Brokaw, Ronald K

Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife

English

Maine State Documents (Maine State Library)

Fishery Interim Summary Report Series No. 98-6 TunkLake Lake Trout Management By Ronald K. Brokaw July, 1998 Maine Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife Division of Fisheries & flatcheries FISHERY INTERIM SUMMARY REPORT SERIES NO. 98-6 TUNK LAKE LAKE TROUT MANAGEMENT by Ronald K. Brokaw Maine Department of Inland Fisheries & wildlife Fisheries and Hatcheries Division August, Maine July, 1998 • Job No. F-104 Tunk Lake Lake Trout Management1 Interim Summary Report No. 1 (1993-97) INTRODUCTION Tunk Lake is a 2,010-acre oligotrophic water which supports important sport fisheries for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and landlocked salmon (Salmo salar) along with a limited fishery for brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis ). The lake trout and brook trout fisheries are sust(:lined by natural reproduction while the salmon fishery is largely maintained through annual stockings of 250-400 spring yearlings. The lake is one of the top four regional producers of trophy lake trout; a 25 pounder was caught on May 23, 1995. Furthermore, the lake periodically produces a modest fishery for 3 to 4 lb salmon. Numerous anglers practice an unusually high level of catch and release. These factors led to the decision to impose a 23-in minimum length on lake trout, effective on January 1, 1992. Further, this additional regulation became effective on January 1, 1996: Total daily bag limit on salmon, trout, and togue: I fish; and all salmon between 16 and 20 inches must be released alive at once. The sport fishery has recently been monitored by winter creel surveys and several aerial angler counts. This report summarizes results and findings from the initial 5-year study period. STUDY AREA Tunk Lake is located in Tl OSD, T7SD, and Sullivan in southern Hancock county. This 2,010-acre oligotrophic water has a maximum and mean depth of 222 ft and 71 ft, respectively. It's the third deepest lake in Maine. Several surrounding mountains coupled with the lack of shoreline development contribute to the lake's scenic appeal. A large portion of the shoreline 1 KEYWORDS: LKT, LLS, ANGLER SURVEY, CPUE, ANGLER EFFORT, HARVEST 1 will remain undeveloped because of inclusion in the Bureau of Public Land's Donnell Pond Management Unit, and private landowner conservation easements. A good public boat launch exists at the northern end off Route 182. This crystal-clear lake provides excellent habitat for coldwater sportfish. DEP aquatic biologists have characterized the water quality as among the best in Maine. They state "Tunk's water quality is a unique resource and should be vigorously protected." It is truly a gem lake. Lake trout spawn on rocky/rubble, windswept shoals, the precise location of which remain unknown. Salmon spawn in the outlet every fall during early November. Electrofishing surveys have confirmed the presence of juvenile salmon in most years. Wild salmon have accounted for 13-28% of fall trap-net catches during the past four sampling periods. Lake trout prey mainly on rainbow smelt, sticklebacks, and common suckers. METHODS Five stratified, random winter creel surveys were conducted from 1993-97. · Survey days included week days, weekend days, and holidays. At each sampling, a biologist collected standard survey data by interviewing anglers, measuring and weighing their catch, and distributing mail-in creel cards to selected parties. Use estimates for 1995 and 1996 were determined from aerial angler counts. For the remaining three seasons, they were calculated using standard programs developed by the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife. Aerial angler count flights were scheduled for one week day and one weekend day per week throughout the 1995-96 winter and open water seasons. Some flights, especially during the winter, had to be cancelled due to inclement weather. Most winter flights occurred between 1100-1300 hrs while the majority of open water flights occurred between 1000-1200 hrs. 2 .. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1993 Ice Fishing Season A total of 470 anglers was checked during the season (Table 2). These anglers caught 16 legal lake trout, yielding a catch rate of 0.03 legal lake trout/angler. Because anglers released 38% of their legal fish, harvest rate was 0.02 legal lake trout/angler. About 3% of anglers were successful in catching a legal lake trout which averaged 24.1 in long and 4 lb, 3 oz in weight. Of the seven lake trout in the sample, 4 (57%) were wild, and 3 (43%) were stocked age V fish from a planting of 3,000 "unscheduled" fish in 1989 (the only stocking since 1977). Catch rate for all lake trout, including sub-legals, was 0. 17. Sub-legal lake trout comprised 79% of the reported catch. The largest lake trout observed weighed 4 lb, 11 oz. During the season, an estimated 1,918 ±._ 546 anglers harvested an estimated 41 ± 22 legal lake trout and released approximately 250 sub-legal lake trout. 1994 Ice Fishing Season A total of 506 anglers was checked during the season (Table 2). These anglers caught 28 legal lake trout, producing a catch rate of 0.06 legal lake trout/angler. Because 46% of the legal fish were released, harvest rate was 0.03 lake trout/angler. About 5% of anglers were successful in catching a legal lake trout which averaged 24. 7 in long and 4 lb, 9 oz in weight. Of the three fish sampled, two (67%) were wild, and one (33%) was a stocked age VI. Sub-legal lake trout comprised 77% of the reported catch; catch rate for all lake trout was 0.24. The largest lake trout checked weighed 6 lb, 7 oz. Throughout the season, an estimated 2,277± 958 anglers harvested an estimated 62 ± 33 legal lake trout and released about 425 sub-legal lake trout. 3 1995 Ice Fishing Season A total of 437 anglers was checked during the season(Table 2). These anglers caught eleven legal lake trout, yielding a catch rate of 0.03 legal lake trout/angler. Because anglers released 54% of their legal lake trout, harvest rate was 0.01 lake trout/angler. Only 2% of anglers were successful in catching a legal lake trout which averaged 26.9 in long and 7 lb, 9 oz in weight. Of the four lake trout sampled, 3 (75%) were wild, and one (25%) was a hatchery-reared age VIL Sub-legal lake trout accounted for 82% of the reported catch; catch rate for all lake trout was 0.14. A trophy lake trout weighing 16 lb, 12 oz was the largest fish observed. During the season, an estimated 1,817± 727 anglers harvested an estimated 21± 8 legal lake trout and released approximately 200 sub-legal lake trout. 1996 Ice Fishing Season Periods of unusually mild, rainy weather created unsafe ice conditions for much of the season at the lake's northern end. Consequently, angler use declined sharply, and only 189 anglers was checked during the season(Table 2). These anglers caught 16 legal lake trout, producing a catch rate of 0.08 legal lake trout/angler, the best recorded thus far. Because anglers released 50% of their legal lake trout, harvest rate was 0.04. About 7% of anglers were successful in catching a legal lake trout which averaged 24.2 in long and 4 lb, 9 oz in weight. Of the six lake trout sampled, three (50%) were wild, and three (50%) were age VIII stocked fish. These lake trout exhibited good growth and averaged 24.2 in long, 4 lb, 9 oz in weight with a mean condition factor of 0.90. Sub-legal lake trout comprised 65% of the reported catch; catch rate for all lake trout was 0.24. The largest lake trout sampled weighed 5 lb, 6 oz. During the 4 season, an estimated 894 ± 281 anglers harvested an estimated 38 ± 12 legal lake trout and released about 150 sub-legal lake trout. 1997 Ice Fishing Season A total of 327 anglers was interviewed during the season (Table 2). These anglers caught 33 legal lake trout , yielding a catch rate of 0.10 legal lake trout/angler. This is the highest rate recorded thus far, and is only marginally below the statewide average of 0.12 for waters which are largely regulated with the general law 18-in minimum length limit. Because anglers released 61 % of their legal lake trout, harvest rate was 0.04 . About 8% of anglers were successful in catching a legal lake trout which averaged 25.5 in long and 5 lb, 6 oz in weight. Of the twelve fish sampled, nine (75%) were wild and three (25%) were stocked age IX fish. These lake trout exhibited good growth during the 7 Yi years after stocking; they averaged 23.9 in long and 4 lb, 13 oz in weight with a mean condition factor of 0.97. Sub-legal lake trout accounted for 65% of the reported catch; catch rate for all lake trout attained a new high at 0.28. A trophy lake tout weighing 14 lb, 4 oz was the largest fish observed. During the season, an estimated 1,406 ± 393 anglers harvested an estimated 56 ± 16 legal lake trout and released about 250 sub-legal lake trout. 1995-96 Aerial Angler Counts During the ice fishing seasons, counts were made on one week day and one weekend day/week when weather conditions permitted. Precision was satisfactory at 0.40 in 1995 and 0.31 in 1996. The 1995 estimated use of 1,817 angler-days (0.90 angler days/acre) represents heavy use on a regional basis. The 1996 use estimate of 894 angler days ( 0.44 angler days/acre) is characterized as moderate. 5 During the open water seasons, counts were generally carried out on one week day and one weekend day/week. Counts of non-fishing boats were also tallied. Precision was good at 0.19 in 1995 and 0.25 in 1996. In 1995, an estimated 1, 379 ± 263 anglers (0.69 angler-days/acre) fished during the season. In 1996, estimated use declined to 954 ± 243 angler-days (0.47 angler-days/acre). This decline, similarly noted on most of the other 23 waters on the "Hancock county flight loop", is attributed to an unusually prolonged cool, rainy spring. Use of this magnitude is characterized as moderate. DISCUSSION Angler acceptance and compliance with the 23-in legal minimum length limit imposed in 1992 has been very good. Periodic inquiries are received regarding the possibility of extending it to some other Downeast lake trout waters. Numerous Tunk Lake anglers practice a high degree of catch and release, believing that release of some 3 112-4 Yi lb fish increases their chances of catching a 6-8 lb fish in the future. This trait is reflected in the surprisingly high release rate of legal fish. Over the 5-year survey period, anglers reported releasing 53(51 %) of 104 legal lake trout. This release percentage is likely overstated because most knowledgeable anglers release lake trout in the hole without removing them from the water. Thus, some of the fish "eye-balled" and reported as legal are actually sub-legal fish measuring from 21.8-22.9 in. Nonetheless, regardless whether the actual release rate for legal fish is 44% or 33%, etc .. it's quite substantial, and reflects the strong catch and release ethics of many anglers. As expected, the catch rate for legal lake trout has recently improved. Some of the numerous sub-legal 20-22.9 in lake trout released by anglers from 1992 to 1995 were recruited into the legalt: 23 in) size range during the past two years. Mean catch rate of legal lake trout/angler improved from .039 for the 1993-95 period to .095 for the 1996-97 period. This 6 later rate is considered satisfactory. Similarly, harvest rate improved from the initial 3-year mean of .021 legal lake trout/angler to a mean of .041 for the later 2 years. CATCH RATES (LKT/ANGLER) YEAR Legals(kept and released) Legals and sub-legals 1993 0.03 0.17 1994 0.06 0.24 1995 0.03 0.14 1996 0.08 0.24 1997 0.10 0.28 The vast majority of sub-legal lake trout are reported as 20-22 in fish, easily exceeding the general law minimum length of 18 in. Thus, the 1996-97 catch rates reported above approximate the actual rates for lake trout_::: 18 in. The 23-in minimum length limit has fostered a sizeable increase in the numbers of 20-22-in fish in the lake, thereby producing a catch rate for lake trout _::: 18 in which is more than twice the statewide average. Formerly, under an 18-in general law minimum length, winter fishing for lake trout was "slow'; currently, after 6 years under the 23-in minimum length limit, winter fishing for _::: 18 in lake trout is very goo~. In most survey years, mean condition factor oflake trout ranged between 0.84-0.89 .. Preliminary findings from the 1998 winter survey indicate that mean condition factor declined to 0.78, an unsatisfactory level. It's likely that the large numbers of 21-23 in "stockpiled" lake trout have depleted the important smelt forage base. Further, a special 16-20 in slot limit on landlocked salmon has confounded the problem. The combinatiOn of numerous sizeable sub-legal lake trout and increased numbers of 16-20 in salmon has resulted in fewer smelt. The decline in condition factor is worrisome because it indicates a reduced growth rate. In order for the 23-in minimum length limit to be effective, the sub-legal lake trout need to exhibit a good 7 growth rate so most of them will eventually be recruited into the fishery for legal fish. The prospective decline in smelt abundance will be monitored in 1998 and during the 1999 ice fishing season. If condition factor fails to improve, a regulation change reducing the legal minimum length limit on lake trout may be pursued in 1999. With imposition of the higher minimum length limit, some legitimate concerns were voiced regarding hooking mortality. Some anglers feared hooking mortality suffered by the sub-legal fish might be substantial, thereby limiting the expected improvement in the fishery for legal fish. Data collected thus far suggest that the sub-legal fish have tolerated the hooking/releasing very well. It seems as if these wild lake trout are hardy fish which withstand being hooked and released (even repeatedly in some cases) as long as proper release techniques are used. Most Tunk Lake anglers are very conscientious in their release efforts during both the ice and open water seasons. During the 5-year study period, it's estimated that about 1200-1300 sub-legal lake trout were caught and released. The increase in CUE for legals supports the conclusion that the majority of these fish survived the experience quite nicely. Furthermore, the recent decline in lake trout condition factor, a sign of stockpiling, provides additional indirect evidence of good survival of released fish. Because it's an infertile lake, Tunk perhaps could be expected to yield an annual lake trout harvest of about 0.33 lb/acre, or approximately 660 lb. Although the magnitude of the open water harvest is unknown, let's assume it accounts for one half of the total annual harvest. If so, the winter fishery might be able to provide a sustainable harvest of about 330 lb. Thus far, estimated winter harvests have failed to attain this level as follows: 8 '· YEAR EST. LBS HARVESTED(LBS/ACRE) 1993 . 171(.085) 1994 282(.140) 1995 159(.079) 1996 174(.087) 1997 302(.150) The 5-yr mean is 218 lb of lake trout harvested per winter, or 0.11 lb/acre. If the assumptions regarding annual sustainable harvest and proportion of total harvest represented by the winter harvest are "in the ballpark", it appears as if winter anglers could safely harvest some additional lake trout. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Transfer smelt eggs into the lake in April , 1998 in an effort to bolster smelt abundance and improve lake trout growth. 2. Reduce the salmon stocking rate to 250 SY' s in 1998 to alleviate pressure on the smelt population. 3. Continue annual winter creel surveys to monitor the lake trout fishery. If condition factor of lake trout remains unsatisfactory, seek a regulation change in 1999 which will permit anglers to harvest some < 23 in lake trout. 3. Resume winter and summer aerial angler counts in 2000. 9 CREEL SURVEY DESCRIPTION Table: 1 Season: IF ----- ------------Water: Tunk Lake Acres: 2010 Miles: --------------- --------------------Water type: Oligotrophic County: ·Hancock Principal fisheries: LKT, LLS Town: ____ s_u_l_l_i_v_a_n~,_T_l_O_S_D~, __ T_7S_D _____________ ~ I I !No. days!No. days I !Year! Date lsurveyedlin season! Clerk Vol. Other 119971 Jan 12-Mar 22 20 82 Yes 119961 Jan 8-Mar 25 19 84 Yes 119951 Jan 14-Mar 18 17 80 Yes 119941 Jan 5-Mar 24 19 84 Yes 119931 Jan 1-Mar 26 21 89 Yes 119 I '---~~~~~~-~--~~~~~ -~---~~~~~~~~~----------1 !Year! 119971 I I I I 119961 I I I I I I I I 119951 I I I I I I I I I I 119941 I I I I I I I I 119931 I I I I Stocking History Salmon: 400 SY Salmon: 400 SY Salmon: 550 SY Salmon: 400 SY Brook trout: 2,000 FF Salmon: 400 SY Brook trout: 2,000 FF Marks AD RV BV LV LV AD AD 1 Regulation History I Min. length limit on togue: 23 in. Min. length limit on trout: 12 in Total daily bag limit on salmon ltrout, and togue: 1 fish; all I salmon between 16 and 20 in must be !released alive at once · I I I I I I I Min. length limit on togue: 23 in Min. length limit on trout: 12 in CREEL SURVEY SUMMARY Table: 2 -----Water: Tunk Lake -------------------~ Acres : __ 2__.,_0_1_0 ___ _ Miles: Town: Sullivan, TlOSD, T7SD County: ____ H_an_c_o_c_k ______ __ Region : __ c __ _ Principal fisheries: _____ L_K_T__.,_L_L_S _______________________ __ Survey method: _______ R_a_n_d_om_s_t_r_a_t_if_1_·e_d_c_l_er_k_c_r_e_e_l_s_u_rv_e~Y------------~ CENSUS YEAR !statistics 1 Species 1 1993 I 1994 I 1995 I 1996 1997 · INo. anglers! I 470 I 506 I 437 I 189 327 I surveyed l ____ l ____ l ____ l ____ I _______ _ I I I I I I No. angler I I 2,645 I 3,228 I 2,838 I 1 hours I 1 1 1 1 I No. anglers I I I I I (and%) !Lake trout I 16(3) I 26(5) I 10(2) I !successful I I I I I lin catching! Salmon I 36(8) I 30(6) I 37(8) I I a legal I I I I I I fish I I I I I INo. legal lfish kept I I I !Lake troutl 10 I I 1 I I I 1 Salmon 1 31 I No. legal I fish I I I !Lake trout! 6 I I I I I I released I Salmon I 10 I INo. (and %) !Lake trout I l"short" fish I !released I Salmon I INo. legal I I I fish per !Lake troutl I I I I I Salmon I langler(onlyl I I I I I those I I I kept> I I 62 (79) I I 24 (37) I I . 03 (. 02> I I . 09 (. o7> I I I I I 15 28 13 5 92 (77) I I 6(1s) I I .06(.03) I I . 07 (. 06> I I I I I 5 27 6 13 so (02) I I 1 (2) I I . 03 (. 01) I I .o9(.o6) I I I I I 1,1s7 I 1 I 14 ( 7) I I 13 (7) I 8 5 8 11 I I 30 (6s> I I 12(43) I I .00(.04) I I .00(.03) I I I I I 2,200 I 1 I 27(8) I I 2s (8) I 13 14 20 15 I I 60 (6s> I I s3 (6s> I I .10( . 04) I I . 09 (. o4) I I I I I Statistics I Species 19 93 1994 1995 1996 1997 !Hours to I I I I I Lake trout I 165 115 258 I 72 67 I I I I !catch a I Salmon I 65 98 71 I 72 76 !legal fish I I I I (all legal I I I !fish caught! I I I I I I I I I I !Mean length! I I I I lin mm± SE !Lake trout I .612.:!:. 9 (7) I 627.:!:,13 (11) 682.:t.66 (4) I 615.:!:.22 (6) I 647.:!:,30(12) I (and no.) I I I I I I I I fish I Salmon I 451.:!:. 9(23) 443.:!:. 21(23) 483.:!:,9(25) 543.±.18 (4) I 505.:!:.20 (7) I !sampled or I I I I I I I I reported I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I !Mean weight! I I I I I I ling. ± SE !Lake troutll891 +68(7) 12065+133(8)3433+140(4)2077+148(6)2446+456(9) - - - - -I (and no.) I I I I I I I I fish I Salmon 754.:!:,48(23) 834.:!:,39(22) 1081.:!:,69(25) 1383.:!:,88(4) 998.:!:,98(6) !sampled or I I I I I I I I reported I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I !No. (and %) I I !hatchery !Lake troutl 3 (43) 3 (27) 1(25) 3 (50) 3 (25) I fish I I !sampled or I Salmon I 29(94) 27(95) 25(94) 4 (100) 6 ( 86) !reported I I I I I I I I I I I !Estimated !total fish I I !harvested ±!Lake troutl 4 1+22 62+33 21+8 38+12 56+16 lcr (® 95%) I I !during I Salmon I 127+61 97+46 109+43 24+9 56+16 I survey I I I period I I I I I 

Fishery Interim Summary Report Series No. 98-6: Tunk Lake Lake Trout Management

https://digitalmaine.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1130&context=ifw_docs

Fishery Interim Summary Report Series No. 98-6: Tunk Lake Lake Trout Management

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Maine State Documents (Maine State Library)