Ling, How Kee

Wong, Swee Kiong

Unimas Institutional Repository

- ?lJ flqi* 5**ti&jffisMg*jffif*ilrlq.f if#Pai*ifi*r. r- .,...n::;l.irr'i"....;:@.i,"j:l:.: 1,:..-r...:i.'. .li.:,r1 :. ..r4.,::r.,:r.Edited byAris Ana nta Arm in Ba u er Myo Tha ntffiIhe Environments of the Poorin Southeast Asia, East Asiaand the PacificEdited byAris Ana nta . Arm in Ba uer . Myo Thant@Developmenfuian tBankAsian Development Bank InstituteINSTITUTE OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIESSingoporeiADBlnstituter i ;ll'I:l.re--iL\- -l'Ll.-::es-: a1:- --Ie: .tf. " -,rs:::tFusr published in Singapore in2Ol3b1 ISE\S PublishingInr.rirute of Southeast Asian Studies-i(l Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Pasir PanjangSingapore 119614E -mai I : publish@ iseas.edu.sgllb b site : http://bookshop.iseas.edu. sg-{11 rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievals\ stem. or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying.recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast AsianSnrdies.E l0l3 Asian Development BankThe responsibility for facts and opinions in this publication rests exclusively with the'|.trhors and their interpretations do not necessarily reflect the views or the policy of ADB'.\DB Insitute, ISEAS or their supporters.ISEAS Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataTle environments of the poor in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and the Paciflc / edited by-\ris -{nanta, Armin Baueq and Myo Thant.i. SoutheastAsia Environmental conditions-Congresses.l. East Asia-Environmental conditions - Japan - Congresses.-i. Poverty -Environmental aspects- Southeast Asia- Congresses.-t. Por,erty-Environmental aspects -East Asia-Congresses.5. Polerty -Environmental aspects - Islands of the Paciflc - Congresses.6. Economic development-Environmental aspects-Southeast Asia-Congresses.Economic development-Environmental aspects-East Asia-Congresses.l. .\nanta, Aris, 1954-II. Bauer, Armin.Itr. \,I1'o Thant, 1957-f\'. Conference on The Environments of the Poor (2010 : Delhi, India)- '::f-<-11 2013ISB\ 978-98 1 -4517 -99-7 (soft cover)ISB\ 978-981 -4519-00-7 (e-book, PDF)Cot'er photo: Life on the river in Cambodia.Source :,{DB Photo databank.Tl.peset by Intemational Typesetters Pte LtdPrinted in Singapore by Mainland Press Pte LtdCONTENTSPrefaceList of ContributorsPart I OVERVIEW1. A New Triple-Win Option for the EnrAris Arumta, Armin Bauer and Mao T);,Part II EAST ASIA(People's Republic of China and2. Poverty, Environment, and Climate CGrasslands of ChinaTsui Yenhu3. Climate Change, Food Securih,, and FPeopie's Republic of ChinaQi Gubo1. The Physical andUrban PoorEu ,. tr,- r- .-.' :Wendy Walker, Mndhumita Gupta. ari; X5. Benefiting the Poor, the Environrnent.Sector with Small Enterprises and GnPeople's Republic of ChinaSqtoshi Sasaki6. Environment, Economic Grorrth. an,iRepublic of KoreaYong-Seong Km-.tl-s.. - ,itlCONTENTS:,tince-ist of CorttributrtrsPart I OVERVIEWl. A New Triple-Win Option for the En'ironment of the poorAris Anatta, Arnrin Bnuer snd Mqo TlnntPart ll EAST ASIA(People's Republic of China and Republic of Korea)2. Poverty, Environment, and Climate Change in tl-reCr,tsslands of ChinaTsui YenlttL3. Climate Change, Food Security, ar-rd por.ertr. in thePeople's Ilepubiic of ChinaQi CtLbo4. The Pl-rysical and Social Environment of the ChineseUrban PoorWetttlr1 Walker, MtdhLntits Gupttt, crrtcl Dttrtiel Rolrclf-s5. Benefiting the Poor, tire Environment, arrd the privateSector lvith Srnall Enterprises ancl Green Jobs iir thePeople's Republic of ChinaSltoslti Sasaki6. Enrrirclnment, Economic Crortth, and por-ertr. it-i theRe1.1;611. oI Korc.rYorLg-Seortg Kintit t'\ )8.l..i\.1532466079Vi Contents SontentsPaTt III PACIFIC ISLANDS7. C1inr.-rte Change Adaptation and Poverty Reduction inSmall Islarrcls of the Pacific.\ttittln loklnn nnd Murari LttiS The Role of Development Organizations in Pro-Poor-\daptation to Global Warming in the Pacific IslandsPtttl RtrllenPaTt IV MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA(Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam)'l Povertl and the Environment in Rural Cambodi.aTortg Kitnsurr and Sry BopharatltConservation Agriculture in Cambodia: A Triple-WinOptionSttlltttne Bttulnkit, Pen Vuth, Sttnrr Vntlttrtrn, Stc1ilwtrc Clufuierski,LutLl Oliuier Gilard\roices of the Poor on Climate Chauge in Thaiiand and\tietnamHtrntitnn Waibel, Sottg1torue TottgrrtksttiaLtttnttn, ttrtd Marc VoelkerPoor Thai Farmers' Adaptation to Climate ChangeScttrtclttti JitsuchonPaTt V ARCHIPELAGIC SOUTHEAST ASIA(Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines)13. The Political Economy of Environmental Policy inIndonesiaAriLttrto A. PstunruProspering in Environmental Degradation: An Tllustrationfrom an Upland Area, South Kalimantan, IndonesiaAtis Anain, Haris Fsdillah, Ahmstl Yunnni, Gttsti FahmiAtllitutsyttlt, and Dnrwng AdhinatrtMaking a Living in the Face of Environmentai Change:A Case in an lndigenotls Community in Sarawak, MalaysiaWoir.q Stt,ee Kittng ttnd Litrg Hoit' (reThe Response of Rural Coastal Hr-rrMilenyo in the Philippineslonna P. EstudilloLife Along Manila's Flooding RiverEmma PorioQuantifying the Health Risks frorLFlood Water in Metro ManilaTran Thi Viet Nga snd Kensuki Fli::,Slum Poverty in the Philippines: CAgenda Drive Public Action?Marife Ballesteros16.77.oo10574575910.77018711.72.20374.15. 232Contents , .: .>' , he Response of Rural Coastal Households to Typhoon\filenvo in the philippines. iuto P. Estutlillo- Liie Along Manila's Flooding Riversltrunn Porio' Qr-rantifying the Health Risks from pathogens in theFlood Water in Metro ManilaTt'Ltrt Thi Viet Ngn ttnd Kertsuki Fukushi- Slum Poverty in the philippines: Can the Enrrironrnent-\genda Drive Public Action?\Inrit'e Bnllesterosvii99106145159770787243256277286s,ti,,'l lir,r.203.:- 227, 232-,' :ia15MAKING A LIVING IN THE FACE OFENVIRONMENTAL CHANGEA Case in an lndigenous Communityin Sarawak, MalaysiaWong Swee Kiong and Ling How KeeMalaysia is divided into tl-rirteen states and three federai territori.-Sarar,vak, located on the island of Borneo, is the largest state .Ma1.'rvsia. It covers 121,450 square kilclmetres. sararn".ak is richly endorr..with natr-rral re-sources, especially liquefied natural gas, petroler:t-.ancl rainforest. Its econolny has historically been dominated br. i--primary sectors (agriculture, fore.stry, mining, ancl cltrarrying), mo:,agriculture. But in line rvith the fecleral Elo\.ernlnent's policr-economic gror,r,th throtrgh industrialization, the state gorrernme:-began promoting secondary and tertiary sectors in the 1970s (Kas-.l990). Sarar,l,ak w'as transformed from a poor backu,ater to a vibr,..:-and industrializing state. Bv international standards, the levelporrertv in Sarart,ak is notl, tluite lor,n,. In 2009, 5.3 pcr cent (27,1householcls) in Sararvak lvere found li'ing in povcrtrr ancl 1.0 p.Making a Living in the Face of Entrrrcent in extreme poverty. The narand extreme poverty were 3.8 prerIEPU 2013). The incidence of po.Parts of the transformative prritric dam, commercial agricrilture.parts of the rainforest (Ichikarr-aonly caused a dwindling of theof what remains. The priman. cohas been as a source of income ttimber and its timber-based produsubstantial earnings to Sararrak I9 per cent (RM7.9 billion) of thecommodities in Sarawak though texport earnings of timber productby a marginal increase to R\[7.I-ndustry Development Corporaticrof raw material for the residentsof the interior (for rattan baskeeand a source of wild boar antl rhunter-gatherers and indigenou-s stsettled cash-crop peasants, planta,{Wong 1992 cited in King 1993i. Iand petrochemical industries andzuch as oil-palm, replaced the srrusuch as rubber, cocoa, and pep;rerIn this chapter, we look at horr dthe lives of people who have a renvironment, particularly the infigbased on fieldwork we carried outindigenous community experiencetas a result of development. \Aie rr-erchanges affected their ways of makithe views of the affected people"fiat aims to let the voices of the lc1000a; Narayan et al. 2000b). Bv inable to gain insights into the rra;hanges. We chose two villages: nei,one of three administrative districts232t,,4aking a Living in the Face of Envrronmental Change 233--ent i, extreme poverty. The natiorral 0vera, inciclence of por.ertv,:,1 ."i,l""le povertv r,r,ere 3.g per ce't and 0.7 per cent, respectir.elvFPtr 2{)l3t' TIre incitrerrce or poverty is rrigher irr trre .r.i, .r"..,Parts of the transfrrrnr.rti'e pro."ri, such -as tlre Bakun hyclroeiec_:ic c'lam, commercial agrrculture, and l.ggi,g, have required cieari.g:arts of the rainforest (Ichikawa 2OO7l. Development projects not'rrlv caused a crwinclling of the rainforest,2 but arso the degradingi lvhat remains The primary economic r.arue of sarar,r,,ak,s rainforest'as been as a source.f ircome for the state through the exp.rts ofmber and its timber-based proclucts. Timber indtrstries have trought--rbstantial earnings t. g6v6*op. hr 2008, timber products constituted.er cent (RM7.q biilionr oI the totar export earrings or-ttr" n,',.-,10.',rmodities in sara..vak though there was a slight criop in the total,L-rcrrt earnings of timber proclucts to RM6,69g,oez ;n 2009, f.*o*,"da marginal increase io RM7,354,341 in 2010 (Sarawak .limber-.1ustry Development Corporation 2011). The rainforest is a sourceraw ,raterial for the residents of manv of the rurai communities: the interior (for rattan baskets and mats, ancr r,'ooden ftrrniture),'J a source of wild boar ancl wild vegetabjes for food. Nomadic':irter-gatherers ancr indigenous swidclen iurti'ators graduary became:ried cash-crop peasants, prantation rabourers, ;"; Jil;t r"ork".,..rng 1992 cited irr fing tOO3). But the introductiorr of wood_baserJJ petrochemicar industries and large-scale plantation curtivation,-h as oil-palm, replaced the small_hol.lir-rg ..rlti'ation of cash crops-'ir as rubber, cocoti, and pepper.In this chapter, we rook at hol,r. changes to trre rainforest have affected- lives of people who have o crose rclationship r,r,ith the naturalironment, particurarlv trre indigenous corr.rrlu,ities. Trris chapter is-:c'1 on fielclwork r,r,e carriecr out in an effort to u.crerstand hclrv anrgenous c-omrnunity experiencetJ the crranges in their e,vironment.-, result of der.elopment. We were particularly interested in hor,r. the':es 'rifectetl tlrt'ir i'av> of makirrg a Iir ing. in this "r.uf *:.: pr"r*,,,'ie*'s of the affected peopre, u.iairlg to the body .f knowredgeair-ns to let the r.,,,:-"_1.,]f the jocal p..Jple be hearj (Narayan et ai.r; Naravan et al. 2000&). Bv interrri"r"ir_rg many of them, we w,ere- to gai. insights irrto the *,ay the community experiencecl the'les' we- chose tlt'o vilrages:r near the forest i. trre district of Lu.cru.'i threc' ad,rinistrati'e clistricts r.r,.ithin trre b.un.iarv of trre crivisio.i 'fr ,,Itt234 Wong Swee Kiong and Ling How K==of Kuching). Logging had been going on in the vicir-ritv of the lrvillages since the earlv -1970s. The Gunung Gading National Par.rnrhich bordered the logging concession area then, is famous for tr'-world's largcst flor,r,cring plant, the Ilafflesia, which wds o11C€ Llnr::threat from logging. Further, oil palm plantations r,tere introcltt,-.'into ti're region in 1990 ancl 2003. The villages are accessible by rt,;,,-in the Lundu/Sematan area in the Kucl-rirrg clivision. Access to t...Ltrndu Bazaar from the citv of Kuching (the aclministrative capital -Sarawak) r,tas rnacle easier r,r.,ith the construction of the briclge ocr(,:-Baturg Knyan (Kayan River) in July 2005. The road from Kucltirrg cr-to the Lunclu clistrict has also been straightened ar"rd sealed. Wh,.used to be a four-hour trip norv takes slightly o\/er an hour. O'-villages, as rvell as others in the areas, are home to the Dayak-Sela-*or Bidayuh-Sclako cclmmunity, a sub-group of Sarar,vak's Bidar-r-retl'rnic group. According to anthropologist Arvang Hasmadi (1992), tlancestors of the Selako once lived along the Salakatr River in \Are.Kaiimantan, bcforc migrating to Lundu, which lr.as then part of il'..Brunei Sultanate. The Selako people used to traverse t1-re mountain ral1ithat divicles Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) and Sarawak (Malaysi,..:"Bornco) to farlrr both sides of the border until 1875, nhen the Brook.actninistration persuacled them to settle at their present krcation.At the time of our fie1clr,r.ork, the trt o villages have 274 househol.i.-ar-rc1 1,687 people betr.r,een them (Lundu District Office 2011). Ahcruseholcls live in individual houses, except for 20, u.hich are groupr-irr a traditjonal longl-rouse in one of the r,'illages. Prior to the 1970s, t1'.villagers lvere subsistence farmers who also collected forest procluct.either to eat, to use to make rattan mats and baskets ar-rd br"rild house.Although in rcccnt years manv of the villagers, particultrrly the lounSt:ones, are engagecl in lr,age employrnent, the latest emplolrmgnt statistic.shon, that 40.51 per cent from one village and 46.17 per cent fror:.ihe other are self-ernployed farmers (Lundu District Office' 201.1). Thr.ccrncliti.on i.nclicates th;rt lancl and forest resollrces are still importar-sources of liveiihoocl for the r.iLlages.Fiftv-eight respontlents r,r.ere selected frorn the tr,rro r,illages usin-;rnrposive sampling, n,hich selected respondents from both sexes a1'..-vai:roris age,e, eciucalional ievels, and occupations. Flon,er,er, there rr.;.aiso some conveiriencc -.aml:ling, ;rs thc researchers r,r'ere depenLlent ,- ,ltrho ri.as available ant', -,viliing to be iirtervie.r.r,ed. Tlcnty-ser.en ma1..\4aking a Living in the Facr _':-and thirty-one females from differeqselected for face-to-face inteniert-s. ltwenty were able to confirm that fiof the two villages have become qfimay not be a good representationprovided a valuable understandins icommunity undergoing change. B=iinformants, namely the headmen crf IA semi-structured interview schetluleabout livelihood and the use of t'ordevelopment project.a Respondenlc t,(wild animals, fish, plants, nuts, arolbuilding material) and the monerarn-sale. Respondents were asked atoutchanged their environment, and l.uaspects of their lives and that ot thrFtNtltrSeveral logging companies n-ere saiing the trees near the villages tromrespondents reported that ther. rrerrwhether the companies had been isssaid that villagers protested agairL:ei Iup blockades. There were fights b,eworkers. A sixty-two-year-o1d ma:that during a fight some of the rinhstation for six days.A list of forest resources n as ohtwere then asked to compare the .-urrwith their earlier availabilitv. A retwas described, even though the GlSamunsam Wildlife Sanctuan are ir:special species that is still available,lering tree,s which could be for::rd :rIn general, the respondents trolnthat changes in the environmeni .iL.lways of making a living. For iru:"u:::

Making a Living in the Face of Environmental Change: A Case in an Indigenous Community in Sarawak, Malaysia

http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/31880/1/Making%20a%20Living%20in%20the%20Face%20of%20Environmental%20Change%20A%20Case%20in%20an%20Indigenous%20Community%20in%20Sarawak%2C%20Malaysia.pdf

Making a Living in the Face of Environmental Change: A Case in an Indigenous Community in Sarawak, Malaysia

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Unimas Institutional Repository