A miniaturized dual-band antenna array using a negative index metamaterial is presented for WiMAX, LTE, and WLAN applications. This left-handed metamaterial plane is located behind the antenna array, and its unit cell is a combination of split-ring resonator, square electric ring resonator, and rectangular electrical coupled resonator. This enables the achievement of a metamaterial structure exhibiting both negative permittivity and permeability, which results in antenna size miniaturization, efficiency, and gain enhancement. Moreover, the proposed metamaterial antenna has realized dual-band operating frequencies compared to a single frequency for normal antenna. The measured reflection coefficient (S11) shows a 50.25% bandwidth in the lower band (from 2.119 to 3.058 GHz) and 4.27% in the upper band (from 5.058 to 5.276 GHz). Radiation efficiency obtained in the lower and upper band are \u3e95 and 80%, respectively

Alqadami, Abdulrahman Shueai Mohsen

Jamlos, Mohd Faizal

Narbudowicz, Adam

Rahim, Sharul Kamal Abdul

Soh, Ping Jack

Vandenbosch, Guy

English

Arrow@TUDublin

Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Articles School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2017 Miniaturized dual-band antenna array with double-negative (DNG) metamaterial for wireless applications Abdulrahman Shueai Mohsen Alqadami Mohd Faizal Jamlos Ping Jack Soh See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/engscheleart2  Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact arrow.admin@tudublin.ie, aisling.coyne@tudublin.ie, gerard.connolly@tudublin.ie. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License Authors Abdulrahman Shueai Mohsen Alqadami, Mohd Faizal Jamlos, Ping Jack Soh, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim, Guy Vandenbosch, and Adam Narbudowicz Miniaturized dual-band antenna array with double-negative(DNG) metamaterial for wireless applicationsAbdulrahman Shueai Mohsen Alqadami1 • Mohd Faizal Jamlos1,2 •Ping Jack Soh1 • Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim3 • Guy A. E. Vandenbosch4 •Adam Narbudowicz5,6Received: 11 August 2016 / Accepted: 9 December 2016 / Published online: 19 December 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016Abstract A miniaturized dual-band antenna array using anegative index metamaterial is presented for WiMAX,LTE, and WLAN applications. This left-handed metama-terial plane is located behind the antenna array, and its unitcell is a combination of split-ring resonator, square electricring resonator, and rectangular electrical coupled resonator.This enables the achievement of a metamaterial structureexhibiting both negative permittivity and permeability,which results in antenna size miniaturization, efficiency,and gain enhancement. Moreover, the proposed metama-terial antenna has realized dual-band operating frequenciescompared to a single frequency for normal antenna. Themeasured reflection coefficient (S11) shows a 50.25%bandwidth in the lower band (from 2.119 to 3.058 GHz)and 4.27% in the upper band (from 5.058 to 5.276 GHz).Radiation efficiency obtained in the lower and upper bandare[95 and 80%, respectively.1 IntroductionIn the last few years, there has been a significant interest inusing metamaterial structures to realize the new electro-magnetic properties that may not be readily obtainable innature [1, 2]. An example of this is metamaterial structuresthat produces a negative refractive index (NRI) with neg-ative permittivity and permeability properties that areknown as double-negative metamaterial (DNM) [3]. Theyare widely investigated due to their potential applicationsin various fields such as wireless technology and micro-waves. These novel engineered materials are first intro-duced by Veselago [4] and verified experimentally afterseveral decades [5].Metamaterial promises a new class of antennas due totheir effectiveness in improving antennas’ performance andsize miniaturization [6–8]. Meanwhile, patch antennas arechosen in this work as they feature advantageous physicaland electromagnetic properties such as low profile, lowcost, small size, reasonable gain, and good radiation pat-terns [9]. However, conventional patch antennas sufferfrom narrow bandwidths, low gains and efficiencies, andlarge sizes at low frequencies. Therefore, numerous typesof metamaterials structures such as SRR, SERR, capaci-tance-loaded strip (CLS), spiral resonators (SR) and peri-odic array structures are proposed to enable improvementof their physical and electrical features [10–12]. To date,different metamaterial structures have been investigated forantenna miniaturization, improving gain and efficiency andenabling multi-band operation [13]. For instance, SRRsunit cells structures are generally employed as loadingstructure placed along an antenna to reduce the resonantfrequency of an antenna [10, 14, 15].This paper presents a miniaturized dual-band antennaarray using a novel combination of DNG metamaterial unit& Mohd Faizal Jamlosmohdfaizaljamlos@gmail.com1 Advanced Communication Engineering Centre (ACE),School of Computer and Communication Engineering,Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis,Malaysia2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti MalaysiaPahang (UMP), 26600 Pekan, Malaysia3 Wireless Communication Centre (WCC), UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia4 ESAT-TELEMIC Research Division, KU Leuven,Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Box 2444, 3001 Louvain, Belgium5 Institute of High Frequency Technology, RWTH AachenUniversity, Melatener Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany6 Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8,Ireland123Appl. Phys. A (2017) 123:22DOI 10.1007/s00339-016-0678-3cell for WiMAX, LTE, and WLAN applications. Theproposed left-handed metamaterial unit cell located on thereverse of the antenna substrate combines the SRR, SERR,and rectangular ELC resonator. This structure exhibitsnegative refractive index (NRI) and negative permittivityand permeability, which results in a compact, dual-bandantenna array (0.17k 9 0.36k 9 0.004k) with more than95% of radiation efficiency.2 Antenna design geometryFigure 1a shows the front view of the combined unit cellstructure. It combines the SRR and SERR which are bothmagnetic resonant structures. The perpendicular magneticfield produced by those cells generates negative perme-ability. Meanwhile, the rectangular ELC resonator islocated between the above mentioned cells and is used togenerate negative permittivity. The dimensions of theproposed unit cells are illustrated in Table 1. Figure 1b–eillustrates the real and imaginary values of impedance,refractive index, permeability, and permittivity. The resultindicated that the proposed structure features a negativerefractive index from 1.5 to 3.6 GHz.Figure 2a, b illustrates the simulated geometry of theproposed antenna. It is an array containing 10 elements;each rectangular element is dimensioned at 4 9 4 mm2.The antenna is fed using a combination of both series andcorporate feed techniques. It is designed on a 0.51-mm-thick RT/duroid5880 substrate. The metamaterial unitcells and ground plane are located on the rear side of theantenna. The dimensions of the proposed antenna array arelisted in Table 1.3 Experimental results and discussionFigure 3 shows the fabricated 10-element array prototype.Its reflection coefficients (S11) are then measured in ananechoic chamber using an Agilent E8051C network ana-lyzer and compared with simulations in Fig. 4. It coverstwo bands which fulfill the WLAN, LTE, and WiMAXFig. 1 Metamaterial unit cells and simulated results, a unit cell structure, r1 = 7 mm and r2 = 6.4 mm, b impedance, c refractive index,d permeability, e permittivityTable 1 Parameter dimensions of the proposed antennaPara. Value(mm)Para. Value(mm)Para. Value(mm)Para. Value(mm)Para. Value(mm)Para. Value(mm)Para. Value(mm)a 7 d 2.2 wp 4 w2 0.5 w5 0.6 l2 1.5 l5 2b 4.2 e 5.2 lp 4.4 w3 0.7 w6 0.6 l3 2 l6 5c, f 0.6 m 3.7 w1 1 w4 1 l1 10.4 l4 4.8 l7 122 Page 2 of 5 A. S. M. Alqadami et al.123operating bands. The simulated and measured reflectioncoefficient S11 is below -10 dB for both operating bands.The measured results indicated an increase in the band-width for the first band from 40.08% (simulated) to 50.25%(measured) and the second band bandwidth slightlyincreased to 4.27%. This is due to the fabrication accuracyissues of the small unit cells.Figure 5 illustrates the gain, radiation, and total effi-ciencies of the proposed antenna. It can be seen that themaximum gain of the proposed antenna in the first band is2.8 dB and is increased to 3.48 dB in the second band.Conversely, the radiation and total efficiencies in the firstband varies between 88 and 98.5% while for the secondband these parameters have been reduced to 88 and 79%,correspondingly. Radiation patterns shown in Figs. 6 and 7Fig. 2 Geometry of the proposed antenna and reflection coefficient(S11), a front view, b back viewFig. 3 Fabricated prototype of the proposed antenna array, a frontview, b back view (unit cell and ground plane)Fig. 4 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient (S11)Fig. 5 Gain and efficiency of the proposed antennaFig. 6 3D radiation pattern of the proposed antenna at: a 2.4 GHz,and b 5.1 GHzMiniaturized dual-band antenna array with double-negative (DNG) metamaterial for wireless… Page 3 of 5 22123indicate an omnidirectional behavior in the first band (at2.4 GHz) while a bi-directional in the second band (at5.1 GHz). Furthermore, the degradation in total efficiencyin the second band is due to the fact the small antennashowed high losses at higher frequency and thus reducingits total efficiency [16–18].An overview of such antennas published in literature isgiven in Table 2. It can be observed that the antenna pro-posed in this work results in a significant size miniatur-ization while maintaining high efficiency in comparison tothe state of the art.4 ConclusionsA miniaturized dual-band antenna array using DNGmetamaterials is presented. A novel combination of left-handed metamaterial SRR, SERR, rectangular electricalcoupled (ELC) resonator unit cells is proposed. The fea-tures of negative permittivity, permeability and refractiveindex (NRI) are validated numerically from the proposedunit cells structure. They are then placed on the reverseside of an antenna array. The measured reflection coeffi-cient (S11) shows a 50.25% of bandwidth in the first band(from 2.119 to 3.058 GHz) and 4.27% (from 5.058 to5.276 GHz) in the second band. Radiation efficienciesobtained from this structure are[95% (in the first band)and 80% in the second band.References1. M.A. Wan Nordin, M.T. Islam, N. Misran, A compact widebandcoplanar waveguide fed metamaterial-inspired patch antenna forwireless application. Appl. Phys. A 109(4), 961–965 (2012)2. A. Sarkhel, D. Mitra, S.R.B. Chaudhuri, A compact metamaterialwith multi-band negative-index characteristics. Appl. Phys. A122(4), 1–10 (2016)3. S.A. Pope, Double negative elastic metamaterial design throughelectrical–mechanical circuit analogies. IEEE Trans. Ultrason.Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 60(7), 1467–1474 (2013)4. V.G. Veselago, The electrodynamics of substances with simul-taneously negative values of e and l. Sov. Phys. Usp. 10,509–514 (1968)5. D.R. Smith, W.J. Padilla, D.C. Vier, S.C. Nemat-Nasser, S.Schultz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4184 (2000)6. J.C. Myers, P. Chahal, E. Rothwell, L. Kempel, A multilayeredmetamaterial-inspired miniaturized dynamically tunable antenna.IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 63(4), 1546–1553 (2015)7. S.N. Burokur, A.C. Lepage, S. Varault, X. Begaud, G.P. Piau, A.de Lustrac, Low-profile metamaterial-based L-band antennas.Appl. Phys. A 122(4), 1–7 (2016)8. P. Jin, R.W. Ziolkowski, Broadband, efficient, electrically smallmetamaterial-inspired antennas facilitated by active near-fieldresonant parasitic elements. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 58(2),318–327 (2010)9. C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis And Design (Wiley,Hoboken, 2005)10. O.S. Kim, O. Breinbjerg, Miniaturised self-resonant split-ringresonator antenna. Electron. Lett. 45(4), 196–197 (2009)11. Yuandan Dong, Tatsuo Itoh, Metamaterial-based antennas. Proc.IEEE 100(7), 2271–2285 (2012)12. M.M. Islam, M.T. Islam, M. Samsuzzaman, M.R.I. Faruque, N.Misran, M.F. Mansor, A miniaturized antenna with negativeindex metamaterial based on modified SRR and CLS unit cell forUWB microwave imaging applications. Materials 8(2), 392–407(2015)13. K. Li, C. Zhu, L. Li, Y.M. Cai, C.H. Liang, Design of electricallysmall metamaterial antenna with ELC and EBG loading. IEEEAntennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 12, 678 (2013)14. J.P. Chen, P. Hsu, A compact strip dipole coupled split-ringresonator antenna for RFID tags. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.61(11), 5372–5376 (2013)Fig. 7 Simulated and measured radiation patterns of the proposedantenna at: a 2.4 GHz (H-plane), b 2.4 GHz (E-plane), c 5.1 GHz (H-plane), d 5.1 GHz (E-plane)Table 2 Performance of different metamaterial-based antennasReferences Operatingfreq. (GHz)SizeW 9 L (mm2)Max.efficiency(%)Gain (dB)[1] 2–6.3 38 9 32 – 1–8[7] 1.2/1.59 86.4 9 86.4 – 3.3–4.2[10] 0.305 21 9 21 17.5 –[19] 0.40 350 9 350 – 0.5–4.3This work 2.11–3.05/5.2 22 9 45 98.5 2.8–3.4822 Page 4 of 5 A. S. M. Alqadami et al.12315. X.H. Song, L.L.Chen,C.H.Wu,Y.N.Yuan, Study on anSRR-shapedleft-handed material patch antenna. J. Opt. 13(3), 35402 (2011)16. D.R. Jackson, N.G. Alexopoulos, Communications: simpleapproximate formulas for input resistance, bandwidth, and effi-ciency of a resonant rectangular patch. IEEE Trans. AntennasPropag. 39(3), 407–410 (1991)17. G.S. Smith, Efficiency of electrically small antennas combinedwith matching networks. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 25(3),369–373 (1977)18. A. Galehdar, D.V. Thiel, S.G. O’Keefe, Antenna efficiency cal-culations for electrically small, RFID antennas. IEEE AntennasWirel. Propag. Lett. 6, 156–159 (2007)19. A. Presse, A.C. Tarot, Miniaturized bendable 400 MHz artificialmagnetic conductor. Appl. Phys. A 122(4), 1–5 (2016)Miniaturized dual-band antenna array with double-negative (DNG) metamaterial for wireless… Page 5 of 5 22123

Miniaturized dual-band antenna array with double-negative (DNG) metamaterial for wireless applications

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Miniaturized dual-band antenna array with double-negative (DNG) metamaterial for wireless applications

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