The increasing role played by domestic and wild fowls in infecting human food
has determined us to carry out a study on the etiology and frequency of paratiphic infections in
fowls. A number of 102 fowls were necropsied, of which 43 from the A enterprise and 61 from
the B enterprise. In the A enterprise, 18 fowls (43.9%) have been diagnosed positively, in
comparison with the B enterprise with 22 positively diagnosed fowls (36.06%). The
bacteriological determinations, performed from ovarian follicles, resulted in nine Salmonella
enteritidis strains and three Salmonella typhimurium strains, in comparison with liver
determination that revealed two (9.07%) Salmonella enteritidis strains and one (4.58%)
Salmonella typhimurium strain

Hîrșu, Doina-Anca

Pavli, Constantin

Perianu, Tudor

Tanase, Irina-Oana

Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova

ALSE Repository

THE ETIOLOGY OF AVIARY PARATIPHOSIS   81  Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova Anul XXXX , Vol. 4 (132) / 2007      INVESTIGATION ON THE ETIOLOGY OF AVIARY PARATIPHOSIS  Doina Anca HÎRŞU1, T. PERIANU2, Irina Oana TĂNASE2*, C. PAVLI2  1Sanitary-Veterinary Board of Brăila 2University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iaşi  Received March 30, 2007  ABSTRACT – The increasing role played by domestic and wild fowls in infecting human food has determined us to carry out a study on the etiology and frequency of paratiphic infections in fowls. A number of 102 fowls were necropsied, of which 43 from the A enterprise and 61 from the B enterprise. In the A enterprise, 18 fowls (43.9%) have been diagnosed positively, in comparison with the B enterprise with 22 positively diagnosed fowls (36.06%). The bacteriological determinations, performed from ovarian follicles, resulted in nine Salmonella enteritidis strains and three Salmonella typhimurium strains, in comparison with liver determination that revealed two (9.07%) Salmonella enteritidis strains and one (4.58%) Salmonella typhimurium strain.   Key Words: Salmonella, food infection, ovarian follicles  REZUMAT - Observaţii privind etiologia paratifozelor aviare. Deoarece rolul păsărilor domestice şi sălbatice, ca şi al produselor acestora (ouă şi carne) în apariţia imbolnăvirilor, dar şi a toxiinfecţiilor alimentare la om a crescut, ne-am propus a investiga etiologia şi prevalenţa (frecvenţa) infecţiilor paratifice la păsări. S-au necropsiat un număr de 102 păsări, din care 43 din unitatea A şi 61 din unitatea B. Din unitatea A au fost diagnosticate cu leziuni de paratifoză 18 (43,9%) păsări, iar din unitatea B, 22 de păsări, adică 36,06%. S-au făcut însămânţări din foliculii ovarieni, ce au dus la izolarea a nouă (42,85% ) tulpini de Salmonella enteritidis şi a trei (14,29%) tulpini de Salmonella typhimurium, în timp ce însămânţările din ficat au condus la izolarea numai a două (9,07%) tulpini de Salmonella enteritidis şi o (4,58%) tulpină de Salmonella typhimurium.   Cuvinte cheie: Salmonella spp., toxiinfecţie alimentară, foliculi ovarieni                                                        * E-mail: tanase_oana@yahoo.com Doina Anca HÎRŞU ET AL.   82 INTRODUCTION  In the past, cattle represented one of the most important sources of infection with Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium. Nowadays, in all the developed countries, once with the extension of industrial poultry breeding, fowls became the main carrying species. However, this phenomenon is not a stereotype one, other typical aspects being found according to country and region (Cooper &Gerard, 1994).  Among poultry species, hens and web-footed poultry (duck and goose) have a great sanitary-veterinary importance, and infections may be grouped in two categories. The infection caused by Salmonella pulorum-gallinarum is included in the first category and affects especially hens and turkeys, determining typhosis and pulorosis. The second category of infection is caused by paratiphic Salmonella.  Because we have noticed the increasing role of domestic and wild fowls and of their products (eggs and meat) in causing human diseases and food infection, our purpose was to investigate the etiology and frequency of paratiphic infections in fowls.   MATERIALS AND METHODS  The observations were conducted during 2003-2004, in two enterprises for poultry breeding. At the necropsic examination, lesions of Salmonella infection were found. The poultry from the two enterprises reacted negatively to the serological examination for typho-pulorosis.  The content of the ovarian follicles with clear modifications (pediculate and green-bluish coloured) (Davies et al., 2003) in 102 fowls was cultured in broth, on bent gelose or Petri dishes and in the Kauffman-Muller medium.   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  We have necropsied 102 fowls, of which 43 from the A enterprise and 61 from the B enterprise. From the A enterprise, 18 fowls (43.9%) were diagnosed with paratiphosis lesions and from the B enterprise, 22 fowls (30.06%) (Table 1, Figure 1).  Table 1 Results of necropsic examination  Paratiphosis lesions Enterprise Necropsied fowls No % A 41 18 43.9% B 61 22 36.06% Total 102 40 39.2% THE ETIOLOGY OF AVIARY PARATIPHOSIS   83 010203040506070Necropsied fowls Number of paratiphosislesionsA B Fig. 1 - Necropsic examination  Table 2  Anatomo-pathological lesions  Macroscopic lesions Salpingitis Ovaritis Vitelline peritonitisFat spleen Fat liver Hypercholie Enterprise Necropsied fowls No % No % No % No % No % A 41 6 14.65 14 36.58 7 14.87 6 14.42 8 19.84 B 61 9 14.75 16 26.95 15 23.88 11 18.03 10 16.39 Total 102 15 14.70 30 29.70 22 21.56 17 16.66 18 17.38  05101520253035Salpingitis Ovarites VitellineperitonitisFat spleen Fat liver,hypercholieNr. %   Fig. 2 - Anatomo-pathological lesions  Doina Anca HÎRŞU ET AL.   84 We have noticed a number of 15 (14.70%) salpingite lesions, 30 (29.70%) ovaritis lesions, 22 (21.56%) lesions of vitelline peritonitis, 17 (16.66%) cases of fat spleen and 18 (17.38%) of fat liver.  In order to isolate Salmonella strains and confirm the suspicion of paratiphic infection, inoculations for the bacteriological examination were done from modified ovarian follicles and liver. We have used the usual mediums (gelose and culture broth), Kauffman-Müler mediums and selective mediums (Wilson-Blair). The colonies from the selective mediums resembling to the Salmonella ones have been examined as concerns the agglutinability with polyvalent anti-Salmonella serum O (A, B, C, D and D). The positive ones have been transplanted on bent gelose and studied as concerns the culture aspect, agglutinability with group serum, mobility and biochemical traits.  On bent gelose, some strains developed as big round colonies, with smooth edges, similar to the colon bacillus ones, and others as small colonies similar to the pasteurella ones. All the isolated strains were mobile (Table 3, Figure 3).  Table 3 Results of bacteriological examination   No. isolated strains Salmonella enteritidisSalmonella typhimurimEsch. coli Coliform germs  Proteus v. Organ No.  samples No % No % No % No % No % No % Ovary 40 21 52.5 9 42.85 3 14.29 4 19.05 4 19.05 2 9.52 Liver 40 22 55.0 2 9.07 1 4.58 8 4.58 8 36.36 4 18.18  0510152025Number ofisolated strainsSalmonellaenteritidisSalmonellatyphimuriumEsch.coli Coliform germs Proteus v.NumberOvary Liver Fig. 3 - Results of bacteriological examination   THE ETIOLOGY OF AVIARY PARATIPHOSIS   85 The results obtained have shown that the germs, isolated from liver and ovary, were different as weight. The inoculations from ovarian follicles have determined the isolation of nine (42.85% ) strains of Salmonella enteritidis and of three (14.29%) strains of Salmonella typhimurium, while from liver, they isolated only two (9.07%) strains of Salmonella enteritidis and one (4.58%) strain of Salmonella typhimurium. In the liver, other Gram negative germs prevailed, such as Escherichia coli - eight (36.36%) strains, coliform germs - seven (31.81%) strains and four (18.18%) Proteus vulgaris. From the ovary of three fowls, both Sallmonela enteritidis and Escherichia coli were isolated.  Data from the specialty literature (Keller et al., 1997; Mânzat Moga, 2001) showed that in Romania, the incidence of infections with mobile Salmonella in poultry, investigated in a selection and crossing centre of meat and laying breeds, was the following: Salmonella enteritidis 50.8%, Salmonella typhimurium 30.4%, Salmonella gallinarum 5.8%, Salmonella heidelberg 2.4%, Salmonella agona 2.10%, Salmonella derby 2.9 %, Salmonella haifa 2.4% and Salmonella newport 2.4%. The results obtained have shown that from the modified ovarian follicles, mobile Salmonella could be isolated, especially Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium. These data are similar to the ones obtained by Davies et al. (2003), which showed that mobile Salmonella could be isolated from ovarian follicles, but they did not know if it could be transmitted to pathogens and what was its epidemiological role in spreading the infection.   CONCLUSIONS  The necropsic investigations conducted on 102 fowls have shown paratiphosis lesions in 39.20% of cases.  Lesions were caused by salpingite (14.70%), ovaritis (21.56%), vitelline peritonitis (16.66%) and fat spleen (17.38%). The inoculations from liver and ovary on culture mediums have resulted in isolating, from ovarian follicles, nine (42.85%) strains of Salmonella enteritidis and three (14.29%) strains of Sallmonela typhimurium, and from liver, two (9.07%) strains of Sallmonela enteritidis and one (4.58%) strain of Sallmonela typhimurium.  REFERENCES  Carp-Cărare M., Guguianu Eleonora, Timofte Dorina, 1997 – Practical works of veterinary microbiology. “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iaşi Cooper & Gerard I.,1994 – Salmonellosis – infections in humans and the chicken pathogenesis and the development of live vaccines – A review – Veter. Bull. Vol.64, no.2,123-135 Doina Anca HÎRŞU ET AL.   86 Davies R., Liebane E. and Breslin M., 2003 - Investigation of the distribution and control of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis PT6 in layer breeding and egg production. Avian Pathology (June 2003) 32(3), 227-237 Gast R.K. and Holt P.S., 1998 - Persistence of Salmonella enteritidis from one day of age until maturity in experimentally infected layer chickens. Poultry Science, 77m1759-1762 Keller L.H., Schifferli D.M., Benson C.E., Aslam S. and Eckroade R.J., 1997 -Invasion of chicken reproductive tissues and forming eggs is not unique to Salmonella enteritidis. Avian Diseases , 41, 535-539 Mânzat Moga R., 2001 – Animal infectious diseases – bacterioses. Brumer Publishing House,Timişoara Perianu T. (coordinator), 2003 – Infectious diseases in domestic animals. Bacterioses. vol l, Venus Publishing House, Iaşi  

Investigation on the etiology of aviary paratiphosis

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Investigation on the etiology of aviary paratiphosis

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