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Kosin, Wesley L.

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Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session Volume 11 Article 4 1967 Shoshone phonemes Wesley L. Kosin SIL-UND Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/sil-work-papers  Part of the Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation Kosin, Wesley L. (1967) "Shoshone phonemes," Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session: Vol. 11 , Article 4. DOI: 10.31356/silwp.vol11.04 Available at: https://commons.und.edu/sil-work-papers/vol11/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session by an authorized editor of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact und.commons@library.und.edu. SIL-UND Workpapers 1967Rough draft. For private circulation only. l. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2. 3. 3. Shoshone Phonemes Wesley L. Kosin Summer Institute of Linguistics University of North Dakota PHONETIC CHARTS INTERl'RET AT I ON INTERPRETATION OF SEMI-VOWELS SEGI'i1ENTATION RESULTANT PHONEME CHART CONSONANT PHONEMES 4 • VmlEL FHONEME S 5. DISTRIBUTION OF PHONEMES 6. PREDICTABLE PHONEME VARIATIONS 7. SUGGESrED ORTHOGRAPHY Page 2 3 3 4 4 5 9 10 11 12 Shoshone is a language of the Numic Group of the Shoshonean Family. It is spoken by approximately 5,000 speakers in the Idaho-Nevada-Wyoming area. This description is based on the language as spoken on the Wind River Reserva-tion in Wyoming. The investigation on which this is based was carried out during the years of 1959 to 1967 except for the summers which were spent at the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Grand Forks, North Dakota. The principal in-formants were: Mr. and Mrs. George wesaw, Sr.; Mr. and Mrs. Jack Guina; Mrs. Addie Wesaw; Mr. Rupert Weeks. -1-SIL-UND Workpapers 19671. PHONETIC CH.ART p "1' t b ~ d f & s z ts ~ dz V m n m n m" n" mP nt mb nd n ts n dz f r r" w ' y w "l. w" yt') i i: i I, .1. i e e: e " E a UND SIL 1967 1967 Workpapere (INCLUDING PHC'~.TICALLY COMPLEX UNITS) CONSONA!{TS k kw h g gw X xw g V s .., z ts ,J dz ""' n D hn . ll k Dkw D Dg Dgw n ts ndz .., hr hw VOWELS u u: u :i:: :i: 't. ·c ·c ~ 0 o: .£ a: 12: STRESS: prioary and secondary TONE: , -, -2-SIL-UND Workpapers 19672. INTERPRETATION 2.1. Interpretation of semi-vowels te 'nap"C"l man ha'gar,! who po'gomp,! berries to' goac:>~ snake nan'garoic:>i - will hear 9 a'raac:>~ uncle ma'toko - thumb kwa''&aroic:>i will carry kwaanat:i: smelly po'hagant!_ spiritual power pam'bonai"i mouse SIL-UND 1967 1967 Workpapers cvcvcvcv _vcvcv cvcvcc -cvcvvcv CVCCVCV C cvcvvcv cvcvcv CCVCVCV C - -ccvvcvcv CV VCVCCV CVCCVCV C - -Non-suspect word-initial vowels do not occur. Therefore (i), (u), and (h) pattern as consonants when they occur word-initial and syllable-lnitial. ha'ganiku how 'wapi ha'niji corn WA' tsui t:i: ,.._ tu'hueiti "-black 'yik1 ku' hap·i: 9 ·, husband I y"CtS3: The semi-vowels, (i) and (u), and voiceless vocoids pattern as vowels when they occur as syllabics. "i • zap·cc:>1 coyote 'mu~i ti'eizic:>i really 't:i:mpe nit:i: 1 hUi,!ll! scolded 't:i:mpi mopo'hoc:>o - - mosquito I fil 0L I a"~ -3-cedar four evening get up! nose mouth rock moon SIL-UND Workpapers 1967SIL UND 1967 1967 Workpapers 2.2. Segmentation t:i:' rep'Cr:i: children cvcvcv na'supe"~ ball cvcvcvcv tu'hu'ei1t! black CVCVCVCV ku'eisi brains cvcvcv n:i:' nap'C breast CVCVCV ku'tu,1 coal CVCVCV t:b' et:btsi "1 small cvvcv vcv nungiar:i:a" ~ maybe CV vvcvvcv -The only non-suspect consonant cluster (st) occurs in (tost:i:k,..p'i:) 'bread' which is a variant form of (tohoti:bk:A.p'C). Therefore, I interpret all consonant clusters as -phonetically-complex phonemes. Non-suspect vowel clusters occur in the words for 'small' and 'maybe'. Consequently, vowel length and vowel glides may be written as vowel clusters. 2.3. RESULTANT PHONEME CH.ART CONSONANTS Labials Alveolars ··velars Glottals Labialized Pre-aspirated Stops p t d C k ., kw hd Fricatives xw voiceless f X h voiced V g gw \V Nasals m n n hn Prenasalized b nd nz ng ngw stops m n • Spirants voiceless s voiced z Liquids w y h\·1 hy VOWELS Front ~ unrounded rounded High i ·c u Mid e 0 Low a -4-SIL-UND Workpapers 1967UND SIL 1967 1967 Workpapers 3. CONSONANT PHONEMES /p/ voiceless bilabial stop ('pih!) /pihi/ heart ('pa:"~) /paa"a/ water /t/ ( 'p·c :p_!) /p·ccpi/ blood ( '""Cpui ?~) /·cpui "i/ sleept stop occurs after front vowels ( 't:i:e~:b) /t·cet·c/ baby (t) voiceless fronted alveolar (pi&ii:i:) /pivit~/ horsefly ("u'eitanku) /uvitangu/ slowly (t) voiceless alveolar stop occurs (ma'tok£) /matoko/ thumb (""f 2 'vit:i:) ;·ccnwat·c/ raining elsewhere ( 'ta,_y) /tafu/ rabbit /k/ voiceless velar stop ('ko:p~) /koope/ face ('tuku) /tuku/ flesh (pa'kip"i:) /pakip"C/ rawhide /"/ glottal stop regu.larly precedes vowels in initial syllables and need not be written in this position. (' "ik"c) /ik"C/ here ("o' gwe"~) /ogwe"e/ creek Seems to be phonemic in other positions (pa'"aiki) /pa"aiki/ high /mb/ (op) prenasalized voiceless bilabial stop occurs before final vowels and before the sequence, vowel plus (h) /nd/ ( 1 t:bmpi) /ttmbi/ stone ( 'nAmp1'ha-) /nampaha-/ (mb) prenasalized voiced (to' mbonit:i:) /tomboni t·c/ ( 't:i:mpe) /t·cmbe/ mouth shoe:object bilabila stop occurs elsewhere round (su'mbarux§ /sumbaduxa/ know (n~) prenasalized voiceless fronted alveolar stop occurs after front vowels (nu' kigini<:i:) /nukigind·c/ running (hi 'wag:i.n°J(:i:) /hiwagind·c/ carrying in arms (nt) prenasalized voiceless alveolar stop occurs before final vowels ( 'tsa:nt:i:) /caand·c/ good (w·c' z:i:wikant:i:) /w·cz·cwikand·c/ full (nd) prenasalized voiced alveolar stop occurs elsewhere (•p·c :ndu' a"~) /p"C'Cndua" a/ his son (pa'hu;ndoi"i) /pahuundoi"i/ will smoke -5-SIL-UND Workpapers 1967/ng/ /f/ /c/ /x/ /h/ /v/ /g/ /s/ UND SIL 1967 1967 Workpapers (nk) prenasalized voiceless velar stop occurs before final vowels ('punku) /pungu/ horse ('nenki) /nengi/ ear (ng) prenasalized voiced velar stop occurs elsewhere ("o'nguh~) /onguha/ male (nA'ngaiku) /nangaiku/ listent (i) voiceless bilabial fricative ( 'tai~) /tafu) rabbit ( 'ta,~) /tafe/ sun (ha'niii) /hanifi/ corn (ha'ni,uint!) /hanifuintL/ doing (ts) voiceless alveopalatal affricate occurs after front vowels (""C'tfCsitsi) /·cg·cvici/ new (te'tsHrni"JJ /teciboi"i/ path (ts) voiceless alveolar affricate occurs elsewhere ('tsa;nt:i:) /caand"C/ good (ko'tsapj) /kocap·,;j saunce (x) voiceless velar fricative (nA'ngaikuxu) /nangaikuxu/ listent plural ( 9 ·i:' puixl\llti) /·cpuixant ·c/ sleeping (h) voiceless vocoid with the ('hikJ!) /hiku/ clothes ('pihi) /pihi/ heart timbre of the following vowel ('hu:pi) /huupi/ wood (ku' hap"C"l:) /kuhap"C""C/ husband (e) voiced bilabial lenis fricative (ku'eisi) /kuvisi/ brains (ta'ee"~) /tave"e/ today (tieop:f) /t·i:vop·c/ pa.per (ti'eitsi) /tivici/ truly (g) voiced velar lenis fricative (togoa"~) /togoa"a/ snake (ha'ganiku) /haganiku/ how~ (tu'ganip"c) /tuganip·r:/ night ("·cg·r:eitsi) /·r:g·r:vici/ new (s) voiceless alveopalatal grooved fricative occurs after front vowels (ku'eisi) /kuvisi/ brains (9e 1siwihi) /esiwihi/ silver -6-(pesa-) /pesa-1 already (ke'su~ntt) /kesuantt/ sin SIL-UND Workpapers 1967/z/ jgN/ SIL UND 1967 1967 Workpapers (s) voiceless alveolar grooved fricative occurs elsewhere (s) voiceless alveolar grooved fricative occurs elsewhere (sa'ri 9 i) /sadi 9 i/ dog ('pasApl) /pasapt/ dry (nib' sungantib) /n·csungant·c/ feeling (z) voiced alveopalatal grooved fricative occurs after front vowels (?i'zapL?L) /izapL?L/ coyote (pi'zi?i) /pizi?i/ milk (ke'zant3:) /kezantL/ no good (dz) voiced alveopalatal grooved affricate alternates freely with (z) (pi'dzi?i) /pizi?i/ milk (ke'dzant3:) /kezantL/ no ~ood (pi I Zi ?i) /pizi ?i/ milk (ke I zant3:) /kezant'~/ no goc.(. (dz) voiced alveolar grooved affricate alternates freely with l (ta'dziumpi) /taziumbi/ star (ta'ziumpi) /taziumbi/ star (z) voiced alveolar grooved fricative occurs elsewhere (y:t: I Z3:ni;t3:) /y'~ Z '~nit'~/ flying (mu I zip 'O /muzip 0L/ point (gN) voiced labialized velar stop ( 9 o 1 gwe 9 ~) /ogwe 9 e/ creek /kw/, /ngw/, /xw/, and /hw/ have the same distribution as their non-labialized counterparts. /d/ /m/ (r) voiceless alveolar flap occurs only before final vowels (te' p'Cf!) /tep'Cd'C/ child (hagaf!) /hagad'C/ who (d) voiced alveolar stop occurs only after front vowels (ha 19idoi9 i) /havidoi9 i/ will lie down (ti'edoi9 i) /tiedoi 9 i/ will die (r) voiced alveolar flap occurs elsewhere ( I 9 U:I'i:-) /ud'C-/ that (? a I fa?~) / ada? a/ UnC le (to•ramp!) /todambi/ choke cherries (~) voiceless bilabial nasal occurs only before final vowels ('tosa'kaf!lli) /tosakamu/ jack rabbit (m) voiced bilabial nasal occurs elsewhere (m'C'a"~) /m·ca"a/ moon (ta•m·c?i;) -7-/t am·i: 9 ·i;/ 1st pers. pl. Incl. SIL-UND Workpapers 1967SIL UND 1967 1967 Workpa.pers /n/ Voiced alveolar retroflexed nasal in some idiolects /nz/ /w/ /nw/ /hw/ /y/ (o} voiced velar nasal occurs only before velar stops ('neok!) /nengi/ ear ('punk:J!) /pungu/ horse ( 9 onguh~) /onguha/ male (n) voiceless alveolar nasal occurs only before final vowels (to,'r~) /toodanu/ found (n) voiced alveolar nasal occurs elsewhere (na'nih~) /naniha/ name (ha'ni~i) /hanifi/ corn (ndz) prenasalized voiced alveopalatal grooved affricate occurs only after front vowels ('haindzi-) /hainzi-/ friend (nts) prenasalized voiceless alveopalatal grooved affricate occurs after front vowels and before final vowels. ('haintsi) /hainzi) friend (nz) prenasalized voiced alveolar grooved fricative occurs elsewhere (ti' nzai~f'~) /t·cnzaiyu/ prairie dog (~) voiceless bilabial semi-vowel occurs before final vowels ('tawa) /tawa/ 2nd person plural inclusive (w) voiced bilabial semi-vowel occurs elsewhere ('wihi) /wihi/ knife ( 9 e'siwih!) /esiwihi/ silver (nw) prenasalized voiced bilabial semi-vowel actualized as (w) with nasalization on the preceding vowel ('tan~) /tanwa/ tooth ( 9 e'ngw"p'i:) /enwap'C/ crazy (hw) pre-aspirated voiced bilabial semi-vowel (tsa'tahwi!ll:!:) /catahwinu/ opened (~) voiceless palatal semi-vowel occurs before final vowels ('pu~) /puyu/ duck (y) voiced palatal semi-vowel occurs elsewhere ('yuhu) /yuhu/ grease ( t:b' h'Cya9 ~) /t'Ch't:ya9 a/ horse -8-SIL-UND Workpapers 1967/hy/ /h:n/ /hd/ (hz) pre-aspirated voiceless semi-vowel vowels (ki'maih~) (ta' gwaih,;y]!) /kimaihyu/ /tegwaihyu/ come here 1 say1 (hn) pre-aspirated voiced alveolar nasal SIL UND 1967 1967 Workpapers occurs before final ("a'hna"~) /ab:na"a/ armpit ("o'hna~~) /ohna"a/ baby (tsu'hnip·c) /cuhnip·c/ bone (hr) pre-aspirated voiced alveolar flap ("a'hrai3l) /ahdaf"C/ jaw Liquids /m/, /n/, /d/, /w/, /y/ tend to be glottalized before a final vowel and after a stressed syllable. ('sur"i) /sudt/ he ('tan~"~) /tanwa/ tooth ('toiz"J:!) /toiyu/ neck ('hiJ!"i) /hin·c/ what'? ('kiE"~) /kima/ comet 4. VOWEL PHONEMES /i/ /e/ /a/ (L) high open front ('"e:le1.t!) /evit·c/ (i) high close front (sa'ri"!) /sadi"i/ (i) cf. section 6 unrounded vocoid occurs in rapid speech outside unrounded vocoid dog ('pihi) /pihi/ heart (e:) mid open front unrounded vocoid alternates freely with (e) ( 1ne:k!) (neki) /neki/ belt (e) mid close front unrounded vocoid ('peh~) /pehe/ seed ('"ekJ:!) /eku/ tongue (~) cf. section 6 (A) mid open central unrounded vocoid alternates freely with (a) ( 'n~mp~) /nampo./ shoe ( 'wl\ts!) /wac·c/ rib ('sAp!) /sapt/ stomach -9-SIL-UND Workpapers 1967/'i./ /u/ /o/ (a) low open central unrounded vocoid SIL UND 1967 1967 Workpapers ( 9 a'ra9 ~) /ada9 a/ uncle {sa'napi) /sanapi/ rubber (~) cf. section 6 ('pa9 ~) /pa9 a/ on (~) high close central unrounded vocoid occurs only after alveolars ('t~mpi) /t·i:mpi/ stone (ti'eop·c) /t·i:vop·c/ paper (·i:) high open back unrounded vocoid occurs elsewhere ( ' 9 ·i:m·i:-) /·cm·i:-/ your (wai 'p"C 9 j;) /waip·c 9 ·c/ woman ( 1w·t:.n?!) /w·cn·c/ standt (t) cf. section 6 (u) high close back rounded vocoid (ku'tu~i) /kutufi/ coal ('hu:k:!!) /huuku/ collar bone (.~) cf. section 6 (o) mid close back rounded vocoid ( 9 o'gwe9 ~) /ogwe 9 e/ creek (so'ho9 £) /soho9 o/ cottonwood (£) cf. section 6 5. DISTRIBUTION OF PHONEMES 5.1. The final-syllable consonant position may be filled by any voiceless consonant or voiceless allophone of a voiced consonant. The medial-syllable consonant position may be filled by any consonant except /xw/ and /hy/. The initial-syllable consonant position may be filled by /p/, /t/, /k/, / 9 /, /lrll/, /c/, /h/, 7m/, /n/, and /s/. 5.2. All syllable vowel positions may be filled by any single vowel. The medial and initial vowel positions may be filled by /ii/, /ee/, /aa/, /·c·c/, /uu/, /oo/, /ia/, /au/, /"Ci/, /·ce/, /ui/, /ua/, /oa/, /oi/, /ie/, /ai/ /iu/ occurs only in medial syllables /·cu/ and /·co/ occur only in initial syllables -10-SIL-UND Workpapers 19675.3. Consonant-vowel patterns SIL UND 1967 1967 Workpapers All syllables in Shoshone are open syllables. Final syllables are all CV Medial and initial syllables are all CV or CVV 6. Predictable PHONEl'vIE VARIATIONS Vowels are always voiceless when they occur in utterance final position or before hesitation-pause in the middle o! an utternace. Suen final vowels are always preceded by voiceless consonants. Voiceless vowels also occur in unstressed medial syllables in the sequence: consonant, vowel, /h/. ('kwakl'hupi) /kwakthupi/ won (mop2'ho92) /mopoho9o/ mosquitoe (nii,!'hui~) /nitthuinu/ scolded In general a final voicelss vowel after / 9 / has the eane quality as the vowel before the /9/. A couple of exceptions to this rule appear to be older forms which have not yet fully shifted to conform to the rule, but are probably beginning to shift in that direction. (-do9!) N (-doi9i) /-doi91f' (ti'eisi 'moto'hna91) /ttvisi future tense marker motohna9i/ humming bird Stress seems to be predictable, and normally occurs on the first syllable; but in words of three or more syllables in which the second syllable begins with a voiced consonant, stress occurs on both the first and second syllables, but the second syllable receives the greater stress. The exceptions seem to be due to prefixation. Tone seems to be predictable and usually high tone occurs on the first syllable and low tone usually occurs on the last syllable with intermediate tones in between on words of more than two syllables, in downward steps from High to Low. The exceptions seem to be due to prefixation. Vowels tend to be nasalized when contiguous to nasal phonemes. -11-SIL-UND Workpapers 1967SIL UND 1967 1967 Workpapers 7. SUGGESTED ORTHOGRAFHY Phonemes Orthqgra12h.Y: Phonemes Orthogra12h;y: p p i ee t t ii ee: k k e ay ., ee ay: kw kw a a .. f f aa a: C ts ·c u X kh ·c·c u: h h u 00 xw khw uu oo: hw hw 0 0 V V w w g g y y gw gw nw nw m m hy hy n n oi oi n n ai ai • • hn hn English s;y:mbols needed mb mb nd a n nd b 0 ng ng d p ngw ngw e s s s f t z z g u nz nz d d h V hd hd i w k X y m z and/:/ -12-

Shoshone phonemes

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Shoshone phonemes

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