Besma Khiari

Mejdi Jeguirim

Salah Jellali

Comptes Rendus Chimie

Comptes RendusChimieMejdi Jeguirim, Salah Jellali and Besma KhiariForeword: Recent Advances in Sustainable Biomass ValorizationVolume 25, Special Issue S2 (2022), p. 1-5Published online: 4 August 2022https://doi.org/10.5802/crchim.190Part of Special Issue: Sustainable Biomass Resources for Environmental,Agronomic, Biomaterials and Energy Applications 3Guest editors:Mejdi Jeguirim (Université de Haute-Alsace, Institut de Sciencesdes Matériaux de Mulhouse, France), Salah Jellali (Sultan Qaboos University,Oman) and Besma Khiari (Centre of Water Researches and Technologies, Tunisia)This article is licensed under theCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Les Comptes Rendus. Chimie sont membres duCentre Mersenne pour l’édition scientifique ouvertewww.centre-mersenne.orge-ISSN : 1878-1543Comptes RendusChimie2022, Vol. 25, Special Issue S2, p. 1-5https://doi.org/10.5802/crchim.190Foreword: Recent Advances in Sustainable BiomassValorizationAvant-propos : Récentes Avancées dans la Valorisation Durablede la BiomasseMejdi Jeguirim∗, a, Salah Jellalib and Besma Khiarica Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, Université de Haute Alsace,Université de Strasbourg, Franceb Centre for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos University, Omanc Wastewaters and Environment Laboratory, Water Research and TechnologiesCentre, TunisiaE-mails: mejdi.jeguirim@uha.fr (M. Jegurim), s.jelali@squ.edu.om (S. Jellali),besmakhiari@yahoo.com (B. Khiari)Published online: 4 August 2022Huge amounts of biomasses are annually gener-ated in the world by several sectors including agri-culture, industry, tourism etc. The sustainable man-agement of these organic wastes has been pointedout as an urgent challenge to be urgently taken intoconsideration in order to avoid any negative effectsonto human health and environment and to dis-pose of a supplementary resource that can be val-orized in several domains. Indeed, some biomasseshave high volatile matter contents allowing them tobe used as a source for renewable energy extrac-tion. Other biomasses contain high contents of valu-able nutrients that can be used as low cost and eco-friendly biofertilizers in agriculture instead of syn-thetic fertilizers. Besides, some treated biomasses∗Corresponding author.could exhibit promising properties permitting themto act as efficient adsorbents for pollutants removalfrom aqueous and gaseous effluents. Finally, somespecific biomasses have interesting physical, chemi-cal and biological properties allowing them to be pre-cious source of various biomaterials.In this context, the current special issue entitled:“Sustainable Biomass Resources for Environmen-tal, Agronomic, Biomaterials and Energy Applica-tions 3” aims to collect the most recent scientificworks related to biomasses sustainable managementand valorization in the domain of energy, agricul-ture, environment and biotechnology. This special is-sue aims to contribute to the international effortsdeployed in order to make progress in the achieve-ment of several related worldwide initiatives suchas: “2030 United Nations Sustainable DevelopmentGoals” (UN-SDGs), the “4 per 1000” aiming to boostISSN (electronic) : 1878-1543 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/chimie/2 Mejdi Jeguirim et al.the annual carbon storage in agricultural soils by0.4%, the “Greenhouse Gas Emissions reduction” asrecommended by the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC).This special issue contains 10 peer-reviewed pa-pers dealing with the valorization of several types ofbiomasses in various domains including energy, en-vironment, and biotechnology.The first paper is entitled: “Pharmaceutical pollu-tants adsorption onto activated carbon: isotherm,kinetic investigations and DFT modeling ap-proaches” [1]. In this work, the removal of phar-maceutical pollutants, i.e., oxytetracycline (OTC) wasstudied through adsorption onto activated carbon(ACT) produced from households or agriculturalwastes under various experimental conditions. Thephysicochemical properties of the produced carbonwere investigated using multiple techniques. Thecharacterization analysis highlighted an essentialconcentration of surface functional groups and avery developed porous structure. The adsorptionprocess onto activated carbon occurs with a highyield at a large range of pH values varying between 4and 8 at an optimum contact time of 2 h. It was estab-lished that the pseudo-second-order kinetic modelfitted well OTC adsorption onto ACT. Moreover, theadsorption isotherm data showed that the pollutantremoval process followed the Langmuir model withhigh regression coefficients (R2) values and impor-tant adsorption efficiency of 80% for 100 mg·L−1 ofOTC. Consequently, the use of ACT could be con-sidered an efficient, sustainable, and low-cost al-ternative for pharmaceuticals-loaded wastewatertreatment.The second paper is entitled: “Competitive bio-sorption of basic dyes onto petiole palm tree wastesin single and binary systems” [2]. This work aimed tostudy petiole palm tree wastes (PTW) efficiency in re-moving two basic dyes: Rhodamine B (RB) and Vic-toria blue B (VBB) from aqueous solutions in singleand binary systems under various experimental con-ditions including the effect of contact time, pH, ini-tial concentration, and temperature. The PTW char-acterization shows that the PTW is a lingo-cellulosicmaterial. The experimental results indicate that theremoval of both dyes was relatively fast, sponta-neous, exothermic and occurred on monolayers.Moreover, the adsorption competition between thesetwo dyes on the adsorbent particles surface was im-portant since the Langmuir’s adsorption capacitieswere evaluated to 260.1; 440.1; 168.0; and 417.4 mg/gfor RB and VBB in single and binary systems, re-spectively. These adsorption capacities, even in bi-nary systems, are interesting compared to other rawmaterials and prove that this abundant agriculturalwaste can be considered as a promising materialfor an efficient dyes removal from aqueous efflu-ents.The third paper is entitled: “Industrial dye removalfrom tannery wastewater by using biochar producedfrom tannery fleshing waste: a road to circular econ-omy” [3]. In this study, the capacity of biochars, de-rived from the pyrolysis of tannery fleshing waste(TFW) at 400 °C; 500 °C and 600 °C, in removal ofred dye Sella Fast Red (SFR) from aqueous solutionsand tannery wastewater was investigated under var-ious experimental conditions in batch mode. Resultsshow that for all applied biochars, the removed kinet-ics data were well fitted by the pseudo-second-ordermodel, and the equilibrium state was obtained after240 min of contact time. For an aqueous pH of 6 anda red dye concentration of 75 mg·L−1, the removedamounts increased from 26 mg·g−1 to 39.86 mg·g−1when the used pyrolysis temperature was increasedfrom 400 °C to 600 °C. Moreover, SFR adsorption dataat equilibrium were well fitted by Langmuir modelsuggesting a probable monolayer adsorption pro-cess with a maximal removal capacity of 62.7 mg·g−1for BTFW-600 °C. The thermodynamic study demon-strated that SFR adsorption was endothermic for thethree tested biochars. Desorption experiments withdistilled water proved that SFR was significantly des-orbed from the tested biochars, which offers pos-sible reusability. On the other hand, BTFW-600 °Chas demonstrated an important ability in removingSFR from real wastewater since only one dosage of15 g·L−1 was enough to ensure more than 97% ofdye removal. According to pHZC and FTIR analysis,the possible mechanism toward SFR dye removal wasattributed to electrostatic interactions that occurredbetween biochar and functional groups of SFR. Thiswork could provide guidance for the value-added uti-lization of tannery solid waste and a practical way toremove dyes from tannery wastewater.The fourth paper is entitled: “Cationic dye re-moval using Pergularia Tomentosa L. fruit: kineticsand isotherm characteristics using classical and ad-vanced models” [4]. In this study, different techniquesMejdi Jeguirim et al. 3were used to characterize the powdered pergulariatomentosa fruit. After that, the biomaterial was ex-ploited to investigate the adsorption of methyleneblue in batch mode. The effects of initial pH, contacttime, dye concentration, biosorbent dose, and tem-perature on the biosorption capacity have been per-formed. The fit of the adsorption isotherms was per-formed by means of several classical models and ad-vanced models derived from statistical physics. Thetwo-energy monolayer model proves to be the moresuitable. It appears that two functional groups ofthe biosorbent are involved in the dye biosorption.The adsorption energy ranges from 14 to 18 kJ·mol−1which indicates a physiosorption mechanism. Themaximum adsorption capacity is 152 mg·g−1. Per-gularia tomentosa fruit proves to be attractive forthe efficient removal of cationic dyes from pollutedwater.The fifth paper is entitled: “Investigations onpotential Tunisian biomasses energetic valoriza-tion: thermogravimetric characterization and ki-netic degradation analysis” [5]. During this work,six Tunisian local biomasses, namely ziziphus wood(ZW), almond shells (AS), olive stones (OS), vinestems (VS) and date palm leaflets (DPL) and trunks(DPT) were slowly pyrolyzed under inert atmosphereat a heating rate of 5 °C/min through thermogravi-metric (TG) analyses. The thermal degradation ofsamples involves the interaction in a porous mediaof heat, mass and momentum transfer with chemicalreactions. Heat is transported by conduction, con-vection and radiation and, mass transfer is drivenby pressure and concentration gradients. Thermaldegradation curves have been studied with minutedetails for each degradation step. The Coats–Redfernmodel was used to extract the kinetic parametersfrom the TG data, then the kinetic parameters suchas the activation energy, the pre-exponential factorand the order of the reaction were calculated. Resultsshowed that the total mass losses amounts and kinet-ics are dependent on the type of the used biomass.Moreover, the devolatilization could be describedby the first order model, while the char formationstage was better described by the second and thirdorder reactions model. The physicochemical char-acteristics of these samples were also determined.The volatile matter (VM) content varies consider-ably, with values ranging from 67.19% for AS to 77.4%for ZW. The maximum values were obtained for ZWand VS with values of 77.4% and 71.9%, respectively.The lowest value (67.19%) was determined for AS.In addition, the ash contents vary between 0.8% forOS and 5.66% for DPT. The ashes vary significantlyfrom one sample to another, with the values be-ing even lower than 1% for OS, whereas the highervalues in the DPT is 5.66%. Further, activation en-ergies corresponding to main devolatilization re-gions were 59.5, 47.0, 55.8, 41.1, 89.1, 45.2 kJ/mol forZW, AS, OS, VS, DPL, and DPT respectively. Amongall the tested biomasses, the ZW and VS appear tohave an important potential to be used for energyproduction.The sixth paper is entitled: “D-optimal designoptimization of unsaturated palm fatty acid distil-late and trimethylolpropane esterification for biol-ubricant production” [6]. In this work, polyol es-ter of green biolubricant base oil was synthesizedthrough the esterification of unsaturated palm fattyacid distillate (USFA-PFAD) with polyhydric alco-hol, trimethylolpropane (TMP) in the occurrence ofsulphuric acid catalyst. The optimization processwas conducted by using D-optimal design of theresponse surface methodology (RSM). The resultsshowed that the highest yield percentage of resultantpolyol ester, USFA-TMP ester was obtained at 96.0 ±0.5% with 99.9 ± 0.9% of tri-ester selectivity. Thesewere obtained at the esterification optimal condi-tion at reaction temperature of 150 °C for 6 h with5% H2SO4. The polyol ester chemical structure wascharacterized by using spectroscopy analysis tech-niques of infrared (FTIR), proton (1H) and carbon(13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The resul-tant USFA-TMP ester recorded viscosity index of 163,pour points at −45 °C, flash points at 298 °C, andthermal oxidative stability temperatures at 215 °C.It was found that the ester product as a Newtonianfluid with viscosity grade lubricant ISO VG 46. Inoverall, the resultant polyol ester has shown good lu-brication properties that make it conceivable to beused for many industrial green biolubricant applica-tions.The seventh paper is entitled: “CFD multiphasecombustion modelling of oleic by-products pellets ina counter-current fixed bed combustor” [7]. In thisresearch work, a transient two-dimensional multi-phase model was built to study the combustion ofpellets of oleic by-products (Olive Pits (OPi)) in acylindrical counter-current 40 kW fixed bed combus-4 Mejdi Jeguirim et al.tor. The fixed bed is modelled as a porous medium,which is randomly packed with spherical particles ofequal size. A κ− ε model for low Reynolds numberflows was used for turbulence Modelling. Primaryand secondary air injections were supplied at thebed (solid phase combustion) and at the freeboardzone (gas phase combustion), respectively. The massloss history, the temperature distribution at differentheights inside the reactor and the gas emissions ofCO, CO2, O2, H2, CH4 and Corg were computed. Keyparameters related to the reaction front velocity, themass conversion rate and the progress of ignitionwere also computed. We show that computationalresults are in good agreement with experimentalmeasurements obtained using a similar reactor fedwith the same pellet types. These results also moti-vate the implementation of the present formulationand its extension to industrial scale furnaces, hav-ing established the results for the comparison withpilot-scale experiments.The eighth paper is entitled: “Biohydrogen pro-duction by Thermotoga maritima from a simplifiedmedium exclusively composed of onion and naturalseawater” [8]. In this work, biohydrogen productionby the anaerobic hyperthermophilic and halophilicbacterium, Thermotoga maritima (TM) was con-ducted using a mixture of Onion Waste Juice (OWJ)and seawater (SW). The highest production of bio-hydrogen (H2) with OWJ, as the exclusive source ofcarbon and energy, was obtained for an optimumvolume of 50% (v/v), with the highest overall produc-tivity of biohydrogen (15.6 mM/h) and a maximumyield of 2.6 (molH2/molHexose). This was mainly dueto the presence of organosulfur compounds and thenatural presence of ammonium contained in OWJ.The addition of inorganic nitrogen and iron sourcesin the mixture of SW and OWJ has improved bio-hydrogen production, achieving productivity yield(23.0 mM/h for 3.2 molH2/molHexose) close to themaximum obtained for TM. Above 600 mL, the highconcentration of substrate (>30 g COD/L) led themetabolism to deviate towards lactate production atthe expense of H2 production. A fed-batch culturewith the sequential addition of concentrated OWJmixed with only sea salt was investigated for the pre-vention of substrate-associated growth inhibition bycontrolling the nutrient supply. The total cumulativebiohydrogen produced was about 300 mM after 30 hof incubation.The ninth paper is entitled: “Enhanced transes-terification of rapeseed oil to biodiesel catalyzed byKCl/CaO” [9]. In this work, a series of supported solidbased catalysts were prepared by impregnation ofchloride salts over CaO. The catalytic activity of theprepared catalysts was tested for the transesterifi-cation reaction of biodiesel from rapeseed oil andmethanol. The KCl/CaO catalyst containing 15% KClexhibited the highest catalytic activity after calcina-tion at 600 °C for 6 h. A reaction optimization studywas carried out using KCl/CaO as catalyst leading tooperation conditions for achieving a 98.3% yield offatty acid methyl ester (FAME) at 2.5 h and 65 °C, acatalyst amount of 10%, and a mole ratio of methanolto rapeseed oil of 15:1. It was found that the high-est FAME yield at 2.5 h was faster than that at 6 hfor commercial CaO catalysts under the same reac-tion conditions. The characterization results showedthat the pore size of CaO particles was greatly im-proved by the addition of KCl, which facilitated bet-ter access of the reactive molecules to the active sitesof the catalyst.The last paper is entitled: “H2-rich syngas pro-duction by sorption enhanced steam gasification ofpalm empty fruit bunch Catalytic” [10]. In this work,hydrogen-rich syngas from palm empty fruit bunchhas been produced in the presence of CaO and ben-tonite as absorbent and catalyst, respectively. Thegasification process is carried out at 550–750 °C at at-mospheric pressure in a fixed bed gasifier with steamto biomass ratio (S/B) of 0–2.5 and Ca/C ratio of0–2. The results showed that CaO only acts as CO2absorber during the process. Increasing the ratio ofCa/C and S/B have increased the concentration ofH2 and absorption of CO2 in the syngas. The addi-tion of CaO did not significantly increase the produc-tion of CH4 and CO in the syngas. The H2 concentra-tion reaches about 78.16 vol% at 700 °C and Ca/C ra-tio of 2.Guest Editors of this special issue are grate-ful to all the authors for their valuable contribu-tion and to the reviewers for their comments thatcontributed to the quality improvement of theabove-cited accepted papers. Many thanks to theEditor-in-Chief of Comptes Rendus Chimie, Profes-sor Pierre Braunstein for renewing his confidenceand support. Special thanks to the entire productionteam of the journal for their constructive collabora-tion.Mejdi Jeguirim et al. 5Mejdi JeguirimCo-Guest EditorInstitut de Science des Matériaux de MulhouseFrancemejdi.jeguirim@uha.frSalah JellaliCo-Guest EditorSultan Qaboos UniversityOmans.jellali@squ.edu.omBesma KhiariCo-Guest EditorWater Research and Technologies CentreTunisiabesmakhiari@yahoo.comReferences[1] M. Kebir, R. Bourzami, N. Nasrallah, S. E. I. Lebouachera,F. Dergal, R. Ladji, M. Trari, H. Ben Harharah, A. El Jery, A. A.Azzaz, L. Khezami, C. R. Chim., 2022, 25, no. S2, Online first.[2] S. Jmai, S. Guiza, S. Jellali, M. Bagane, M. Jeguirim, C. R. Chim.,2022, 25, no. S2, Online first.[3] K. Haddad, A. Hantous, R. Chagtmi, H. Khedhira, C. Chaden,A. B. H. Trabelsi, C. R. Chim., 2022, 25, no. S2, Online first.[4] H. Belmabrouk, M. Selmi, T. Alshahrani, Z. Raddaoui, A. Ba-jahzar, M. Jabli, T. Alharbi, H. Kerras, N. Outili, K. Loubar, A. H.Meniai, C. R. Chim., 2022, 25, no. S2, Online first.[5] J. Mabrouki, M. A. Abbassi, B. Khiari, S. Jellali, M. Jeguirim, C.R. Chim., 2022, 25, no. S2, Online first.[6] M. A. Jumaah, N. Salih, J. Salimon, C. R. Chim., 2022, 25,no. S2, Online first.[7] M. A. Mami, M. Lajili, T. Echekki, C. R. Chim., 2022, 25, no. S2,Online first.[8] L. Ben Gaida, H. Gannoun, L. Casalot, S. Davidson, P. P. Lieb-gott, C. R. Chim., 2022, 25, no. S2, Online first.[9] S. Tao, L. Zhang, F. Qin, S. Chen, R. Zhou, Y. Tang, C. R. Chim.,2022, 25, no. S2, Online first.[10] N. Aprianti, M. Faizal, M. Said, S. Nasir, C. R. Chim., 2022, 25,no. 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Foreword: Recent Advances in Sustainable Biomass Valorization

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