Introduction: Cycas circinalis .L and Ionidium suffruticosum. Ging are the two herbs used in Siddha system of medicine (Indian Medicine) for years together to improve the fertility of male.
Objective: The aphrodisiac activities of the two herbs Cycas circinalis .L and Ionidium suffruticosum. Ging were tested on male albino rats and compared the effect with normal and positive control male albino rats.
Materials and Methods: The present study involves 4 groups, each group has 6 healthy sexually active male albino rats. The Cycas circinalis and Ionidium suffruticosum extract (200mg/kg body weight) were administered orally to 2 experimental group of albino rats and its sexual performance was compared to the normal albino rats (given normal saline) and positive control albino rats (given Sildenafil citrate 4.5mg/kg body weight). The aphrodisiac activities of rats due to the effect of the herb were observed by various parameters such as mount frequency, mount latency, intromission frequency, intromission latency, ejaculation latency, post ejaculatory Interval and total sexual behavior. The data's were analyzed using one way ANOVA and found to be statistically significant.
Results: The herbs showed significant positive results in improving various parameters involved in maintaining maleness. The study proves that Cycas circinalis and Ionidium suffruticosum both have aphrodisiac activity and Ionidium suffruticosum was proved to be more effective and almost has the similar effect of Sildenafil citrate.
Conclusion
The herbal extracts possessing aphrodisiac activity will be of great use for males suffering from sexual disorders like impotence.
KEYWORDS: Ionidium suffruticosum, Cycas circinalis, Aphrodisiac activity, Mount frequency, Mount latency, Intromission frequency, Intromission latency, Ejaculation latency, Post ejaculatory interval, Total sexual behavior

KUMAR,  J. VIJAYA

KUMAR, B. SENTHIL

SELVARAJ , R.

English

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   Research Article  APHRODISIAC ACTIVITY OF CYCAS CIRCINALIS.L AND IONIDIUM SUFFRUTICOSUM.GING ON MALE WISTER ALBINO RATS *1Research Scholar - Saveetha University/ Tutor, Department of Anatomy, Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Medical College and Hospital,Salem, 2Professor, Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai,  3Assistant Professor, BRULAC, Saveetha University,  Chennai. Email :  skdrchinu88 @ gmail.com Received: 22 May 2013, Revised and Accepted:20 June 2013 ABSTRACT Introduction: Cycas circinalis .L and Ionidium suffruticosum. Ging are the two herbs used in Siddha system of medicine (Indian Medicine) for years together to improve the fertility of male. Objective: The aphrodisiac activities of the two herbs Cycas circinalis .L and Ionidium suffruticosum. Ging were tested on male albino rats and compared the effect with normal and positive control male albino rats.  Materials and Methods: The present study involves 4 groups, each group has 6 healthy sexually active male albino rats. The Cycas circinalis and Ionidium suffruticosum extract (200mg/kg body weight) were administered orally to 2 experimental group of albino rats and its sexual performance was compared to the normal albino rats (given normal saline) and positive control albino rats (given Sildenafil citrate 4.5mg/kg body weight). The aphrodisiac activities of rats due to the effect of the herb were observed by various parameters such as mount frequency, mount latency, intromission frequency, intromission latency, ejaculation latency, post ejaculatory Interval and total sexual behavior. The data’s were analyzed using one way ANOVA and found to be statistically significant.  Results: The herbs showed significant positive results in improving various parameters involved in maintaining maleness. The study proves that Cycas circinalis and Ionidium suffruticosum both have aphrodisiac activity and Ionidium suffruticosum was proved to be more effective and almost has the similar effect of Sildenafil citrate.  Conclusion: The herbal extracts possessing aphrodisiac activity will be of great use for males suffering from sexual disorders like impotence.  Keywords: Ionidium suffruticosum, Cycas circinalis, Aphrodisiac activity, Mount frequency, Mount latency, Intromission frequency, Intromission latency, Ejaculation latency, Post ejaculatory interval, Total sexual behavior.  INTRODUCTION Cycas circinalis .L (Family –Cycadaceae) (Cc) a sago palm commonly known as Madana Kaman in Tamilnadu. The male sago cone has aphrodisiac activity.[1] Ionidium suffruticosum. Ging (Family–Violaceae) (Is), a perennial herb known as Orithazthamarai. The whole plant has aphrodisiac activity and it is used as rejuvenating herb in Siddha system of Medicine.[2] The androgen influences the sexual characteristics of a male.[3] Hypogonadism in adulthood results in loss of libido, sexual activity which can be recovered by administering the synthetic androgens. Androgen contribute to penile erection by acting in concert with the other determinants of penile erectile physiology.[4] The erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation can be significantly improved by synthetic aphrodisiacs, but it may result in irregularities of rhythm of heart, tremor, flushing, blurred vision, dilation of blood vessels causing headache and fainting.[5] The intensive search for herbs having aphrodisiac activity resulted in many herbs, some of which have been already proved, whereas 2 herbs Cycas circinalis (Cc) and Ionidium suffruticosum (Is) which has been used in Siddha system of medicine (Indian Medicine) for years together for treating male infertility,  no study was carried out till date with these herbs on the male gonads and sexual activity and this is the first report of the herb proved for its aphrodisiac action. The present study was done with these herbs (Cc & Is) and the aphrodisiac property was analyzed with an intension to find a safe, powerful, natural aphrodisiac of herbal origin. The toxicity study, phytochemical screening, extraction of the plant material and the effect on male gonads of albino rats were already done and published. [6,7,8,9]  MATERIALS AND METHODS Animal selection and drug administration About 24 male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) of 8 weeks old weighing about 130 – 140 gm were procured  and kept  in  cages  in   the experimental animal lab. The rats were fed with standard pellets and fresh water ad libitum, acclimatized to the light - dark cycle and a period of one week was given for acclimatization before the study [10]. The experiments were performed in accordance with the CPCSEA guidelines and the study was approved by Institutional Animal Ethical Committee of Saveetha University, approval number–ANAT.005/2012. The rats were selected randomly with 6 rats in each group as follows G-1 control rats were given normal saline (2ml/kg body weight) [11], G-2 Positive control rats administered sildenafil citrate (4.5mg/ kg body weight) [11], G-3 Experimental rats administered Cycas circinalis extract (200mg/kg body weight), G-4 Experimental rats administered Ionidium suffruticosum  extract (200mg/kg body weight). The drugs were administered orally using infants feeding tube to the experimental group regularly at a fixed time everyday for 30 days. Rest period of about 10 days were given to all the animals after administration of the drug. Preparation of Male rats The sexually active male rats were selected for testing and trained for sexual behavior 2 times a day for 10 days initially before administering the drugs. [11] Preparation of Female rats Adult healthy young  female rats of 8 weeks old weighing about 130 – 140 gm were selected and administered benzoate oestradiol 10µg/100g body weight to bring the female rats for oestrous phase 48 hrs before copulatory study  and progesterone 500µg/100g body weight was administered through subcutaneous route 4 hours before the copulatory studies.[4]  Vol 6, Issue 3, 2013                                                                                                                                                                                                               ISSN - 0974-2441                                                                                                                                                                                                 B. SENTHIL KUMAR*1, J. VIJAYA KUMAR2, R. SELVARAJ3 Senthil kumar et al. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 6, Issue 3, 2013, 215-217  216  Copulatory study of the rats The experiment was carried out in a specially designed box measuring 50×30×30 cm with a dim yellow light. One male rat marked by picric acid was kept initially in the box and two female rats which were prepared as explained above were introduced into the box. After a 15 minutes acclimatization period, the following sexual behavior such as Mount frequency (MF), Intromission frequency (IF), Mount latency (ML), Intromission latency (IL), Ejaculation latency (EL), Post-ejaculatory interval (PEI) and Total sexual behavior (TSB) includes genital grooming, anogenital sniffing, chasing of female rats was observed for one hour till ejaculation of semen in any one of the female. [4,9,11,12]  Statistical Analysis The sexual behavior of the control and experimental rats were recorded for each male rat in all the four groups. The data’s were tabulated and analyzed by one way ANOVA and Post-Hoc pair wise comparison for statistically significance using free online graph pad calculator. RESULTS The data’s of sexual performance was given in Table 1. The parameters such as of the sexual behavior were highly statistically significant for Mount frequency (MF), Intromission frequency (IF), Mount latency (ML), Ejaculation latency (EL), Post-ejaculatory interval (PEI) and Total sexual behavior (TSB) (P<0.001). The Intromission latency (IL) was not statistically significant. The Post hoc pair wise comparison was done among the groups G1, G2, G3 and G4 (Table 2). Table 1: Sexual Behavior of the Male Albino Rats. S.no  Parameters Group –1  Mean±SEM  Group –2 Mean±SEM Group –3 Mean±SEM Group –4 Mean±SEM 1 MF 2.48±0.32 12.31±1.56 5.32±0.77 7.31±0.45 *** 2 IF 0.39±0.24 0.95±0.31 0.68±0.21 0.58±0.28# 3 ML(sec.) 339.4±7.41 132±7.24 302±7.71 238±7.48 *** 4 IL(sec.) 843.21±9.14 280.63±7.61 639±8.48 302±7.71*** 5 EL(min.) 6.21±0.71 13.2±1.12 8.23±1.14 7.18±1.05*** 6 7 PEI(min.) TSB 16.4±1.12 195.20 ± 0.96 6.2±1.14 214.30 ± 0.98 10.3±1.12 198.14±0.98 9.40±1.08***  221.37± 0.9***   Mount frequency (MF), Intromission frequency (IF), Mount latency (ML), Intromission latency (IL), Ejaculation latency (EL), Post-ejaculatory interval (PEI), Total sexual behavior (TSB), sec – seconds, min – Minutes. G-1 control rats given normal saline, G-2 Positive control rats administered sildenafil citrate, G-3 Experimental rats administered Cycas circinalis extract, G-4 Experimental rats administered Ionidium suffruticosum  extract. (n=6 in each group) Sec – seconds, Min – Minutes. *P<0.05, **P< 0.01, ***P<0.001, # - Statistically not significant, n – number of animals, SEM – Standard Error Mean. Table 2: Post Hoc pair wise comparison    S. no Pair wise comparison MF IF ML IL EL PEI TSB 1.  G1 vs. G2 S n\s S S S S S 2.  G1 vs. G3 n\s n\s S S n\s S S 3.  G1 vs. G4 S n\s S S n\s S n\s 4.  G2 vs. G3 S n\s S S S n\s S 5.  G2 vs. G4 S n\s S S S n\s S 6.  G3 vs. G4 n\s n\s S S n\s n\s S G-1 Control rats given normal saline, G-2 Positive control rats administered sildenafil citrate, G-3 Experimental rats administered Cycas circinalis extract, G-4 Experimental rats administered Ionidium suffruticosum extract, S – Statistically significant (P<0.05), n\s - Statistically not significant,  DISCUSSION Cycas circinalis and Ionidium suffruticosum are the herbs taken for the study and no work was done for its aphrodisiac activity, this is the first study throwing light on these unrevealed herbs. The aphrodisiac activity of some of the herbs such as Tribulus terrestris, Withania somnifera, Asparagus racemosus, were proved.  Gautham et al worked on aphrodisiac activity of Tribulus terrestris with the positive control administering sildenafil citrate and most of the parameters of positive control such as mount frequency (2.16± 0.47), Intromission frequency (0.33±0.21 sec.) and mount latency (307.50±6.80) correlated with the present study. [4] Mount frequency is the number of mounts made in one hour by the male rats after introducing the female rats. The normal control rats has the least mounting index and the highest is the positive control rats whereas Is extract administered rats were having higher mounting index when compared to Cc extract administered male rats. The parameter was highly significant when compared among the four groups (P<0.001) (Table 1). The post comparison was not significant between normal control G1 and experimental rats given Cc extract G3 and also between experimental rats given Cc extract G3 and experimental rats given Is extract G4 (Table 2). Intromission frequency is the time taken for the first mount by the male rat. The intromission frequency of all the rats were within the same range was not significant (Table 1 & 2). Mount latency is the number of intromissions until ejaculation. Mount latency is less in positive control (132±7.24 sec.) and next is the Is administered group (238±7.48 sec.) and all four group shows statistical significant (P<0.001) (Table 1). Post comparison among all the four groups were significant (P<0.05) (Table 2).  Intromission latency is the interval from the time of introduction of the female to the first intromission by the male (characterized by pelvic thrusting and springing dismount). [4] The positive control intromission latency was less (280.63±7.6 sec.) and for Is administered group (302±7.71 sec.). The parameter is statistically significant (P<0.001) (Table 1). The post comparison among all the groups was also significant (P<0.05). Ejaculation latency is the time interval between the first intromission and ejaculation. This parameter was more for Positive control (13.2±1.12 min.) followed by Is group (8.23±1.14 min.). The groups show high statistical significant. The post comparison was not significant between G1-G3, G1-G4 & G3-G4, rest groups are significant (Table 2)    Post-ejaculatory interval is the time interval between ejaculation and the first intromission. The parameter show less in positive control (10.3±1.12 min.) followed by Is extract administered group (9.40±1.08 min.) Table 1 and parameter was significant. The post comparison was not significant between the groups G2-G3, G2-G4 & G3-G4, rest groups are significant (Table 2). The total sexual behavior includes genital grooming, anogenital sniffing, chasing of female rats.[11] The Is administered rat showed increase in total sexual behavior  (221.37± 0.9) when compared to that of positive control (214.30 ± 0.98) and the data was significant (P<0.001). The post comparison showed only the comparison of G1 with G4 was not significant and all other groups were highly significant (Table 2). CONCLUSION The study proves that Cycas circinalis (Cc) and Ionidium suffruticosum (Is) both have aphrodisiac activity which was compared with a positive control administered with Sildenafil citrate. The positive control showed the increase in sexual performance followed by Is extract administered group. The total Senthil kumar et al. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 6, Issue 3, 2013, 215-217  217  sexual behavior was more in the Is administered rat when even compared to positive control. The Is was proved to be more effective for sexual performance than the Cc. The outcome of this study will also constitute a source of baseline data. The study is further extended to identify the component responsible for the aphrodisiac activity in both the herbs and the extraction of active compounds from the extract is under process. REFERENCES 1.  Murugesa Mudaliar, Siddha materia medica (medicinal plant division),1996, Herb- 439 706. 2.  Arunkumar B, Sonappanavar1, M. Jayaraj, A.A.Ankalikar, Pharmacognostical Investigation of Ionidium suffruticsoum Ging. – A Seasonal Multipotent Medicinal Herb. Pharmacognosy Journal, 2010; 2(10):311-316  3.  Reiter WJ, Pycha A, Schaltz G, Pokorny A, Gruber DM, Huber JC. Marberger M, Dehydroepiandrosterone in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: A prospective, double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study. Urology 1999;53:590-5.  4.  Gauthaman, K.; Adaikan, PG.; Prasad, RNV. Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus Terrestris extract (Protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats. Life Sciences, Volume 71, issue 12 (August 9, 2002), p. 1385-1396. 5.  Kulkarni SK, Reddy DS. Pharmacotherapy of Male Erectile Dysfunction with Sildenafil. Ind. J. Pharmacol. 1998; 30: 367-378.  6. Senthil Kumar B, Vijaya Kumar J, Selvaraj R. An Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Cycas circinalis and Ionidium suffruticosum in Wister Albino Rats, International journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 2012;17(2): 97-100 7.  Senthil Kumar B, Vijaya Kumar J, Selvaraj R,  Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Cycas circinalis (l.) and Ionidium suffruticosum (ging.) International Journal of Pharmacy (Under press) 8. Senthil Kumar B, Vijaya Kumar J, Effect of Ionidium Suffruticosum on Testes of young Albino Rats, International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 2012; 2(3):106-112. 9.  Senthil Kumar B, Vijaya Kumar J, Selvaraj R. Evaluation of Fertility Efficacy of Ionidium Suffruticosum Extract on Senility Induced Sterility of Male Albino Rats. IJCRR. 2013; 5(6): 98-103.  10. Ufaw, The Handbook on the management of laboratory animals. Churchillivingstone, Edinburgh, London, 1976,p- 46. 11. Javeed Ahmed Wani1, Rajeshwara N. Achur., R. K. Nema. Phytochemical Screening and Aphrodisiac Activity of Asparagus racemosus. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2011; 3(2): 112-115. 12. VR Chidrawar, HR Chitme, KN Patel,  NJ Patel, VR Racharla, NC Dhoraji, KR Vadalia. Effects of Cynodon dactylon on Stress-Induced Infertility in Male Rats J Young Pharm. 2011 Jan-Mar; 3(1): 26–35.    

APHRODISIAC ACTIVITY OF CYCAS CIRCINALIS.L AND IONIDIUM SUFFRUTICOSUM.GING ON MALE WISTER ALBINO RATS

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APHRODISIAC ACTIVITY OF CYCAS CIRCINALIS.L AND IONIDIUM SUFFRUTICOSUM.GING ON MALE WISTER ALBINO RATS

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