Investigations conducted in long-term (39 years)
stationary experiments, under non-irrigated, followed the influence of
different fertilizer rates on the evolution of soil agrochemical
characteristics and yield obtained in main crops, placed in 2, 3 and 4 year
rotations. In maize crop, placed in 5 year rotations, the mean yield obtained
during 1980-2005 was of 5920 kg /ha. Rates of N100P100 have determined
yield increases by 94% (3030 kg/ha) and rates of N40P40 + 30 t/ha manure
resulted in a double yield, in hybrid Oana (9 %; 3180 kg/ha) compared to
unfertilized. The long-term use of 3 and 4 year rotation with ameliorative
plants resulted in getting yield increases by 46 - 48% (1120-1150 kg/ha) in
wheat and 27 - 35% (1180 – 1530) in maize, compared to continuous crop.
Annual application of rates of 80 kg/ha P2O5 determined the accumulation
of a reserve of mobile phosphates in soil, comprised, according to applied
nitrogen, between 47 and 66 ppm. The humus and nutrient content from soil
was maintained at a supply level proper to the requirements of plant
nutrition, only under 3 or 4 year rotation and in case of annual use of rates
of at least N100P100 or of mean rates of mineral elements with 30 t/ha
manure

Ailincăi, Costică

Ailincăi, Despina

Bireescu, Geanina

Mercuș, Adrian

Zbanț, Maria

Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova

ALSE Repository

CHANGE OF SOIL AS INFLUENCED BY CROP ROTATION AND FERTILIZATION   21      INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CHANGE OF SOIL CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AS INFLUENCED BY CROP ROTATION AND LONG-TERM FERTILIZATION IN THE MOLDAVIAN PLAIN  C. AILINCĂI1*, Despina AILINCĂI1, Maria ZBANŢ1, Geanina  BIREESCU1, Ad. MERCUŞ2 1Agricultural Research and Development Station of Podu-Iloaiei-Iaşi 2Institute of Biological Research of Iaşi  ABSTRACT - Investigations conducted in long-term (39 years) stationary experiments, under non-irrigated, followed the influence of different fertilizer rates on the evolution of soil agrochemical characteristics and yield obtained in main crops, placed in 2, 3 and 4 year rotations. In maize crop, placed in 5 year rotations, the mean yield obtained during 1980-2005 was of  5920 kg /ha. Rates of N100P100 have determined yield increases by 94% (3030 kg/ha) and rates of N40P40 + 30 t/ha manure resulted in a double yield, in hybrid Oana (9 %; 3180 kg/ha) compared to unfertilized. The long-term use of 3 and 4 year rotation with ameliorative plants resulted in getting yield increases by 46 - 48% (1120-1150 kg/ha) in wheat and 27 - 35% (1180 – 1530)  in maize, compared to continuous crop. Annual application of rates of 80 kg/ha P2O5 determined the accumulation of a reserve of mobile phosphates in soil, comprised, according to applied nitrogen, between 47 and 66 ppm. The humus and nutrient content from soil was maintained at a supply level proper to the requirements of plant nutrition, only under 3 or 4 year rotation and in case of annual use of rates of at least N100P100 or of mean rates of mineral elements with 30 t/ha manure.  Key words: stationary experiments, non-irrigated, fertilization, crop rotation  INTRODUCTION  Knowing the long-term influences of different technological elements on the evolution of soil chemical and biological characteristics allows us to establish the most proper methods for the efficient use of all technological inputs. Among                                                      * E-mail: scdapoduail@zappmobile.ro C. AILINCĂI ET AL.   22 technological factors, fertilization and rotation influence the most crop yields and soil fertility and determine a better capitalization of the other costs (Ailincăi et al., 1998; Jităreanu et al., 2006). The control of soil fertility and estimate of economic impact on long-term farming activities could be done on the basis of results obtained in long-term stationary experiments with different graduations of technological factors, typical of the experiencing area. The results obtained in long-term experiments from different countries have shown that establishing some economic methods for soil conservation relied on these results and were valuable only for soil and climatic conditions of the experiencing area (Mihăilă et al., 1996; Heuman et al., 2006; Ştefanic et al.,1994).  MATERIALS AND METHODS  Investigations conducted at the Agricultural Research and Development Station of Podu-Iloaiei since 1968, have investigated the influence of different crop structures and sequences and fertilizers on yield and soil fertility. The experiments were placed on a 14 % slope field, a cambic chernozem-like soil with a clay-loam texture, a neuter to weakly acid reaction and a mean supply in nutrients. The biotic tests have investigated the knowledge of respiration and cellulosolitic soil potential, which was found at the basis of computing the Indicator of Vital Activity Potential (IVAP).Enzymatic tests had in view: oxide-reduction processes (catalysis) sugar hydrolysis (saccharine), urea hydrolysis (urease) and phosphorus hydrolysis from organic combinations (total phosphatase) ; based on these processes, the Indicator of Enzymatic Activity Potential (IEAP) was calculated according to methods of Ştefanic and Irimescu (1984). Average rainfall amounts registered in the last 79 years in the Moldavian Plain were of 548 mm. In the last 19 years, annual average amounts of registered rainfall were close to the multiannual mean in 8 years and lower by 39-206 mm in the other 9 years.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  The analyses conducted on soil samples from the fields on which wheat-maize rotation was used for 39 years, resulted in  worsening of soil chemical characteristics. Under these conditions, compared to 3 and 4 year rotations with ameliorative plants (annual legumes for grains and perennial grasses), the humus content from soil decreased from 3.1 to 2.86%, mobile phosphorus content decreased from 57 to 37 ppm and soil pH from 7.0 to 6.6 (Table 1)  The introduction into rotation of annual or perennial ameliorative crops (pea, soybean, alfalfa) and the use of mineral fertilizers with manure have resulted CHANGE OF SOIL AS INFLUENCED BY CROP ROTATION AND FERTILIZATION   23 in increasing mobile phosphorus content from soil until 87 ppm and humus content from soil to 3.59%. Main microelements content from soil differentiated according to nitrogen and phosphorus rates, between 3.5-4.9 ppm at copper, 0.45-0.72 ppm at boron, 1.1-1.6 ppm at zinc and 69-184 ppm at manganese. Table 1 Evolution of main agrochemical indices of soil as influenced by rotation and fertilizers, after 39 years of experiments  Fertilizer rate pH (H2O)Humus% P-ALppm K-ALppm Boronppm Zinc ppm Copperppm Manganese ppm Rotation: Wheat-maize N0P0 7.1 2.58 12 178 0.41 1.3 3.4 142 N70P70 6.3 2.65 28 167 0.46 1.2 3.5 148 N100P80 5.8 2.98 47 158 0.48 1.1 4.0 184 N70P70 + 30 t/ha manure 7.1 3.24 61 261 0.55 1.4 4.3 126 Average 6.6 2.86 37 191 0.47 1.3 3.8 150 Rotation: Pea- wheat-maize N0P0 7.3 2.74 19 184 0.45 1.3 4.0 76 N70P70 6.8 2.84 31 176 0.58 1.2 4.2 89 N100P80 6.4 2.96 66 178 0.58 1.1 4.4 112 N70P70 + 30 t/ha manure 7.2 3.47 79 322 0.62 1.5 4.6 78 Average 6.9 3.00 49 215 0.56 1.3 4.3 89 Pea- wheat-maize-sunflower +perennial grasses N0P0 7.2 2.81 18 196 0.49 1.3 3.9 69 N70P70 6.9 2.96 51 254 0.58 1.1 4.4 78 N100P100 6.5 3.09 71 259 0.65 1.2 4.6 92 N70P70 + 30 t/ha manure 7.3 3.59 87 319 0.72 1.6 4.9 82 Average 7.0 3.1 57 257 0.61 1.3 4.5 80  Under 4 year rotation, an improvement was found in the potential of soil vital and enzymatic activities, due to soil inputs of greater amounts of organic matter, easily to decompose and carrying enzymes (Table 2). Organic-mineral fertilization had a good effect on both indicators, which was also transmitted to the level of the Biological Synthetic Indicator (BSI), representing the average between the Indicator of Biotic Activity Potential (IBAP) and the Indicator of Enzymatic Activity Potential (IEAP). The contribution of easily decomposed organic matter from rotation crops resulted in increasing mobile phosphorus content by 31.1-32.5 mg P/ 100 g soil, compared to wheat-maize rotation. The biotic potential (respiration, cellulosolis) and enzyme potential (catalase, sucrose, urease and total phosphatase) have higher values in spring, at the beginning of vegetation, compared to autumn, after harvesting (Table 3, 4). C. AILINCĂI ET AL.   24  CHANGE OF SOIL AS INFLUENCED BY CROP ROTATION AND FERTILIZATION   25 The lowest value of assimilable phosphorus content was registered by the unfertilized control (3.22 mg P at the depth of 0-20 cm, respectively, 2.05 mg P at the depth of 20-40 cm) and the highest value was registered at soil cultivated with legumes and perennial grasses (8.37 mg P at the depth of 0-20 cm, respectively, 20-40 cm (Table 3). Table 3 Influence of fertilization on terraces on vital and enzyme potential of soil in the spring of 2005  Vital potential Enzyme potential Variants Depth (cm) Soil respiration(cm3 CO2) Cellulolisis(% celluloses)Catalase(cm 3 O2)Succrose(mg glucose)Urease(mg NH4) Fosphatase (mg P) 0-20 37.43 41.27 342 1517 50.83 7.08 Control  20-40 23.81 20.81 275 1303 25.16 3.17 0-20 58.55 51.39 404 1664 68.53 8.07 N100P100 20-40 31.72 25.17 306 1405 31.08 4.22 0-20 50.06 44.58 358 1584 55.17 7.75 P70K70 20-40 26.34 22.35 283 1388 28.31 4.01 0-20 69.51 59.56 455 1708 72.75 8.23 N140P140 20-40 33.97 35.71 322 1427 34.81 4.31 0-20 60.18 48.23 361 1591 58.43 8.05 Manure 40t/ha 20-40 24.58 24.19 294 1396 30.11 4.48 0-20 65.77 55.62 423 1663 59.26 8.25 Manure 40t/ha+ N70P70 20-40 36.18 26.81 299 1417 30.44 4.88 0-20 54.23 46.23 361 1612 58.24 8.52 N70P70+ 6 t/ha straw 20-40 27.04 23.51 296 1401 31.51 4.08 0-20 55.36 47.81 375 1635 62.17 8.86 N70P70+ 6 t/ha stalk  20-40 28.18 24.08 299 1408 32.42 4.31 0-20 57.11 49.86 383 1647 66.53 9.03 N70P70+ 6 t/ha pea stalk  20-40 29.21 26.07 301 1415 35.08 4.41 0-20 68.53 67.81 491 1775 77.86 9.31 Perennial grasses 20-40 37.84 35.22 334 1453 36.53 4.88  The mineral fertilization resulted in an increase in total phosphatase level , according to the applied rate. 40 t/ha manure fertilization has determined the doubling of phosphatase level from soil , at the depth of 0-20 cm (7.01 mg P) and the depth of 20-40 cm (4.21 mg P). The energy contribution of manure and peas stalks was higher, compared to straw residues. According to used organic material, the total phosphatase level at the depth of 0-20 cm was between         5.94 mg P at the variant N70P70 + 6 t straws/ ha and 8.18 mg P at the variant with       40 t/ha manure + N70P70.  C. AILINCĂI ET AL.   26  Table 4 Influence of fertilization on terraces on vital and enzyme potential of soil in the autumn of 2005  Vital potential Enzime potential Variants Depth (cm) Soil respiration(cm3 CO2) Cellulolisis(% celluloses)Catalase(cm 3 O2)Succrose(mg glucose)Urease(mg NH4) Fosphatase (mg P) 0-20 28.12 32.21 275 1268 31.41 3.22 Control  20-40 18.48 21.83 243 1157 20.73 2.05 0-20 35.77 41.23 293 1487 38.23 6.68 N100P100 20-40 23.52 24.71 251 1248 25.16 4.51 0-20 32.41 35.74 288 1408 36.82 5.71 P70K70 20-40 25.77 26.83 262 1275 25.83 4.92 0-20 39.82 48.66 301 1521 40.28 7.62 N140P140 20-40 27.53 31.56 274 1308 28.51 5.13 0-20 36.51 37.28 299 1502 39.55 7.01 Manure 40t/ha 20-40 18.34 21.51 211 1151 20.36 4.21 0-20 45.23 41.56 315 1589 44.17 8.18 Manure 40 t/ha+N70P70 20-40 27.34 23.77 283 1307 28.31 5.03 0-20 33.75 37.48 306 1452 37.56 5.94 N70P70+ 6 t/ha straw  20-40 26.01 27.15 271 1289 26.03 4.98 0-20 34.56 38.83 311 1463 40.86 6.08 N70P70+ 6 t/ha cobs 20-40 28.71 28.43 278 1293 27.41 5.15 0-20 36.72 39.41 318 1478 42.53 6.85 N70P70+ 6 t/ha pea stalks 20-40 29.66 29.01 281 1298 28.88 5.43 0-20 47.51 44.38 325 1593 45.18 8.37 Perennial grasses  20-40 31.42 30.71 291 1344 30.01 5.78   The mean wheat yield obtained during 1980-2005 in wheat, placed in wheat-maize rotation, was of 1620 kg/ha under unfertilized and 3420 kg/ha at high mineral fertilizer rates (Table 5).  Wheat continuous crop used for 39 years has limited the mean wheat yield obtained in the last 29 years to 1510 kg/ha under unfertilized and to 2890 kg/ha at rate of N100P100. Wheat placed in 3 or 4 year rotation with ameliorative plants resulted in yield increases of 46 - 48% (1120 - 1150 kg/ha).  In maize, application of mean rates of mineral fertilizers with 30 t/ha manure resulted in getting yield increases of 99% (3180 kg/ha), compared to unfertilized variant. Applying rates of N100P100 has determined yield increases of 115% in wheat and 94% in maize, compared to unfertilized variant.   CHANGE OF SOIL AS INFLUENCED BY CROP ROTATION AND FERTILIZATION   27  Table 5 Influence of rotation and fertilizers on wheat and maize yield, 1980-2005  Wheat Maize Yield Yield Fertilizer rate kg/ha % Dif. kg/haSig- nif. kg/ha % Dif. kg/ha Signif. N0P0 1710 100 0 - 3210 100 0 - N40P40 2680 157 970 xxx 4450 139 1240 xxx N70P70 3470 203 1760 xxx 5720 178 2510 xxx N100P100 3680 215 1970 xxx 6240 194 3030 xxx N40P40+30 t/ha manure 3700 216 1990 xxx 6390 199 3180  Rotation LSD 5%= 290 kg/ha LSD 0.1%= 490 kg/ha LSD5%= 360 kg/ha LSD 0.1%= 630 kg/ha Continuous crop 2410 100 0 - 4390 100 0 - Wheat-maize 2690 112 280  4920 112 530 xx Pea-wheat-maize 3530 146 1120 xxx 5570 127 1180 xxx Pea-wheat-maize-sunflower+perennial grasses 3560 148 1150 xxx 5920 135 1530 xxx  LSD 5%= 290 kg/ha LSD 0.1%= 490 kg/ha LSD 5%= 320 kg/ha LSD 0.1%= 600 kg/ha   CONCLUSIONS  The long-term use of 3 and 4 year rotation with ameliorative plants resulted in getting yield increases of 46 - 48% (1120-1150 kg/ha) in wheat and 27 - 35% (1180 – 1530)  in maize, compared to continuous crop. The humus and nutrient content from soil was maintained at a supply level proper to the requirements of plant nutrition only under 3 or 4 year rotation and annual use of rates of at least N100P100 or mean rates of mineral elements with      30 t/ha manure. Annual application of rates of 80 kg/ha P2O5 resulted in the accumulation of mobile phosphates stock in soil, comprised between 47 and 66 ppm, according to applied nitrogen. The 39 year use of the 4 year rotation with an outside field, grown with legumes and perennial grasses on slope lands poor in organic matter, determined, compared to wheat-maize rotation, the increase in soil vital potential by 25% and enzyme potential by 21%.   C. AILINCĂI ET AL.   28 REFERENCES  Ailincăi C., Jităreanu G., Ailincăi Despina, 1998- The evolution of main soil chemical and biological characteristics under the influence of crop rotation and fertilizers. AKAPRINT, Gődőllő, Hungary; Heuman Sabine, Bottcher J., 2004 - Temperature function of the rate coefficients of net N mineralization in sandy arable soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Vol. 167, pg. 390-396. Jităreanu G., Ailincăi C., Bucur D., 2006 - Influence of tillage systems on soil physical and chemical characteristics and yield in soybean and maize grown in the Moldavian Plain (North-Eastern Romania), Advances in Geoecology, 38, CATENA Verlag, Reiskirchen, Germany. Mihăilă V., Burlacu Gh., Hera Cr., 1996 –Results obtained in long–term experiments with fertilizers on cambic chernozem of Fundulea, Annals of the Institute for Technical Plant Growing Fundulea ,Vol. LXIII Ştefanic Gh., 1994- Biological definition, quantifying method and agricultural interpretation on the soil fertility. Romanian Agricultural Research, 2, Bucharest.   

Investigations on the change of soil chemical and biological characteristics as influenced by crop rotation and long-term fertilization in the Moldavian Plain

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Investigations on the change of soil chemical and biological characteristics as influenced by crop rotation and long-term fertilization in the Moldavian Plain

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