Wireles biomedical telemetry through Implantable Medical Devices (IMD) has been one of the major interest of human kind in present times due to life supporting advantages. As sensors, actuators, battery and antenna comprises the IMD and role of efficient radiator describes the quality of implantable device. However, Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRA) have been proved more efficient in comparison to their contemporaries in different applications due to its inherent properties, but application of DRA in implantable devices is not proposed yet. In this paper, a rectangular DRA resonating at 2.45 GHz excited by coplanar waveguide feed has been proposed for in depth implantable applications

Kanaujia, Binod Kumar

Matekovits, Ladislau

Peter, Ildiko

Singhwal, Sumer Singh

English

PORTO@iris (Publications Open Repository TOrino - Politecnico di Torino)

08 November 2022POLITECNICO DI TORINORepository ISTITUZIONALEApplication of Dielectric Resonator Antenna in Implantable Medical Devices / Singhwal, Sumer Singh; Matekovits,Ladislau; Peter, Ildiko; Kanaujia, Binod Kumar. - ELETTRONICO. - (2021), pp. 80-81. ((Intervento presentato alconvegno 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting(APS/URSI) tenutosi a Singapore, Singapore nel 4-10 Dec. 2021 [10.1109/APS/URSI47566.2021.9704756].OriginalApplication of Dielectric Resonator Antenna in Implantable Medical DevicesIEEE postprint/Author's Accepted ManuscriptPublisher:PublishedDOI:10.1109/APS/URSI47566.2021.9704756Terms of use:openAccessPublisher copyright©2021 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in anycurrent or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creatingnew collecting works, for resale or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.(Article begins on next page)This article is made available under terms and conditions as specified in the  corresponding bibliographic description inthe repositoryAvailability:This version is available at: 11583/2957157 since: 2022-03-04T10:38:17ZIEEE1Application of Dielectric Resonator Antenna inImplantable Medical DevicesSumer Singh Singhwal Member, IEEE1, Ladislau Matekovits, Senior Member, IEEE2*, Ildiko Peter3 and BinodKumar Kanaujia, Senior Member, IEEE41,2Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy2Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’ Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, National ResearchCouncil of Italy, 10129 Turin, Italy2Department of Measurements and Optical Electronics, Politehnica University Timisoara, 300223Timisoara, Romania2,3Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science andTechnology, 540088, Mures, Romania4School of Computational and Integrative Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, IndiaAbstract—Wireles biomedical telemetry throughImplantable Medical Devices (IMD) has been one of themajor interest of human kind in present times due to lifesupporting advantages. As sensors, actuators, battery andantenna comprises the IMD and role of efficient radiatordescribes the quality of implantable device. However,Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRA) have been proved moreefficient in comparison to their contemporaries in differentapplications due to its inherent properties, but application ofDRA in implantable devices is not proposed yet. In this paper,a rectangular DRA resonating at 2.45 GHz excited by coplanarwaveguide feed has been proposed for in depth implantableapplications.Index Terms—Dielectric resonator antenna (DRA), implantantennas, SAR, IMD.I. INTRODUCTIONAn exponential growth has been experienced by wire-less technologies in the past few decades due to rapiddevelopment in the field of antennas. Transition fromwired to wireless communications has been distinguishedin outer space communication but it is in growing phasewhen looked into in-body communication for biomedi-cal applications. There are two operating bands reservedfor biomedical applications which are Medical ImplantCommunication Service (MICS) band (402-405 MHz) toIndustrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band (902-928MHz, 2400-2483.5 MHz and 5.725 - 5.875 GHz). If lookedelectrically, human body is combination of dielectric ma-terials with varied minor conductivity like skin, muscle,fat are equivalently represented as dielectric material withconductivity, in [1].In [2], [3] authors reviewed significant microstrip patchantennas proposed in recent times for ingestible and im-plantable body antennas. Microstrip patch antennas havebeen preferred choice by researchers due to its variousadvantages like low profile and possible miniaturization.*Corresponding author email: ladislau.matekovits@polito.itBut human body is very lossy in nature and metallicpatch antenna experience low gain and high loss there.DRAs have advantages like high gain and design flexibilitywhich may be a better choice in dielectric environment ofhuman body. An Ultra Wide Band (UWB) frequency band3.1-10.6 GHz hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna(DRA) for medical capsule endoscope applications hasbeen proposed in [4].In this paper, a novel concept of using DRA in im-plantable application such as in human arm, has beenproposed. To the author’s knowledge, no other muscleimplantable DRA work has been reported in the literatureyet.II. ANTENNA DESIGNDesigning an implantable antennas requires biocom-patibility and body radiation condition to be met withexisting standards. Taking biocompatiblity into consid-erations, DRA is made up of T i O2 with εr=80 whichis a biocompatible ceramic. This DRA with dimensions23.5mm×23.5mm×5 mm has been placed on biocom-patible substrate made up of PVC plastic εr=2.7 withdimensions 40mm × 40mm × 0.5mm. Initial dimensions ofDRA has been calculated using Marcatili’s approximationmethod [5], [6] at 2.45 GHz for T E11δ mode, which werefurther optimized by EM simulator. Overall thickness ofantenna is 5.5 mm which is considerable for implantableantenna applications. The microstrip feedline dimensionare 25.3 mm×2.2mm with 0.5mm gap between groundand feedline. To avoid ground plane at the bottom side ofsubstrate which can lead to losses and high power require-ment to achieve desired results inside body environment,a CPW (Coplanar Waveguide) feed is used to excite RDRA.Geometry of antenna is shown in Fig. 1.III. RESULT ANALYSISA simulation analysis has been performed on 3D Canon-ical right arm tissue model in HFSS EM simulator. Upper2Fig. 1: Geometry of the AntennaFig. 2: 3D Canonical right arm tissue model in HFSShuman arm was chosen because it has thick muscle andfat which resembles chest and thighs. Simulation time periteration heavily depends upon configuration of computerso a 16 GB RAM computer with 3.2 GHz processor wasused in the analysis.S11 parameters and simulated gain at 2.45 GHz, φ = 0are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 for two implant antennadepths i.e. 4.5 mm and 4.7 mm. Simulated gain for thesetwo implant depths is shown in Fig. 4. Maximum gain of−29.5 dB is achieved in the broadside direction (here atθ = 90o and φ = 0) due to change in inclination of humanarm model in HFSS. Inside body radiation is majorlycharacterize by surface absorption rate (SAR). The IEEEC95.1-1999 standard restricts the SAR averaged over any 1g of tissue to be less than 1.6 W/kg [7], and the IEEE C95.1-2005 SAR averaged over any 10 g of the tissue be less than2 W/kg [8]. Maximum value of SAR field are 388.38 W/kgand 53.97 W/Kg for 1-g avg and 10-g avg cases. Maximumallowed net input power of proposed DRA for both thestandards are 2.25 mW and 37 mW which are more thanrequired when input power is less than 1 mW providedby internal battery. A link budget analysis revealed thatthis antenna can be useful for upto 5 meters out-bodycommunication with data rate of 1 Mbps when basestation antenna is considered as omnidirectional dipoleantenna with gain of 2.45 dBi.IV. CONCLUSIONIn this paper, a novel concept of application of DRA inimplantable devices has been presented. Exploiting advan-tages of DRA over microstrip patch antenna in the in-bodyto out-body communication is possible and demonstratedwith the help of biocompatible rectangular DRA excitedFig. 3: S11 Parameters of RDRA in 3D Canonical right armtissue model in HFSSFig. 4: Simulated gain of RDRA in 3D Canonical rightarm tissue model in HFSS at 2.45 GHz and φ = 0, herebroadside is θ = 90o for Human Arm Modelby coplanar waveguide feed. SAR and link budget analysissupports its candidature for high data rate biomedicaltelemetry applications.REFERENCES[1] S. Gabriel, R. W. Lau, and C. Gabriel, "The dielectric properties ofbiological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hzto 20 GHz," Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 41, no. 11, p. 2251, 1996. [Online].[2] A. Kiourti and K. S. Nikita, "A Review of Implantable Patch Anten-nas for Biomedical Telemetry: Challenges and Solutions [WirelessCorner]," in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 54, no.3, pp. 210-228, June 2012.[3] A. Kiourti and K. S. Nikita, "A Review of In-Body BiotelemetryDevices: Implantables, Ingestibles, and Injectables," in IEEE Trans-actions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 1422-1430,July 2017.[4] Q. Wang, K. Wolf and D. Plettemeier, "An UWB capsule endo-scope antenna design for biomedical communications," 2010 3rdInternational Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical andCommunication Technologies (ISABEL 2010), pp. 1-6,2010.[5] E. A. J. Marcatili, "Dielectric rectangular waveguide and directionalcoupler for integrated optics," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 48, pp. 2071-2102, 1969.[6] R. K. Mongia and P. Bhartia, "Dielectric resonator antennas - Areview and general design relations for resonant frequency andbandwidth," Int. J. RF Microw Millim. Comput.-Aided Eng., vol. 4,no. 3, pp. 230-247, 1994.[7] IEEE Standard for Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposureto Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 KHz to 300 GHz, IEEEStandard C95.1-1991, 1999.[8] IEEE Standard for Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposureto Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 KHz to 300 GHz, IEEEStandard C95.1-2005, 2005.

Application of Dielectric Resonator Antenna in Implantable Medical Devices

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Application of Dielectric Resonator Antenna in Implantable Medical Devices

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