RIDGWAY, M.

English

ISBS (International Society of Biomechanics in Sports): Conference Proceedings Archive

A KINEMATIC COMPARISON OF THE BLOCK JUHP AND A TRAINING JUHP AS PERFORMED BY ELITE COLLEGE AND RECREATIONAL F E M E  VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS RIDGWAY, M. University of Texas-Arlington Dept. of Exercise, Sport and Health Studiee • Arlington USA While there are n m m w  vrrtic.1 jumping invrstigatimr (Wnon, 1986, Botkert, Buili!q and S W u ,  1987) mst study general vertical jlnpp in a basic laboratory setting. Static jump, countermvemt jllqr rith and without arm sving and plyoactric jumps are often selectad for analysis. Pew bve included tb vertical jump as spxifically used in performance. Tbue my be distinct diffawwmr i n  jumps used in jump training and competition. The principle of spccifity of training suggests that an athlete rbwld train sing drills and teduliques tbat r h l a t e  competition situations and partonancc conditions. Vertical jumping is a fodawtal aspect of perforrancc in a variety of athletic activities. Good jumping ~echanics are hprtant not only with respect to performance s w  but i n  preventing and minimizing tot3 tramtic and o v e w  injuries. Juaperls knee is often result of forced leqhtming of active muscle wbich occurs on landing when the quadriceps rmrcle gmup w t r i c d l l y  mtmls  the slowing of the My against the force of gravity. Stacoff, he l i ,  L Stuessi (1987) nport tbat inpact forces in landing from jraps utilized i n  volleyball meed the elastics l x t s  of ti% cartilage in a~proxhtely 7t of the jumps analyzai. Colvin, Bea! and Zier (1984) studied spike jullpinq of the 1984 O.S. War Olyqic Volleyball ban. It was suggested that optimal spike junping technique is characterized by a forceful arm suing, a dacisivc blocking action with the arms ard simultaneous utension of the hip, knee and ankles during the utuLIion plane. Wxr skilled j q r s  extend the knees and hips early during the set-up pbasc. T h e  of support ranged from .26s to .36s -Ach qhasizes the speed of the loading period during the preparatory priod. This influences muscle stretzh velocity and transition between eccentric and concentric phases. The purpose of this study was to identify and measure selected corponents of the vertical j u q  as utilird in the specific skill of blocking a spike in volley-ball and counturovemt jump with arm swing as utilized in junp training performed by elite and recreatio~l female volleyball players. Six highly trained female volleyball players from the University of Illinois volleyball tear (ELITE) ard six recreatiaal volleyball players (KC) participated in the sMy. Tbe jumps a~lyzed in this sMy e r e  t!x volleyball block junp (BT) and a train* jump (TJ) - performed by each subject and than three trials of eac!! type j q  w e  f i M  with a KCAN high sped carera aperatiq at a file rate of 100 fps. Shuttered video 5 w r a s  were used to film side acd rear vievs. Block jumps were performed under a shlating corpetitive setting n t h  each subject attempting to  block spike hit by an attacker hitting a high set in uddle front position. Segmental end points were digitized with a Sonic Digitizer froa adhesive nrken placed on the right side of the subject to ccrrcspond with oboulder, eltov, wrist, hip, knee, ankle and 5th W .  The raw data era L wthed with a second order low pass digital filter sat at 6 Bz. Tba head, hunk, qe.r a n  and thigb =re neasured as absolute angles from the vertical also colputed a were angular positioning, ranges of mtion, angular and linear verocities, beight jmnped, ti= of preparation, propulsion, flight and landinq. The propllsive phase was defined as the phase between the instant that the mss w t e r  passed its lms: position and the instant the feet lost contact with the floor. Beight jumpd was defined as the difference tet.m the highest psition reached by the body's CC and the position of CC in upright standiy. b analysis of variances was used to determine vbether there were significant differences between tbe ta VIII Symposium ISBS - 163 - Prague 1990 cpollpr of playen ad tha tw, Qpea of jmpr. Ba significant leva1 for statistical analysis ws set a t  p (0.05. The leaavalm (f 6.d.) for the dwqqhkdata an g= 2l.p (t 2 4 ,  Lrigbt = 1 7 5 . 2 ~ ~  (f 4.S) and body usa = 55.454 (f 3.2). illbba 1 preser~tr far the groups of subw mlw of gaaual kinmtic variables comdng mad rrplronapar. llothgrwps jllqsdhi* parfordngw mBT, bdgreatu verticq wlccity of the cg a t  WW! ud a grater th of flight. 0 cadr of tbrir variablu the U'TR playur ' p r f d  sigaifhkly h#rzSmn PEC players. Of puticPlar inttnrt t thc significant d i l f m w  in lrading t i l e s  (W > BT). RECREATIONAL ELITE SlONlFlCANCE ( ~ ~ 0 . 0 5 )  VARIABLE TJ BJ TJ BJ ~ t .  of ~ u m g  (cm) M 34.45 30.1 1 41.45 38.29 TJ > U SO 1.29 3.35 6.13 4.69 ELITE > REC V ~ - C G - T O  (mh) F~ 2.56 2.14 2.73 2.72 TJ > W .24 .19 .24 .25 ELITE > REC M .SO .33 .62 .32 "m*p(s) SD .14 .04 .10 .09 Tlm-Lag PR (a) M .26 .22 .24 .23 SD .02 .02 .04 .04 T l m f  llpht(s) M .25 .24 .28 .27 TJ > W SD .O1 .02 .03 .02 ELITE > REC nme-laad (a) H .IS .IS .17 .13 TJ > w SD .01 .02 .03 .02 Figure 1 illlrrtntu bow PJs and TJs n r c  exmked in this sw by REC and and players. ma photo in the center caphas tbr r t i m  of the blccker as she blocks tbe spike. lbe lean joint positions at  ST'PP, TO, TD and DL are dr ta i ld  in h b l e  2. Differences h tnmk and had pit ioning ktueen TJs and Us ua b observed. bte tbe d i f f a m o ~  in h h g  ps i t ima  between the TJs and &Is. Block jr~ping urt be pcrforrd under tbe game condition restraints of w i n g  close to a net that cannot be tarhed and landing in a wner tbat keeps the e athlete fma cr ash  the mtu line: This accuoitates that tbe blccker jurp with th upper body in a vertical psition. Ktar placing the ha OW the net to blcck the spike tbe ELIIB gmup returns to  the floor with a mn b y p m t d d  trPnL thn thr gmup, Wpr a malt of their ability to jwp higher, longcr (greater t i m  of flight) and penetrate over the net with tbeir arm to a greater degree. L VIII symposium ISUS Prague 1990 PABLBZ llean Joint Aqles (Dq) At S t K t  of Propuisioa (ST-PB) Taboff ( W ) ,  Towhiom (TO), and Rd o f  Iandiag (801). IILCRUTUINAL Bm JO~JIT JUU? ST-PII m m WL ST-PR m m m~ Table 3 sbom lean joint r q e s  o f  r o t h  &ring propulsion (leg thrust), awage q l a r  velocities at fakeoff id pak velocities reached during tbe plopplrioa. pan bead ard trunk RCUa and peak velocity of the bead during propulsion ws signiticaatly hfgbu in the Ws thn io tbr Ms. Wid and trunk wemts are mre restricted in the BJ because of tbe player's close proxiiity to  tba net. A signitiantly greahr ranqe ot hip and lnee extension occur& during proplrsion fn TJ tkn tbhn W, peak velocities differed significantly (591.93 deg/s - W and 512.23 deg/s - Mj. In tbe lower extrolitiu (hip, knee, ankle) peak velocities sere reached at takeoff or a few nilliseconds prior to takeoff indicating shltaneous extension of these joints during propalsion. T A U 3  #an Joint h g c s  o f  Notion Curing Propulsion (RON-PRdeq), Takeoff ( T O ) ,  Average velocity at Takeoff (AK V-IWeq/s), Peak Velocity k i n g  Propulsion [IPPAI: EL-PK-dq/s). RECIIEATIONAL RITE JOINT JUMP ROKPR AVO V-TO rm va-PR IIOY-M AVO V-TO PEAK VEL-PII S ~ G ~ I F I C A Y C E  t o w 1  (Oelyr) (D.p.8) fooqt foeam tomo/s~ 1 r 4 . n ~ )  HEAD N M 1701 50 63 471 50 1669 38 90 36237 TJ r U -PEAK VEL SO 8.96 21 66 188.30 11 41 25.11 15081 TJ w BI-ROM BJ M 9.41 43.89 245 54 7 0 2  31 64 184 00 SO 5 89 28 68 77 99 5.20 25 35 34 50 TRUNK TJ M 38.72 92.67 281 01 46.88 117.66 248.69 TJ z U-ROM SO 10.12 24 84 76.i l  1128 21 09 25.*6 BJ M 27.94 124 87 264.62 28.63 121.40 238 20 SO 12.04 69.66 41.76 7.87 15.19 47.71 n l r  r J  M 54 11  209.48 559.17 5062 211 41 688.10 TJ . U-PEIK VEL SO 5.03 28.92 59.77 8.16 22.83 122.83 TJ D U-ROY I J  Y 48.26 223.55 467.28 45.56 197.05 499.48 SO 4.62 S .33  28.13 8.56 24.74 73.65 KNEE TJ M 74.72 290.65 947.42 79.13 330.44 1057.75 TJ D U-ROM SO l a 1 2  58.98 150.33 11.46 28.64 282.17 IJ M 66.M 308.05 915.17 70.93 M5.58 911.42 SD I t 2 9  73.04 154 44 13.70 41131 14408 ANKLE TJ M 67.39 259.65 1097.00 67.20 285.42 1084.52 SO 8.72 30.59 226.33 10.07 58.07 36236 BJ M 6 1 s  284.52 860.83 61.45 251.53 906.08 SO 7.57 55.il 1 2 9 3  5.68 52.24 173.53 VIII S ~ P O S ~ U ~  ISBli - 166 - Prague 1990 Table 4 summarires memts of the upper am during the propulsion. In TJs the upper arm mves id sagittal  plane fro1 a position of bypsrertensim a t  the rtzut of prgulsioa to  a flexed poritioa in f m t  of the body a t  takeoff. In BTs the upper an mves p r h i l y  in the frontal plane during the propulsion. The ELRB group did m t  use the upper arm i n  the sam? manner as the REC group during the Us. TIM Ihe players s t a r t  a t  the net with the am extended overhead in front of the tody and close to the mt.  As descent begins the arm do a quick 'an p q '  retion vbere they ere rapidly brought in (adductcd) e l m  to tbr sides of the My, fo l lond by vigorous atdPction during propubicm and talteoff. The gLITB group bad significantly higher mean upper arm velocities a t  taLcoff (313.13 -1s) durbg the U tban the BEC group (180.63 deg/s). In TJs peak velocities of the upper an were reacbed before takeoff and de le r a t i on  uas mewing a t  taleoff. mis is in agreenent n t h  Blvin, Beal and Zier (1984) vbo sqgust tbat tba 'blocking' vith the am eabanw the transfer of mtmentua createdinthearp anhances thatransrero£~tu lcreatcd in  thaarmsvingtothebody.111 thewopak velocities we reached a t  or just prior to takoff vbfch suplest the use of the am i s  quite different in generic (TJ) and perfomarm jumps (BJ). TABLEI @per Arm Positioning a t  Starl of Propulsion (PPR) ,  Takeoff (TO), Average w a r  Velocity king Propulsion (AK VG-p), Peak Angular Velocity During Propulsion (PPM EL-PR) and Baoge of b t i o n  Curing Propulsion (ROII-PR) . S A G l n A L  MOTION (FLWU(T) FRONT& MOTION (MDIADD) VARIABLE REC TJ ELITE TJ VARIABLE REC W EUTE Al ST-PR (089) M -107.00 -118.33 START M 49.17 76.83 SO 8.00 19.05 SD 13.70 46.25 TO (Peg) M 141.33 95.67 ST-PR (Deg) M 73.17 63.50 SO 24.04 55.32 SO 23.15 18.77 AVG VEL-PR (Oap/s) M 607.57 516.17 TO ( D ~ o )  M 146.50 151.33 SO 71.13 121.69 SO 19.14 9.61 PEAK VEL-PR (Dagk) M 1173.52 1066.72 AVG VEL-PR (Degh) M 180.63 313.33' SO 291.45 219.21 SO 24.08 98.56 ROM-PR (Dug) M 254.50 214.00 ROM-PR (Oeg) M 97.33 96.83 SD 34.20 56.32 SO 10.61 21.70 ELITE AVG VU-PR signlflcantly hlpher (pc0.05) than REC. Landing variables are shown in Table 5. Nthoqh ankle flexion during landing i s  comparable in the tvo types of jump there i s  significantly less flexion in hips and knees in the BJs than i n  Ws. W e t  p e r f o w e  conditions landing n y  be coqlicated by the preceding events vhich occur in the blocking technique. Uter takwff the blccker must mve the hands above and over the net in an attempt to prevent the spiked ball from crossilg the net. The skilled player, baving a higher jump and longer t i m  of flight, penetrates farther over the net than a lesser skilled player resulting in a piking action of the body betveen the t m k  and thighs. A resulting action of this torque-counter-toque piking actica i s  that the legs sving forvard lnder the body. On descent the am nust be carefully retracted back across the net vhich leads to a 'stiffern, straighter landiq and also it may prevent foruard potion of the W y  at inpact vhich could possibly end in a net foul or center line violation. VIII Symposium ISBS Prague 1990 RECREATIONAL ELITE JUMP HI? KNEE ANKLE HIP KNEE ANKLE 'TJ HIP ROY tlgnlntrntly greater Man W (ptO.05). "TJ KNEE RON dpnllluntly greater than W (pt0.05). . Training jlpps Md p u t o r m a  jump rban certain - tschniqw characteristics but there are also nurerous and critical differences. TI% coach and athlete should exercise caution in wsing quwic vertical jlnps as the nucleus of a jump training proqraa. In designing an effective jrap training program uphasis should k placed on siulating prforaance requirenents and rule restrictiora irposed on the vertical jlmp unier performance conditions. 1. Major differences betueen tbe selected 'IIUINIWC JUI(P and W JOW include: A. Use of am in U is restricted. Bere is  lhited shoulder flexion i n  the W vith exagerated abduction mves employing different uscle groups than vhat wuld be used i n  the TJ vhich uses large ranges of sboulder utcnsion/fluim and a hima o abductiaa. 8 .  Am are decelerating at takeoff in TJs and are reaching r a r h  velocity at takeoff in Ms. C. Bead and trunk positioning varies greatly betveen the TJ and and with o re  hyperextension used in the BT. D. hcater landing forces my be ocnuring vith the and as tbe player descends close to  the net a tbq tbq  to mintdin balance. Shorter landing t i u  and smaller ranges of mtim in Ue lower extremities slpport this. 2. Differences behum CLm and RCC players include: A. ELITE players use tbe arm differently in th BT tban do REC players. As tbe legs flex prior to  extension tbc upper arm execute an an punp by bringing the am close to tbe body and then vigorous abduction o a r s  vitb takeoff. 8. Several of tho PB blockers took a hop or shuffle step forward before initiating tbe BT. C. ELITE playus Umqh ttn nncknica Md mtor intagration of tbeir jlnphq tcchnipuc reach a hi- vertical velocity of tbeir body nu q at takeoff vbicb ruults in a bigbar jump and a greater the of flight. D. h gnaw-t im of flight rap allw tbe player mm qtiona as to blding technique - i.e., skilled jupus pnrally pih during tbe block and have better am p t r a t i o n  ovtr the net. VIII symposium ISBS Prague 1990 A. It b hprtzint for tb $qer (specially in U) to land m both feet, +&reby krrakPhq tbt area orrer uhich f o m  b ahorM. 0 . w  W r a  ldilq taras tup tb calf md thiqhmmclEl ~ d k h d l l t n l p i l l f o n r  attenuation. C.Roprrhpavrucdnalroklp8inilirrlaadingforcrr. D.Bipr,hwsr,mLl~prrlmfarcrfulcrLcnrioodtbyrirprrloci~MCbd~t~i011)0rattir or take-off. K.Agoodforcrtulruticalmrvingeoatribntutovutkaluaat. P. A Qllnnrd prqatory C Q P P ~ ~  dth r quick tnaritim to tbr pmpllriva pban fr irportant in placing load m ttdgb m ~ l c r ,  thctchinq tbea prior to crtearim allaviog tor p t e r  elastic mil. The ability to hpab and coordinah tha coqlex task of verticdl jtlqing is aswad tote' task-specific. A major eluant in dmloping j q i n g  tdmiqw tht dll ulluaca th rthletels perforwce is to execute th Dtor task mpahdly in a comct rannu. An athletes runs tb risk of rrnlearning proper coordination in pcrtonanr Mfnq if th j u ~  training pmpar h m t  carefully designed. This study was partially funded by a grant tror tbe Was Fwdation for Intercollegiate Athleticr for Wonen. CULVRl, Y.,BW,D., L ZIPIL,D. (1984). A kbmtic uulysir of ttw vertical jmp 4th m wing. Papr presented a t  tbt 2nd Intematioaal Syqorium of Biolcrbaniu io Sports. Colordo Spring, @lo. WDslN,J. (1986). Coordination of sqmb in tk vertical jump. llcdicim ud kicncc in Sports and Exercise, 17,242-251. BOBBER7,N. ,BOIJMC, P. L SQrmM,G. (1987). Drop jumpinq. I. The influence of W i n g  technique on the biomchaniu of jmphg. kdicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19,332-338. STACW,A.IWLII, X. I SmESSI, I. (1986). ?oat-mt, load and injury in wlleyball. In J.terauds, B. Govitzke, k t.8olt (Ris.), BiMbanicr in Sports I11 L N (258-262). kaEaduiu Publishers. VIII Symposium ISBS Prague 1990 

A KINEMATIC COMPARISON OF THE BLOCK JUMP AND A TRAINING JUMP AS PERFORMED BY ELITE COLLEGE AND RECREATIONAL FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/download/4298/3995

A KINEMATIC COMPARISON OF THE BLOCK JUMP AND A TRAINING JUMP AS PERFORMED BY ELITE COLLEGE AND RECREATIONAL FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

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