A parent in prison creates disruption and stress for the entire family system. In order to provide family programming to this high-risk population, a partnership was created among the University of New Hampshire (UNH) Cooperative Extension, UNH Department of Family Studies, and New Hampshire\u27s Department of Corrections. This partnership is called The Family Connection Project. Programming objectives are to strengthen at-risk families and improve the healthy development of children with incarcerated parents through a family-centered, strength-based approach. The acquisition of positive parenting/relationship skills is expected to increase protective factors and decrease risk factors in families with an incarcerated parent

Hunter, Barbara

Kazura, Kerry

Temke, Mary

Toth, Kristina

English

Clemson University: TigerPrints

The Journal of Extension Volume 40 Number 1 Article 22 2-1-2002 Building Partnerships to Address Challenging Social Problems Kerry Kazura University of New Hampshire, Kerry.Kazura@unh.edu Mary Temke UNiversity of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension, mary.temke@unh.edu Kristina Toth Department of Corrections, familyresourcecenter@yahoo.com Barbara Hunter University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension, barbara.hunter@unh.edu This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Kazura, K., Temke, M., Toth, K., & Hunter, B. (2002). Building Partnerships to Address Challenging Social Problems. The Journal of Extension, 40(1), Article 22. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol40/iss1/22 This Ideas at Work is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Journal of Extension by an authorized editor of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact kokeefe@clemson.edu. 	 JOEHOME JOURNAL GUIDELINES ABOUT	JOE CONTACT NATIONAL	JOB	BANKCurrent	Issues Back	IssuesFebruary	2002	//	Volume	40	//	Number	1	//	Ideas	at	Work	//	1IAW7Building	Partnerships	to	Address	Challenging	Social	ProblemsAbstractA	parent	in	prison	creates	disruption	and	stress	for	the	entire	family	system.	In	order	to	providefamily	programming	to	this	high-risk	population,	a	partnership	was	created	among	theUniversity	of	New	Hampshire	(UNH)	Cooperative	Extension,	UNH	Department	of	Family	Studies,and	New	Hampshire's	Department	of	Corrections.	This	partnership	is	called	The	FamilyConnection	Project.	Programming	objectives	are	to	strengthen	at-risk	families	and	improve	thehealthy	development	of	children	with	incarcerated	parents	through	a	family-centered,	strength-based	approach.	The	acquisition	of	positive	parenting/relationship	skills	is	expected	to	increaseprotective	factors	and	decrease	risk	factors	in	families	with	an	incarcerated	parent.	IntroductionA	parent	in	prison	creates	disruption	and	stress	for	the	entire	family	system.	In	the	United	Statesover	1.7	million	people	are	currently	incarcerated	in	jails	and	prisons	(Gilliard	&	Beck,	1998).	Morethan	one	half	of	state	and	federal	inmates	are	between	the	ages	of	18	and	34	(Gilliard	&	Beck,1998).	Approximately	65%	of	inmates	have	children	under	the	age	of	18,	and	6%	of	womenentering	prison	are	pregnant.	Currently,	nearly	1.5	million	children	have	a	mother	or	father	infederal	or	state	prison	(Bureau	of	Justice	Statistics,	2000).There	is	evidence	that	family	support	for	inmates	during	incarceration,	either	informal	orprogrammatic,	promotes	positive	behavior	during	incarceration	and	reduces	the	likelihood	ofrecidivism	(Borgman,	1985;	Fishman,	1982;	Schafer,	1994).	There	is	also	evidence	that	childrenwith	incarcerated	parents	are	at	risk	and	need	support	to	reduce	the	likelihood	of	intergenerationalcriminal	behavior	(Adalist-Estrin,	1994).The	Family	Connection	ProjectKerry	KazuraAssociate	Professor,	Family	StudiesUniversity	of	New	HampshireDurham,	New	HampshireInternet	Address:	Kerry.Kazura@unh.eduMary	TemkeExtension	Specialist	Human	DevelopmentUniversity	of	New	Hampshire	Cooperative	ExtensionDurham,	New	HampshireInternet	Address:	Mary.Temke@unh.eduKristina	TothProgram	AdministratorDepartment	of	CorrectionsLaconia,	New	HampshireInternet	Address:	familyresourcecenter@yahoo.comBarbara	HunterExtension	Educator,	Family	DevelopmentUniversity	of	New	Hampshire	Cooperative	ExtensionLaconia,	New	HampshireInternet	Address:	Barbara.Hunter@unh.eduBecause	of	the	high	incidence	of	incarceration	and	the	family	issues	associated	with	incarceration,a	partnership	was	created	among	the	University	of	New	Hampshire	(UNH)	Cooperative	Extension,UNH	Department	of	Family	Studies,	and	New	Hampshire's	Department	of	Corrections	(Kazura,Baber,	&	Temke,	1999).	This	partnership	is	called	The	Family	Connection	Project.	Programmingobjectives	are	to	strengthen	at-risk	families	and	improve	the	healthy	development	of	children	withincarcerated	parents	through	a	family-centered,	strength-based	approach.	The	acquisition	ofpositive	family	and	relationship	skills	is	expected	to	increase	protective	factors	and	decrease	riskfactors	in	families	with	an	incarcerated	parent.The	participants	of	this	program	are	parents	incarcerated	at	a	New	Hampshire	state	correctionalfacility	and	their	families.	At	the	current	time,	the	prison	population	is	approximately	500	(450	menand	50	women).	A	recent	study	by	Kazura	(1999)	indicated	that	73%	of	the	prison	inmates	areparents	(or	stepparents),	and	58%	receive	visits	from	their	children.The	correctional	facility	houses	a	state-of-the-art	rehabilitation	program	established	in	1993.	Thefacility	serves	non-violent	offenders;	the	majority	of	offenders	committed	crimes	associated	withdrug	and	alcohol	use.	It	offers	inmates	two	programs:	1)	a	modified	therapeutic	community,	todeal	with	inmates'	substance	abuse;	and	2)	a	vocational	college	program,	to	assist	the	inmateswith	their	education	and	employment	needs.Needs	AssessmentRespondents	to	a	needs	assessment	survey	were	inmates	who	either	had	children	or	expected	toreturn	to	homes	with	children	(e.g.,	partners'	children,	siblings'	children)	upon	being	released	fromthe	facility.	One	hundred	thirty-six	inmates	(99	male,	37	female)	who	ranged	in	age	from	18	to	49(M=29.33,	SD=7.67)	completed	the	needs	assessment.The	assessment	asked	inmates	to	indicate	their:Needs	for	education	concerning	parenting	issues,Needs	for	life	skills	training,Concerns	regarding	finances,Needs	for	visitation	programs,Partners'	need	for	information	about	the	correctional	facility,	andNeeds	and	their	partner's	needs	for	social	support	services.Kazura	(1999)	found	that	inmates	realized	and	were	concerned	about	how	their	incarceration	wasaffecting	their	children's	social	and	emotional	development.	Many	inmates	requested	informationabout	how	to	deal	with	their	children's	stress	and	what	signs	to	look	for	in	their	children's	behaviorthat	may	demonstrate	the	impact	of	incarceration	and/or	separation.	In	addition	to	parentingissues	related	to	incarceration,	these	parents	wanted	basic	parenting	education	concerningdiscipline	and	caring	for	their	children.	This	group	of	inmates	seemed	to	be	motivated	to	be	moreknowledgeable	and	skillful	parents;	however,	there	were	little	to	no	resources	available	to	them.Four	Programming	Strategies	Developed	from	the	Needs	AssessmentParent	Education	ClassesThe	majority	of	inmates	receive	parenting	education	classes	that	were	designed	for	parents	ofyoung	children,	school	age	children,	and	adolescents.	UNH	Cooperative	Extension	trains	programstaff	to	conduct	their	parenting	education	program,	Family	Focus	(Temke,	2000a;	2000b;	2001).Parents	learn	about	child	growth	and	development,	effective	discipline,	positive	communication,supporting	children's	education,	building	self-esteem	in	children,	problem	solving,	decision	making,and	developing	responsibility	in	children.Parent	Support	GroupsInmates	are	encouraged	to	attend	parent	support/education	groups.	Program	staff	and	studentsfrom	the	UNH	Department	of	Family	Studies	are	trained	to	conduct	informal	parenting	supportgroups	for	incarcerated	parents.	In	the	near	future	similar	support	groups	will	be	offered	to	theinmates'	spouses/partners.Supervised	Parent-Child	VisitationA	section	of	the	correctional	facility	has	been	renovated	for	supervised	visitations	between	theincarcerated	parents	and	their	children.	A	play	room	has	been	designated	for	parents	to	interactwith	their	infants,	toddlers,	preschoolers,	and/or	young	elementary	school	children.	A	recreationroom	has	been	created	for	parents	to	interact	with	their	children	who	are	school-age	andadolescents.	There	are	one-way	mirrors	in	each	of	these	rooms	so	parents	may	be	observed.A	faculty	member	from	the	UNH	Department	of	Family	Studies	trains	advanced	graduate	studentsand	program	staff	to	work	in	the	playroom	and	recreation	room	with	parents	and	children	in	orderto	model	appropriate	adult/child	interaction.	Students	also	observe	parent-child	interactions	via	theone-way	mirrors	and	provide	feedback	to	the	parents	regarding	their	parenting	style.Community	Outreach	via	Cooperative	ExtensionCurrently,	program	staff	are	partnering	with	4-H	Youth	Development	educators	in	the	10	NewHampshire	counties	to	enroll	children	of	incarcerated	parents	into	community	4-H	clubs	or	otheryouth	development	programs.	In	addition,	the	program	staff	works	with	UNH	CooperativeExtension's	family	development	educators	to	connect	spouses/partners	to	parenting	educationprograms	and	social	services	in	their	communities.OutcomesEach	of	these	programming	strategies	will	be	extensively	evaluated	for	effectiveness.	Expectationsare	that	the	data	will	demonstrate	that	this	is	an	important	program	that	addresses	the	risk	andprotective	factors	associated	with	this	marginalized	population.	In	addition,	it	has	the	potential	tolower	recidivism	and	break	the	cycle	of	intergenerational	transmission	of	behavior	that	leads	toincarceration.Acknowledgment	and	DisclaimerCooperative	agreement	number	5U1FSPO8169-02	made	funding	for	The	Family	Connection	Projectand	this	publication	possible	from	the	Substance	Abuse	and	Mental	Health	ServicesAdministration's	Center	for	Substance	Abuse	Prevention.	The	contents	are	solely	the	responsibilityof	the	authors	and	do	no	necessarily	represent	the	official	views	of	the	Substance	Abuse	andMental	Health	Services	Administration's	Center	for	Substance	Abuse	Prevention.ReferencesAdalist-Estrin,	A.	(1994).	Family	support	and	criminal	justice.	In	S.	L.	Kagan	&	B.	Weissbourd	(Eds.)Putting	families	first:	America's	family	support	movement	and	the	challenge	of	change	(pp.	161-186).	San	Francisco:	Jossey-Bass	Publishers.Bureau	of	Justice	Statistics.	(2000).	Incarcerated	parents	and	their	children	(BJS	Document	No.NCJ182335).	Washington,	DC:	U.S.	Government	Printing	Office.Borgman,	R.	(1985).	The	influence	of	family	visiting	upon	boys'	behavior	in	a	juvenile	correctionalinstitution.	Child	Welfare,	64(6),	629-638.Fishman,	S.	H.	(1982).	The	impact	of	incarceration	on	children	of	offenders.	Journal	of	Children	inContemporary	Society,	15,	89-99.Gilliard,	D.,	&	Beck,	A.	J.	(August,	1998).	Prisoners	in	1997.	Bureau	of	Justice	Statistics	Bulletin.Washington,	DC:	U.S.	Department	of	Justice.Kazura,	K.	(2001).	Family	programming	for	incarcerated	parents:	A	needs	assessment	amonginmates.	Journal	of	Offender	Rehabilitation,	32,	67-83.Kazura,	K.,	Baber,	K.,	&	Temke,	M.	(1999).	The	Family	Connection	Project:	A	collaborative	approachto	supporting	families	with	incarcerated	parents.	Family	Science	Review,	12,	294-315.Schafer,	N.	E.	(1994).	Exploring	the	link	between	visits	and	parole	success:	A	survey	of	prisonvisitors.	International	Journal	of	Offender	Therapy	and	Comparative	Criminology,	38(1),	17-32.Temke,	M.	(2000a).	Family	Focus:	parenting	the	young	child	(Rev.	ed.).	NH:	University	of	NewHampshire,	Cooperative	Extension.Temke,	M.	(2000b).	Family	Focus:	parenting	the	school	age	child	(Rev.	ed.).	NH:	University	of	NewHampshire,	Cooperative	Extension.Temke,	M.	(2001).	Family	Focus:	parenting	the	young	teen	(Rev.	ed.).	NH:	University	of	NewHampshire,	Cooperative	Extension.Copyright	�	by	Extension	Journal,	Inc.	ISSN	1077-5315.	Articles	appearing	in	the	Journal	become	the	property	of	theJournal.	 Single	 copies	 of	 articles	may	 be	 reproduced	 in	 electronic	 or	 print	 form	 for	 use	 in	 educational	 or	 trainingactivities.	Inclusion	of	articles	in	other	publications,	electronic	sources,	or	systematic	large-scale	distribution	may	bedone	only	with	prior	electronic	or	written	permission	of	the	Journal	Editorial	Office,	joe-ed@joe.org.If	you	have	difficulties	viewing	or	printing	this	page,	please	contact	JOE	Technical	Support©	Copyright	by	Extension	Journal,	Inc.	ISSN	1077-5315.	Copyright	Policy

Building Partnerships to Address Challenging Social Problems

The Journal of Extension Volume 40 Number 2 Article 22 4-1-2002 Building Partnerships to Address Challenging Social Problems Kerry Kazura University of New Hampshire, Kerry.Kazura@unh.edu Mary Temke University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension, mary.temke@unh.edu Kristina Toth Department of Corrections, familyresourcecenter@yahoo.com Barbara Hunter University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension, barbara.hunter@unh.edu This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Kazura, K., Temke, M., Toth, K., & Hunter, B. (2002). Building Partnerships to Address Challenging Social Problems. The Journal of Extension, 40(2), Article 22. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol40/iss2/22 This Ideas at Work is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Journal of Extension by an authorized editor of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact kokeefe@clemson.edu. 	 JOEHOME JOURNAL GUIDELINES ABOUT	JOE CONTACT NATIONAL	JOB	BANKCurrent	Issues Back	IssuesApril	2002	//	Volume	40	//	Number	2	//	Ideas	at	Work	//	2IAW7Building	Partnerships	to	Address	Challenging	Social	ProblemsAbstractA	parent	in	prison	creates	disruption	and	stress	for	the	entire	family	system.	In	order	to	providefamily	programming	to	this	high-risk	population,	a	partnership	was	created	among	theUniversity	of	New	Hampshire	(UNH)	Cooperative	Extension,	UNH	Department	of	Family	Studies,and	New	Hampshire's	Department	of	Corrections.	This	partnership	is	called	The	FamilyConnection	Project.	Programming	objectives	are	to	strengthen	at-risk	families	and	improve	thehealthy	development	of	children	with	incarcerated	parents	through	a	family-centered,	strength-based	approach.	The	acquisition	of	positive	parenting/relationship	skills	is	expected	to	increaseprotective	factors	and	decrease	risk	factors	in	families	with	an	incarcerated	parent.	IntroductionA	parent	in	prison	creates	disruption	and	stress	for	the	entire	family	system.	In	the	United	Statesover	1.7	million	people	are	currently	incarcerated	in	jails	and	prisons	(Gilliard	&	Beck,	1998).	Morethan	one	half	of	state	and	federal	inmates	are	between	the	ages	of	18	and	34	(Gilliard	&	Beck,1998).	Approximately	65%	of	inmates	have	children	under	the	age	of	18,	and	6%	of	womenentering	prison	are	pregnant.	Currently,	nearly	1.5	million	children	have	a	mother	or	father	infederal	or	state	prison	(Bureau	of	Justice	Statistics,	2000).There	is	evidence	that	family	support	for	inmates	during	incarceration,	either	informal	orprogrammatic,	promotes	positive	behavior	during	incarceration	and	reduces	the	likelihood	ofrecidivism	(Borgman,	1985;	Fishman,	1982;	Schafer,	1994).	There	is	also	evidence	that	childrenwith	incarcerated	parents	are	at	risk	and	need	support	to	reduce	the	likelihood	of	intergenerationalcriminal	behavior	(Adalist-Estrin,	1994).The	Family	Connection	ProjectKerry	KazuraAssociate	Professor,	Family	StudiesUniversity	of	New	HampshireDurham,	New	HampshireInternet	Address:	Kerry.Kazura@unh.eduMary	TemkeExtension	Specialist	Human	DevelopmentUniversity	of	New	Hampshire	Cooperative	ExtensionDurham,	New	HampshireInternet	Address:	Mary.Temke@unh.eduKristina	TothProgram	AdministratorDepartment	of	CorrectionsLaconia,	New	HampshireInternet	Address:	familyresourcecenter@yahoo.comBarbara	HunterExtension	Educator,	Family	DevelopmentUniversity	of	New	Hampshire	Cooperative	ExtensionLaconia,	New	HampshireInternet	Address:	Barbara.Hunter@unh.eduBecause	of	the	high	incidence	of	incarceration	and	the	family	issues	associated	with	incarceration,a	partnership	was	created	among	the	University	of	New	Hampshire	(UNH)	Cooperative	Extension,UNH	Department	of	Family	Studies,	and	New	Hampshire's	Department	of	Corrections	(Kazura,Baber,	&	Temke,	1999).	This	partnership	is	called	The	Family	Connection	Project.	Programmingobjectives	are	to	strengthen	at-risk	families	and	improve	the	healthy	development	of	children	withincarcerated	parents	through	a	family-centered,	strength-based	approach.	The	acquisition	ofpositive	family	and	relationship	skills	is	expected	to	increase	protective	factors	and	decrease	riskfactors	in	families	with	an	incarcerated	parent.The	participants	of	this	program	are	parents	incarcerated	at	a	New	Hampshire	state	correctionalfacility	and	their	families.	At	the	current	time,	the	prison	population	is	approximately	500	(450	menand	50	women).	A	recent	study	by	Kazura	(1999)	indicated	that	73%	of	the	prison	inmates	areparents	(or	stepparents),	and	58%	receive	visits	from	their	children.The	correctional	facility	houses	a	state-of-the-art	rehabilitation	program	established	in	1993.	Thefacility	serves	non-violent	offenders;	the	majority	of	offenders	committed	crimes	associated	withdrug	and	alcohol	use.	It	offers	inmates	two	programs:	1)	a	modified	therapeutic	community,	todeal	with	inmates'	substance	abuse;	and	2)	a	vocational	college	program,	to	assist	the	inmateswith	their	education	and	employment	needs.Needs	AssessmentRespondents	to	a	needs	assessment	survey	were	inmates	who	either	had	children	or	expected	toreturn	to	homes	with	children	(e.g.,	partners'	children,	siblings'	children)	upon	being	released	fromthe	facility.	One	hundred	thirty-six	inmates	(99	male,	37	female)	who	ranged	in	age	from	18	to	49(M=29.33,	SD=7.67)	completed	the	needs	assessment.The	assessment	asked	inmates	to	indicate	their:Needs	for	education	concerning	parenting	issues,Needs	for	life	skills	training,Concerns	regarding	finances,Needs	for	visitation	programs,Partners'	need	for	information	about	the	correctional	facility,	andNeeds	and	their	partner's	needs	for	social	support	services.Kazura	(1999)	found	that	inmates	realized	and	were	concerned	about	how	their	incarceration	wasaffecting	their	children's	social	and	emotional	development.	Many	inmates	requested	informationabout	how	to	deal	with	their	children's	stress	and	what	signs	to	look	for	in	their	children's	behaviorthat	may	demonstrate	the	impact	of	incarceration	and/or	separation.	In	addition	to	parentingissues	related	to	incarceration,	these	parents	wanted	basic	parenting	education	concerningdiscipline	and	caring	for	their	children.	This	group	of	inmates	seemed	to	be	motivated	to	be	moreknowledgeable	and	skillful	parents;	however,	there	were	little	to	no	resources	available	to	them.Four	Programming	Strategies	Developed	from	the	Needs	AssessmentParent	Education	ClassesThe	majority	of	inmates	receive	parenting	education	classes	that	were	designed	for	parents	ofyoung	children,	school	age	children,	and	adolescents.	UNH	Cooperative	Extension	trains	programstaff	to	conduct	their	parenting	education	program,	Family	Focus	(Temke,	2000a;	2000b;	2001).Parents	learn	about	child	growth	and	development,	effective	discipline,	positive	communication,supporting	children's	education,	building	self-esteem	in	children,	problem	solving,	decision	making,and	developing	responsibility	in	children.Parent	Support	GroupsInmates	are	encouraged	to	attend	parent	support/education	groups.	Program	staff	and	studentsfrom	the	UNH	Department	of	Family	Studies	are	trained	to	conduct	informal	parenting	supportgroups	for	incarcerated	parents.	In	the	near	future	similar	support	groups	will	be	offered	to	theinmates'	spouses/partners.Supervised	Parent-Child	VisitationA	section	of	the	correctional	facility	has	been	renovated	for	supervised	visitations	between	theincarcerated	parents	and	their	children.	A	play	room	has	been	designated	for	parents	to	interactwith	their	infants,	toddlers,	preschoolers,	and/or	young	elementary	school	children.	A	recreationroom	has	been	created	for	parents	to	interact	with	their	children	who	are	school-age	andadolescents.	There	are	one-way	mirrors	in	each	of	these	rooms	so	parents	may	be	observed.A	faculty	member	from	the	UNH	Department	of	Family	Studies	trains	advanced	graduate	studentsand	program	staff	to	work	in	the	playroom	and	recreation	room	with	parents	and	children	in	orderto	model	appropriate	adult/child	interaction.	Students	also	observe	parent-child	interactions	via	theone-way	mirrors	and	provide	feedback	to	the	parents	regarding	their	parenting	style.Community	Outreach	via	Cooperative	ExtensionCurrently,	program	staff	are	partnering	with	4-H	Youth	Development	educators	in	the	10	NewHampshire	counties	to	enroll	children	of	incarcerated	parents	into	community	4-H	clubs	or	otheryouth	development	programs.	In	addition,	the	program	staff	works	with	UNH	CooperativeExtension's	family	development	educators	to	connect	spouses/partners	to	parenting	educationprograms	and	social	services	in	their	communities.OutcomesEach	of	these	programming	strategies	will	be	extensively	evaluated	for	effectiveness.	Expectationsare	that	the	data	will	demonstrate	that	this	is	an	important	program	that	addresses	the	risk	andprotective	factors	associated	with	this	marginalized	population.	In	addition,	it	has	the	potential	tolower	recidivism	and	break	the	cycle	of	intergenerational	transmission	of	behavior	that	leads	toincarceration.Acknowledgment	and	DisclaimerCooperative	agreement	number	5U1FSPO8169-02	made	funding	for	The	Family	Connection	Projectand	this	publication	possible	from	the	Substance	Abuse	and	Mental	Health	ServicesAdministration's	Center	for	Substance	Abuse	Prevention.	The	contents	are	solely	the	responsibilityof	the	authors	and	do	no	necessarily	represent	the	official	views	of	the	Substance	Abuse	andMental	Health	Services	Administration's	Center	for	Substance	Abuse	Prevention.ReferencesAdalist-Estrin,	A.	(1994).	Family	support	and	criminal	justice.	In	S.	L.	Kagan	&	B.	Weissbourd	(Eds.)Putting	families	first:	America's	family	support	movement	and	the	challenge	of	change	(pp.	161-186).	San	Francisco:	Jossey-Bass	Publishers.Bureau	of	Justice	Statistics.	(2000).	Incarcerated	parents	and	their	children	(BJS	Document	No.NCJ182335).	Washington,	DC:	U.S.	Government	Printing	Office.Borgman,	R.	(1985).	The	influence	of	family	visiting	upon	boys'	behavior	in	a	juvenile	correctionalinstitution.	Child	Welfare,	64(6),	629-638.Fishman,	S.	H.	(1982).	The	impact	of	incarceration	on	children	of	offenders.	Journal	of	Children	inContemporary	Society,	15,	89-99.Gilliard,	D.,	&	Beck,	A.	J.	(August,	1998).	Prisoners	in	1997.	Bureau	of	Justice	Statistics	Bulletin.Washington,	DC:	U.S.	Department	of	Justice.Kazura,	K.	(2001).	Family	programming	for	incarcerated	parents:	A	needs	assessment	amonginmates.	Journal	of	Offender	Rehabilitation,	32,	67-83.Kazura,	K.,	Baber,	K.,	&	Temke,	M.	(1999).	The	Family	Connection	Project:	A	collaborative	approachto	supporting	families	with	incarcerated	parents.	Family	Science	Review,	12,	294-315.Schafer,	N.	E.	(1994).	Exploring	the	link	between	visits	and	parole	success:	A	survey	of	prisonvisitors.	International	Journal	of	Offender	Therapy	and	Comparative	Criminology,	38(1),	17-32.Temke,	M.	(2000a).	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Building Partnerships to Address Challenging Social Problems

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