The phytoplankton assemblages in Lake Trashmore, Virginia, a borrow pit, were dominated by centric diatoms and cyanobacteria, with seasonal pulses of cryptomonads, euglenoids, and chlorophyceans. Ninety species were identified and their abundance levels noted for a 12-month period

Marshall, Harold G.

Sheavly, Seba B.

English

Old Dominion University

Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Biological Sciences Faculty Publications Biological Sciences 1989 Phytoplankton Composition in a Borrow Pit Lake in Virginia Seba B. Sheavly Harold G. Marshall Old Dominion University, hmarshal@odu.edu Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/biology_fac_pubs  Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Biology Commons, and the Fresh Water Studies Commons Original Publication Citation Sheavly, S. B., & Marshall, H. G. (1989). Phytoplankton composition in a borrow pit lake in Virginia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 102(1), 272-279. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34606863 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@odu.edu. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 102(1), 1989, pp. 272-279 PHYTOPLANKTON COMPOSITION IN A BORROW PIT LAKE IN VIRGINIA Seba B. Sheavly and Harold G. Marshall Abstract. - The phytoplankton assemblages in Lake Trashmore, Virginia, a borrow pit, were dominated by centric diatoms and cyanobacteria, with sea-sonal pulses of cryptomonads, euglenoids, and chlorophyceans. Ninety species were identified and their abundance levels noted for a 12-month period. Borrow pit lakes are generally associated with highway construction and residential la.ndscaping. In contrast, this borrow pit lake was formed as part of an above-ground landfill operation. Alternate layers of soil and refuse were laid down to eventually for111 a mound that was capped with soil, then landscaped. The pit formed in this process was gradually filled with water by 1971. The lake is located in Virginia Beach, Virginia, where it is now a part of a recreational park complex. The lake has a mean depth of 4 m, a maximum depth of 7.3 m, a surface area of 21 ha, and a volume of 8.4 x 105 m 3 (Virginia State Water Control Board 1982). The surrounding area is highly de-veloped. The lake is flanked to the north and south by major highways and is adja-cent to the disposal mound (Mount Trash-more) on the west, with residential devel-opment along the eastern section. The purpose of this study was to identify the seasonal phytoplankton composition and concentrations of this lake and to make comparisons with a phytoplankton survey of the lake made over a decade ago (Cocke 1973). Other phytoplankton studies in Virginia have concentrated on the two natural lakes in the state, Lake Drummond and Moun-tain Lake (Simmons & Neff 1974, Marshall 1979). In addition, the National Eutrophi-cation Survey (Anonymous 1972) included eight other Virginia lakes and reservoirs that were of greater size than Lake Trashmore, and all were found to be eutrophic. Phyto-plankton were included in a limited water quality study during the early formation of Lake Trashmore by Beck (1973). He indi-cated an abundance of diatoms, chlorophy-ceans, cyanobacteria and phytoflagellates. Later Cocke (1973) completed a one year study of the lake and reported 45 taxa, with chlorophyceans and diatoms dominant. In general, borrow pit lake studies are rare. In Nebraska, -McCarraher et al. (1974) sur-veyed 41 borrow pit lakes in the Platte River Valley, with Adrian et al. (1970) conducting a primary productivity study on one lake. Seven Illinois borrow pit ponds were stud-ied by Lipsey (1980). In all of these studies, the formation of borrow pits was associated with a major highway development. Dia-toms, cyanobacteria and chlorophyceans were generally the dominant forms in these ponds or lakes. Met hods. -One collection station was es-tablished at the center and deepest (7. 3 m) portion of the lake. Samples were collected monthly from the upper and lower 0.5 m of the euphotic zone from Mar 1985 to Feb 1986. The lower sampling depth was deter-mined from transparency measurements with a Secchi disk (15 cm diam), according to Holmes (1970). A Kemmerer water bot-tle (2 liter) was used to obtain 500 ml water samples from both depths. These were pre-served immediately with Lugol's solution VOLUME 102, NUMBER 1 and returned to the laboratory, where a set-tling and siphoning procedure was followed to obtain a 40 ml concentrate. Aliquots were taken from this concentrate and placed in settling chambers for examination with a Zeiss inverted plankton microscope. A ran-dom field and minimum count procedure was followed at magnifications of 312 x and 500 x for micro-, nano-, and picoplankton for a precision estimate of85°/o. In addition, the net phytoplankton were counted by scanning the entire chamber at 125 x. Results. -Mean water temperatures ranged from 4.0°C in January to 27.3°C in August, with only small differences gener-ally found with depth in the euphotic zone. The mean monthly pH value was 7.52, with a range from 6.5 (Dec) to 8.6 (Sep). Secchi disk readings ranged from 0.47 m (Mar) to 1.18 m (Aug), averaging 0.84 m. Ninety phytoplankton species were iden-tified in this study (Table 1 ), including 32 Chlorophyceae, 28 Bacillariophyceae, 16 Cyanobacteria, 8 Euglenophyceae, 5 Di-nophyceae, and 1 Cryptophyceae. Uniden-tified picoplankton and nanoplankton cells were counted by size groups < 3, 3-5 and 5-10 µm. They were present throughout the year, with lowest concentrations in May (3. 7 x 106 cells/liter), gradually increasing to a December high (61.5 x 106 cells/liter). The majority of these cells were < 3 µm in size and under epifluorescence microscopy proved to be cyanobacteria. In contrast, larger and identifiable cyanobacteria had one major pulse in summer and early fall, reach-ing 37.0 x 106 cells/liter in September. Eu-glenoids and dinoflagellates also had high summer concentrations. In contrast, the cryptomonads were in lowest concentrations in summer and early fall and became more abundant during winter and spring. The diatoms had low concentrations in spring and summer, gradually increased into fall and early winter and peaked in December (9 .4 x 106 cells/liter). The dominant species were Cyclotella spp. and Melosira spp., with representatives from these genera most 273 common in the unidentified category of cen-tric diatoms <20 µm size. Discussion. -In comparison to early data on phytoplankton populations in Lake Trashmore (Beck 1973, Cocke 1973), there has been a shift in composition and domi-nant species. Cocke identified 45 species in a seven-month study (Aug-Feb), with the two dominant groups: pennate diatoms (e.g. , Pleurosigma normanii, P. strigosum) and chlorophyceans (Pediastrum simplex) the major species. He found cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) to be common, but not abundant. Other dominant species included the desmids Closterium lunuae and Cos-marium circulare, the diatoms Fragilaria crotonensis, Melosira spp., Navicula spp., and the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sim-plex. Secchi disk readings at this time ranged between 24.0 and 54.0 cm, averaging 40.9 cm. The range of the surface pH values was 6.6 to 7.1, averaging 6.8. The present study indicated a more basic pH mean of 7. 5 2, ranging between 6.5 and 8.6. However, the Secchi disk readings were higher, averaging 84 cm, with readings between 47 cm (Mar) and 118 cm (Aug). In addition to an increased diversity of species, there has been a change over the past decade in the phytoplankton popula-tions in Lake Trashmore. The transition has been from a dominance of pennate diatoms, chlorophyceans, and a filamentous-coccoid assemblage of cyanobacteria to the current status, where cyanobacteria, centric dia-toms (e.g., Cyclotella spp., Melosira spp.), plus a seasonal abundance of cryptomo-nads, euglenoids, and chlorophyceans are dominant. It is impossible to evaluate the significance of the high picoplankton and nanoplankton ( < 10 µm) concentrations be-cause Cocke's collection procedure by tow net would not have collected many of these cells. However, these changes in phyto-plankton composition and abundance are assumed to be in association with the chang-ing and advancing eutrophic state of the lake over the past decade. 274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1.-Mean monthly abundance for each identified taxon (cells/liter). Mar Apr May Jun Bacillariophyceae Achnanthes sp. 47,268 639 5373 757 Amphora costata W. Smith 0 0 0 213 Amphora sp. 0 21 0 0 Biddulphia alternans (Bailey) Van Heurck 0 0 5 0 Cocconeis distans Gregory 21 0 0 0 Cyclotella meneghiniana Kiitzing 0 77,867 29,373 18,131 Cyclotella sp. 273,843 27,084 28,213 4578 C. striata (Kiitzing) Grunow 0 0 18,056 0 Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann & Lewin 277 0 0 53 Cymbella sp. 9515 602 123 85 Diploneis sp. 0 0 16 12 Fragilaria sp. 0 0 0 10,579 Gomphonema sp. 0 0 16 53 Gyrosigma sp. 0 0 0 21 M elosira distans (Ehrenberg) Klitzing 33,824 0 0 0 M. granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs 221,898 9649 299 1664 M. islandica Muller 5195 0 4557 85 M. moniliformis (Muller) Agardh 0 0 32 0 Melosira sp. 0 37 107 427 Navicula spp. 9813 37 32 117 Nitzschia clausii Hantzsch 0 0 0 64 N. pungens Grunow 43 0 0 75 N. seriata Cleve 43 0 0 0 Nitzschia sp. 14,411 16 0 32 Rhizosolenia eriensis H. L. Smith 0 0 0 0 Synedra acus Kai.itzing 0 0 0 0 Synedra spp. 0 21 85 587 Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Grunow & Hustedt 0 16 0 384 centrics (unid.) <20 µm diam. 285,376 293,413 178,303 81,607 centrics (unid.) 20-100 µm diam. 109,243 0 0 14,374 pennates (unid.) > 20 µmin length 51,857 56,426 28,341 22,072 pennates (unid.) <20 µmin length 26,076 112 101 21 subtotal 1,088,703 465,940 294,032 156,000 Dinophyceae Ceratium hirundinella (0. F. Muller) Dujardin 0 0 368 19,040 Glenodinium gymnodinium Penard 0 0 0 43 Glenodinium sp. 0 3 0 0 Gymnodinium sp. 0 0 0 36,113 Protoperidinium sp. 0 0 0 96 subtotal 0 3 368 55,292 Cyanobacteria Anabaena sp. 725 23,138 0 576 Chroococcus limnecticus Lemmerman 0 0 0 477,533 Dactylococcopsis raphidiodes Hansgirg 2,607,829 920,865 478,484 101,230 Gomphosphaeria aponina Kutzing 120,610 152 2294 9028 J ohannesbaptistia pellucida (Dickie) Taylor & Drouet 0 0 0 0 Lyngbya controta Lemmermann 0 0 0 0 VOLUME 102, NUMBER 1 Table 1. - Continued. Jul 1984 469 0 0 0 18,057 9028 0 0 43 43 533 0 0 0 28,557 320 0 9220 768 9114 0 0 128 0 43 597 299 117,368 21 22,571 85 2 19,248 5589 85 213 64 43 5994 1,173,683 537,186 94,947 0 34 1 0 Aug 0 64 0 0 0 18,078 135,532 0 32,154 64 0 853 64 0 0 31,864 1472 0 0 939 4557 0 0 0 11 7,432 875 51,789 18,505 153,482 21 9028 40,734 617,507 3392 1835 0 0 0 5227 9,6 19,689 64,009 0 128 0 794,493 Sep 0 107 0 0 0 36,113 270,850 22,57 1 46,187 277 0 36,849 0 0 0 248,919 427 0 0 2965 0 0 0 555 63,198 53 675 ' 124,323 272,2 15 329,534 18,227 99,3 12 341 1,626,645 23,467 177 1 1600 0 0 26,838 6,238,578 643,401 225,708 100,784 0 174,098 Oct 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 ,255 0 0 128 0 0 0 0 36,415 768,108 198,623 0 40 1493 0 0 0 0 0 128 49,878 0 135,425 0 54,170 85 1,325,748 13,227 981 18,185 0 0 32,393 1,760,525 451 ,417 370,162 397,247 0 64,350 Nov 0 0 0 0 0 36,455 81 ,255 0 128 128 0 341 0 0 1,363,278 806,756 0 0 0 256 0 0 0 0 0 469 3029 0 26 1,864 2 13 939 768 2,555,879 1408 0 0 0 0 1408 2987 504,16 1 353,897 91,862 0 0 Dec 256 0 247 0 0 180,907 424,328 0 213 640 0 768 0 0 3,403,654 3,710,612 0 0 0 1963 256 0 0 0 0 700 3212 180,799 1,426,466 640 232,435 1244 9,569,435 537 0 0 0 0 537 356,250 2,644,782 839,628 58,479 0 0 Jan 0 0 0 0 0 55,297 40,626 0 208 32 0 0 0 0 137,677 343,064 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 517 171 0 279,190 38,369 58,682 8028 96 1,930 16 0 0 22,570 0 22,586 0 205,09 1 815,906 2 1,479 0 0 275 Feb 0 64 0 0 0 483 ,016 731 ,316 40,628 725 139 0 0 0 0 153,780 690,668 0 0 0 18,099 0 0 0 0 0 789 299 0 1,923,035 31,599 90,282 533 4,164,983 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175,549 1,047,287 32,815 0 0 276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. -Continued. Mar Apr May Jun Merismopedia glauca (Ehrenberg) Naegeli 0 0 0 0 M erismopedia punctata Meyen 0 0 8038 18,526 M erismopedia sp. 0 0 0 0 M erismopedia tenuissima Lemmermann 0 0 0 0 Microcystis aeruginosa Klitzing 408,516 2,471,603 2,059,10 1 2,719,878 Nostoc commune Vaucher 277 15,738 432 779 Oscillatoria limnetica Lemmermann 0 0 0 0 Oscillatoria sp. 0 32 208 4274 Spirulina laxa G. M. Smith 0 0 0 53 Spirulina subsalsa Oersted 0 0 0 32 blue green spheres (unid) 0 0 54,168 0 blue green trichomes (unid) 64 1129 6782 23,0 10 subtotal 3,138,021 3,432,657 2,609,507 3,354,919 Euglenophyceae Euglena acus Ehrenberg 0 0 0 0 Euglena sp. 0 0 0 1821 Eutreptia lanowii Steuer 2257 52,529 22,591 87,704 Eutreptia viridis Perty 85 0 5 43 Phacus longicaudus (Ehrenberg) Dujardin 0 0 0 0 Phacus curvicaudus Swirenko 0 0 0 0 Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) Stein 0 0 0 0 Trachelomonas volvocina Ehrenberg 0 0 0 76,608 subtotal 2342 52,529 22,591 182,572 Chlorophyceae Ankistrodesmus falcatus Beijerinck 156,672 27,655 31,316 31,445 Ankistrodesmus fractus (West & West) Brunnthaler 0 0 0 0 Chlorella sp. 9028 0 0 0 Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck 0 0 0 4 104 Cosmarium botrytis Meneghini 0 0 0 0 Crucigenia apiculata (Lemmermann) Schmidle 0 0 0 0 Crucigenia fenestrata Schmidle 92,219 0 0 18,057 Crucigenia quadrata Morren 0 0 911 3 744,539 Crucigenia sp. 0 0 4514 0 Crucigenia tetrapedia (Kirchner) West & West 1,831,853 143,152 0 207,908 Dictyosphaerium pulcellum Wood 1365 309,3 16 143,839 2,013,046 Euastrum denticulatum (Kirchner) Gay 0 0 0 21 Franceia droescheri (Lemmerrnann) 0 0 0 0 Kirchneriella contort a (Schmidle) Bohlin 191,125 293,977 302,438 283,177 Lagerheimia ciliata (Lagerheim) Chodat 0 0 0 0 Lagerheimia quadriseta Lemmermann (G. M. Smith) 0 0 0 0 Micractinium pusillum Frensenius 0 0 0 0 Oedogonium sp. 0 0 42 1 0 Oocystis borgei Snow 11 4,09 1 129,214 105,047 250,682 Pediastrum duplex Meyen 0 0 0 0 Pediastrum simplex (Meyen) Lemmerrnann 36,147 421 1259 5845 Scenedesmus armatus (Chodat) G. M. Smith 363 0 0 0 VOLUME 102, NUMBER I Table 1.-Continued. Jul 0 0 0 0 10,251,540 2,902,609 0 22,9 12 0 0 0 4514 14,987,732 0 39,953 126,397 0 0 0 448 32,218 198,568 66,646 0 0 0 0 0 0 72,376 18,057 341 0 128 18,057 18,057 0 63,198 0 0 176,053 0 10,197 0 Aug 115,257 171 0 0 7,031 ,505 6,414,631 993, 117 13,756 18,675 9071 0 9028 25,083 ,530 192 12,634 54,234 2 1 0 256 832 0 67,785 9600 0 0 0 0 0 0 162,851 0 0 0 9178 0 0 22,571 58,684 0 171 361 ,389 0 10,603 0 Sep 0 2123 0 15,924,935 8,564,855 4,44 1,940 672,611 0 85 0 0 90,283 37,079,401 299 186,958 288,907 0 1664 77,091 832 0 555,751 46,780 0 0 0 36,113 0 0 110,900 0 144,453 0 135,425 0 0 0 18,057 0 0 487,701 0 63,957 0 Oct 341 1024 0 5,673,395 9,331 ,530 5,254,490 361,133 18,057 0 0 0 18,057 23,701 ,728 0 55,493 180,567 0 0 95,446 46,282 27,085 404,873 317,562 0 0 0 0 0 0 580,928 0 306,963 0 597 0 4949 0 171 4779 0 397,247 0 88,832 0 Nov 0 308,329 288,907 870,724 6,593,405 3,891 ,212 0 0 171 0 0 43 1,290,568 0 768 63,284 0 128 1323 118,307 72,227 256,037 72,133 0 0 0 384 583 ,616 63,198 36 1,133 0 184,151 0 299 384 383,115 0 0 0 0 297,935 0 153,583 0 D ec 0 704 0 928 4,709,592 2,146,677 0 427 0 0 0 0 10,757,467 0 341 208,333 0 0 0 2603 54,170 265,447 8021 112,487 0 0 0 1,529,376 0 1,011 ,507 0 1,594,264 0 1024 0 1,11 9,844 0 341 0 0 2,058,442 0 55 ,808 0 Jan 0 0 0 18,056 82,145 928,350 0 32 0 0 0 48 2,071,107 0 0 80 0 0 32 16,992 16,928 34,032 437 6485 0 0 0 252,869 341 27,575 0 188,460 0 0 0 125,264 0 0 0 0 164,76 1 0 599 0 277 Feb 0 0 0 0 251 ,908 853 0 0 0 0 0 213 150,862 0 0 4099 0 0 0 49,763 63,433 154,186 405 2112 0 0 0 597 77,082 1280 235 277,399 0 0 0 11 2,876 0 0 0 0 17 1,773 0 1792 0 278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASIIlNGTON Table 1. - Continued. Mar Apr May Jun S cenedesmus bi_jugus Turpin Lager . 20,096 2343 0 37,685 Scenedesmus dimorphus (Turpin) Kutzing 0 0 0 85 S cenedesm us quadricaudi,s (Turpin) Brebisson 9625 40,405 27,276 196,406 Scenedesm us sp. 85 11,285 4530 18,398 Selenastrum gracile Reinsch 0 0 0 0 S taurastrum americani,m (West & West) G . M . Smith 0 0 11 0 S taurastrum leptocladum var. insigne West & West 0 0 80 3008 S taurastrum paradoxum Meyen 0 0 11 341 S taurastrum sp. 0 37 43 117 Tetraedron mini mum (Braun) Hansgirg 64 580 21 102, 122 Chlorophyceans (unid.) 171 16,928 136,549 650,038 subtotal 2,462,904 975,3 13 766,468 4,567,024 Cryptophyceae Cryptomonas sp. 825,700 1,816,905 1,271 ,836 554,242 subtotal 825,700 1,816,905 1,271 ,836 554,242 Other taxa micro-phytoflagellates < 10 µ.m 47,637 0 0 175,407 micro-phytoflagellates > 10 µ.m 0 0 82 15 43,810 small green spheres ( < 3 µ.m) 18,320,895 3,792,19 1 3,348,778 9,835,356 small green spheres (3- 5 µ.m) 4,786,425 470,241 262,864 675,405 small green spheres (5-10 µ.m) 997, 156 131,192 84,883 115,00 1 subtotal 24,152,113 4,393,624 3,704,740 10,844,979 Total 3 1,669,783 11,136,971 869,542 19,715,028 Literature Cited Adrian, G. L., C. Throckmorton, & R . McD onald. 1970. A stu dy of primary production in a N e-braska Interstate 80 lake. - Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 73(2):227- 236. Anonymous. 1972. Water quality criteria. A report of the Committee on Water Quality Criteria.-National Academy of Science and National Academy ofEngineering. Washington, D .C., 219 pp. Beck, W. M., Jr. 1973. Building an amphitheater and costing ramp of municipal solid waste. U.S. En-vironmental Protection Agency. SW-52d.of. Of-fice of Solid Waste Programs Vol. I and II. Washington, D .C., 265 pp . Cocke, G. R . 1973. A comparativ e limnological sur-vey of a brackish water lake and freshwater lake at Mount Trashmore, Virg]nia Beach, Virg]nia. Masters Thesis. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virg]nia, 120 pp. Holmes, R . W. 1970. The secchi disk in turbid coastal waters.-Limnology and Oceanography 15:688-694. Lipsey, L. L. 1980. Phytoplankton of selected borrow pit ponds in northern Illinois. - Ohio J oumal of Science 80(3):108- 113. Marshall, H . G. 1979. Lake Drummond: With a dis-cussion regarding its plankton composition. Pp. 169- 182 in P. W. Kirk, ed., The Great Dismal Swamp. University Press, Charlottesville, Vir-• • gin1a. McCarraher, D . B. , R. McDonald, & G. Adrian. 1974. Some hydrobiological characteristics of Inter-state-SO highway lakes in Nebraska. - Trans-actions of the Kansas Academy of Science 77(2): 93- 102. Simmons, G . M ., & S. E. Neff. 1974. Observations on limnetic carbon assimilation rates in Moun-tain T .ake, Virginia during its the1m al stratifi-cation periods. - Virg]nia J oumal of Science 24(4):20·6- 211. VOLUME 102, NUMBER 1 Table 1. -Continued. Jul 388,218 128 193,623 49,656 0 0 555 128 13,628 72,227 1,060,829 2,227,102 306,963 306,963 81 ,255 15,335 14,763,970 1,171,918 328,575 16,361,053 34,306,660 Aug 173,006 341 55,109 0 0 0 2688 1152 85 148,968 871 ,234 1,887,651 446,903 446,903 279,878 153,353 14,238,250 104,048 394,290 16,106,241 44,214,844 Sep 439,333 72,483 218,088 0 21 ,662 0 1536 1314 0 230,223 3,954,410 5,982,435 979,574 979,574 419,818 0 18,641 ,155 3,066,790 6,900,008 22,817,681 69,068,298 Oct 507,080 683 361 ,133 153,482 128 0 1621 724 0 252,793 21 ,397,150 24,376,822 451 ,417 451 ,417 343,077 0 13,708,148 1,533,350 635,245 16,219,820 66,512,801 Virginia State Water Control Board. 1982. Classifi-cation and Priority Listing of Virginia Lakes. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. S-003219-010. Richmond, Virginia, 727 pp. Nov 257,401 0 3,250,202 35,455 0 0 1579 384 0 99,696 1,932,063 4,752,529 486,558 486,558 379,190 591 ,435 16,143,985 1,555,255 240,955 18,910,820 39,870,929 Dec 15,104 1024 326,042 270,847 0 981 512 256 0 622,950 3,186,975 11 ,915,805 1,733,426 1,733,426 442,385 219,050 56,011 ,283 3,986,723 876,203 61 ,535,644 95,777,761 Jan 299 0 84,234 0 0 0 16 0 32 27,153 354,349 1,232,874 822,677 822,677 144,448 240,959 5,542,049 353,223 35,596 6,316,275 11,461,481 279 Feb 1365 0 198,623 0 0 64 0 64 0 27,192 442,388 1,315,247 1,584,473 1,584,473 18,057 503,816 12,748,730 657,151 120,478 14,048,232 22,775,746 Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529. 

Phytoplankton Composition in a Borrow Pit Lake in Virginia

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Phytoplankton Composition in a Borrow Pit Lake in Virginia

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