This study shows evidence for collaborative knowledge creation among individual researchers through direct exchanges of their mutual differentiated knowledge. Using patent application data from Japan, the collaborative output is evaluated according to the quality and novelty of the developed patents, which are measured in terms of forward citations and the order of application within their primary technological category, respectively. Knowledge exchange is shown to raise collaborative productivity more through the extensive margin (i.e., the number of patents developed) in the quality dimension, whereas it does so more through the intensive margin in the novelty dimension (i.e., novelty of each patent)
