasehavingregards:•i1otmdvtothepracticesofinternationaimaritimeindustryoperators(whichisaproper‘fliter’throughwhichmaritimeiawshouldbeinterpretedevenbystatecourtsandinthissenseithasbeenfttndamentaitheworkofinternationaiorganizationssuchasCMIandBIMCOintheelaborationandcollectionofstandardformcontract,ciausesandguidehnes),•btitatsototheactuaivilloftheparties,which—inthisarea,andinparticuiarinthecontextofthelegairegulationofmaritimecari-iagedocumentedbycharterparties—takesthedecisiveroleofa‘materialjustice’standard,capableofouthningtheactuallegalbackgroundofeachlegaireiationship.Inthisregard,reievantconiinoniawcaseshaveciarifiedthatinthissectorcustomsarefundamentalfarinterpretingandunderstandingthevilioftheparties485.4.Notwithstandingthat,wecannotdenytheimportanceandmeaningoftheindicationofEnghshlawastheapphcabielawintheformsmostfrequentiyusedbyinternationalmaritimeoperators.Butwithsuchindicationthepartiescertainlyintendto‘rely’onthesystemthatis,amongali,theonethathascontributedmosttothedevelopmentandthecorrectinterpretationoFthephnciplesofthesocallediex;naritiina,whichrepresents—evenwhenthepartiesmakenochoice—thecorpusofprovisionsonwhichmaritirnejudgesandarbitratorsvi1ihavetofoundtheirdecisions.WithsuchexpressionImean,inparticuiar,thattheiawappliedbyinstitutionscalledtodecideinternationaimaritimedisputesisbasedonacorpusoflegaiprincipieswhich—evenwhentheyareinciudedor‘codified’innationailegisiations—haveacommonoriginandarecomprisedoftwa‘constitutiveeiements’:•ontheoneside,thelexmercatoria(whichincludesboththeinternationaiconventionsonmaritimetransports,andtheusesandcustomscommoniyacceptedinsuchindustrv487,•ontheotherside,thecontractuaiformsandtempiateswhicharemostfrequentlyusedbyintemationalmaritimeoperators458.•SaitistinCorpag.vKho:esta,tIvlashineKarCo.,926f.Supag.436,439(S.D.N.Y.1996):“[W]hereasherethecontractisoneof charterpart’;estabhshedpracticesandciistouisoftheshippingindtistn’iii ftsiithecourt’sano/isisofwhatthepartiesagreedto’;•GreatCi,deLines,Ltd.v.Matheson&Co.,681f.2d121,125(CA.1982):“CertainlotzgstattdingCttstonis0/theshippingi,zclitstrvorecrttcialfactorsiobeconsideredn’lietidecidingwhethertherehasbeniaineetiiigo/the,tiiitdsai?amaritittiecontract”.456VANHOOYDONK,E.,Towardstworldwiderestatetiie,ltofthegeneraipriticipleso[niaritittielati’(2014)20J1ML171.Seealithefoliowingcasesquotedabove:Stolt-Nieiseui’AniniatFeedsbiteniCorp559U.S.SupremeCarni559(2010);Sattzsim‘orpi’Jiozestan,JashmeKarCo926f.Supp.436,439(SDNY1996);GreatCircteLhies,LtdvMatheso;s&Co,Ltd681f.2d121,125(2dCir1982);andA.FALL,Defi.’nceaiidIilitstratiotiofLexMercatoriatuMari-timeArbitration(1998)J.IntiArb.83.Moreingeneraionthistopicsec,amongothers,BASEDOW,J.,Lexmercatoriaedirittointernazionaleprivatodeicontratti:iutaprospettiroeconomica,inLiberFaustoPocar,Milano,2009,55ff.andANTONINI,A.,L’auto-nonnadeidirittodellanavigazione,ilruolodeldirittocomiitieelaposizionesistematicadeltalegislazionestillanavigazionedadiporto,inDO:trasp.,2014,479.TETLEY,W.,TheGeneraiMarititneLati’TheLexMaritima[19961Eur.T.L.497;CORTAZZO,R.J.,Det’elopineiitatidTrendso[theLexMaritbnafromItiteniattonalA,bitratio,iJtmsprudetice,inJ.MarL.&Coni.,2012,p.255.Ingenerai,oncontractuaiformsandstandardusedbyshippingoperatorssecBOI,Icontrattimarittimi.Ladisciplinadeiformulari,Milano,2008.ofdifferentareasofmaritimelawinalargepartithastobeinterpretedasa“codification”oftraditionalcustomsorusages.Insum,asithasbeenaffirmed,seif-regulationisapropersourceofmaritimelaw486.Sec,farexampie:Stoli-Nielsenv..4tnuiaiFeedsInteniatiotiaiCorp.559U.S.SupremeCourt(2010):“UnderbotiiNewYorklati’andgetteraimaritiatelati;et’ideticeof“ciistomatidusage”isreteianttodeternihntigtheparties’intetitn’lietianexpressagreettientisatnbigitoits”;202I203’ANDREALAMATTINAInthisregarditshouidbeconsideredinthefirstpiacethatthelexiliaritimacanoniyfindfertilegroundtotheextentthatastateiawailowsitsdeveiopmentandapphcation.Moreover,ashasbeenunderiinedevenrecentiy’,theuniformtransportlaw,likethecommercialusagesgeneraHyacceptedbyinternationaimaritimecommerceoperators,need(i)constant‘additions’byinternaliawprovisionstofilitheirgapsorpermittheiractualimpiementation,and(ii)theenforcementbynationaijudges(aisowhenrecognizingandimpiementingarbitrationdecisions).6.Theseconsiderationsleadtoamoregeneraiconclusion.Intemationalmaritimecommerceincreasinglytakes‘centriftigai’directionswithrespecttostatelaws.Theexistenceandtheapplicationinintemationalmaritimedisputesofamodenilexinaritimaconfirmtheprogressiveshiftfroma‘state-centricperspective’inregulatingtherelationshipsamongmaritimeindustryoperatorsand,consequentlconfirmthatthetechniquesbasedonchoiceofiawareiessandiesssignificanttoidentifythelegaiprovisionsaimedatgoverningsuchrelationships.Businessoperatorsofthemaritimecommerceindustrysectheirrelationshipsasnotsubjecttoasingienationaliabuttoadifferentlegaitreatment,withpecuhargroupstatutes(consistingofthelexmaritirna),whichcomeintopiaytomeettheneedsofsuchoperators.Inotherwords,intransnationalmaritimetheiaw,intendedasthemandatoryreguiation,wherebyasingiestateaffirmsitssovereigntisreplaced(inaiargepartatleast)byamscomnirnelnercatorwn,representedbvthetexRirnritilna,whichapphesinthereiationshipsamongintemationaimaritimecommerceoperators,asaconsequenceoftheirstatus.ThisphenomenonthatIbaveoncecalied‘status,nercatoi-ius’thusappearsasa‘balancingelement’ofthelegaireguiationappiyingtointernationalmaritimecommerceoperators‘onapersonaibasis’:thatis,itailowsthemtobenefitfromaflexibletreatmentfoUowingtheprinciplesofthefavorconimerciiand,inparticular,tosatisfytheneedsforexpeditiousnessandpromptnesswhicharetypicaiformaritimetraffics489.GabrielaA.Oanta39°ProfesoraContratadaDoctora(acreditadaThular)deDerechointeniacio,ial pùblicoyRelacionesinternacionalest]niversidadedaCoruiialntroducci6n.1.LacontribucriTdelasOrganizacìonesinterTaclonalesdeImbitouniversalalaconservaciénygestiòndelapescadeaguasprofundas,1.1,LacontribuciòndelaAsambleaGeTeraldelasNacionesUTidasenrelaciénconlaconservaciònygestiòndelapescadeaguasprofundas.1.2.LacontribuciòndeaOrgaTiZaCiònparalaAlimentaciénylaAgricolturaenrelaci6nconlaconservaciònygestiéTdelapescadeaguasprotundas.2.Cacontribuci6ndelasOrganizacionesinternacionalesregionalesconcompetenciasenelImbitodelaconservaciòeygesti6ndelapescadeaguasprofundas.3.LapoliticadelaUni6nEuropearelativaalaconservaciénygestiòndelapescaenaguasprotundas.Consideracionesfinales.INTRODUCCIÒNLapescaenaguasprofundascomenzòaliamarlaatenciéndelaComunidadinternacionalhaceescasosafios.Estapescaconstituyeunaactividadeconémicaquesereahzaenaguasqueseencuentranenlaszonasmsproftmdasdelosmaresyocéanos,enaquellosiugaresdéndeesdificiiquelosEstadospuedanejerceruncontroleficazdema-neracontinuada.Muchasveces,ademhs,estapescasedesarrollaenespaciosmarinosqueseencuentranm6sallàdelajurisdicci6ndelosEstados,loquehailevadoaunapartedeladoctrinaaconsiderarqueéstaserealizaenloslugaresmenosprotegidosenlaTierra491.Seconsideraquelosfondosmarinosyocednicosalbergan,enlaactualidad,muchasespeciespesqueras,alasquehabrfaqueafiadirespeciespesquerasquenoseconocenporcompletooinclusoespeciespesque490ORCIDID:0000-0002-1098-4758.CoordinadoradelMòduloJeanMonnet“PoliticamarftimaintegradadelaUniònEuropea”.Opinionconsultadaen:MOORE,R.;ROBERTSFURGERSON,J.,«IntroductorvNotetoInternationalGuidelinesfortheManagementofDeep-SeaFisheriesintheHighSeas”,ILM,voI.47,2008,p.994.NuevaZelandayAustraliafueronlospHmerospafsesenpescarespeciesdeaguasprofundas,enlosafiossetentayochentadelsiglopasado.Véanseigualmente:LOWRY,T.,“ProtectingtheMysteriesoftheDeep:ConservingBiodiversityinMarineAreasbeyondNationalJurisdiction”,DalIsosisieJosinzatofLegaiStssdies,voI.16,2007,p.113;MOLENAAR,Ei.,“UnregulatedDeep-SeaFisheries:ANeedforaMulti-LevelApproach”,TheIntematiooaiJossmal ofMarinea;zdcoastatLeis’,vol.19,n°3,2004,pp.223-224.Thus,clearly,the‘state-based’approachisincreasingiylosingweightinthecontextofmaritimedisputesolution.5.This,however,shouidnotbeintendedtomeanthatintemationaimaritimecommercerelationshipsarecompleteiyimpenetrabletostatelaws.LAPARTICIPACIÒNDELASORGANIZACIONESINTERNACIONALESENLACONSERVACIÒNYGESTIÒNDELAPESCAENAGUASPROFUNDAS°LAMATTINA,A.,L’arbitratoinarittinsoeiprincipidelcOlnnzerciointenza2ionale,Milano,2012,215ff;ID,Ctatisolediderogaallagitirisdizioiseinpolizzadicaricoeusidelcommerciointernazionaletra0000ativaintensaedisciplinacomimitada,inDirA1aritt.,2002,473-474.2o4F12051

Decision Making and Maritime Law: the Role of the Lex Maritima

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Decision Making and Maritime Law: the Role of the Lex Maritima

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Archivio della ricerca - Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II