grant, C.A.

Hahn, D.L.

James, D.

Leach, D.

Lemke, R.L.

Malhi, S.S.

Schoenau, J.J.

Selles, F.

Stumborg, M.

English

eCommons@USASK

Influence of tillage, crop residue, controlled-release N fertilizer, and liquid swine manure management on greenhouse gas emissions in Saskatchewan, Canada

University of Saskatchewan Research Archive

Influence of Tillage, Crop Residue, Controlled-Release N Fertilizer and Liquid Swine Manure Management on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Saskatchewan, Canada S.S. Malhi1, R.L. Lemke2, J.J. Schoenau3, F. Selles4, C.A. Grant4, D. Leach1, M. Stumborg5, D. James5 and D. L. Hahn2 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canada (E-mail: sukhdev.malhi@agr.gc.ca); 2AAFC, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; 3Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; 4AAFC, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada; 5AAFC, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada Tillage and Straw Management Experiment Background • Long-term return of crop residues to soil and elimination of tillage (ZT) increases organic C and N in soil. This may also increase the potential for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Materials and Methods 9 An 8-year barley-pea-wheat-canola rotation experiment was established in 1998 at Star City (Gray Luvisol – Boralf).  9 Treatments were two tillage systems (zero tillage, ZT and conventional tillage, CT), two levels of straw (straw retained, and straw removed) and four levels of N fertilizer (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1; no N to pea). Summary of Results • The N20 emissions were higher in treatments receiving N fertilizer than the zero-N treatments.  • The N20 emissions were substantially higher in CT plots than ZT where fertilizer N was applied.    45 39176833114647611015962 44 564321824302490501001502002503003504004505002000 [CT] 2000 [ZT] 2001 [CT] 2001 [ZT]Estimated cumulative loss (g N ha  0N    -  No Straw 120N  -   No Straw )-1  0N    -    Straw  120N  -    Straw        Estimated cumulative N2O-N loss for various treatments during the period March 28 to June 5, 2000 and April 23 to August 9 2001 at Star City, Saskatchewan.   Alfalfa Termination Method and Timing Materials and Methods 9 Stand termination treatments were initiated on a 7-yr old alfalfa stand in summer 2003 at Star City (Gray Luvisol - Boralf) in a 5-yr study.  9 The 36 treatments were 3 x 3 x 4 factorial combinations of 3 methods of termination (herbicide – NT, tillage and herbicide + tillage), 3 times of termination (after first cut, after second cut and spring) and 4 rates of N (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1).  9 Herbicides used were Lontrel + 2,4-D and Glyphosate + 2,4-D. Summary of Results • Mean cumulative N2O loss ranged from 220 to 420 g N ha-1 in 2004 (first growing season), and 330 to 730 g N ha-1 in 2005.  • In 2004, N2O loss tended to be lower with termination after cut 1 than the other termination times, and emissions from stands terminated by tillage were significantly higher than those terminated by herbicides. • In 2005, N2O loss was highest from the herbicide treatments and lowest from the tilled treatments.  • When 2004 and 2005 cumulative losses were combined, cumulative loss was very similar across the termination methods.   220260240280400420290310 300050100150200250300350400450Cut 1 Cut 2 Spring Cut 1 Cut 2 Spring Cut 1 Cut 2 Spring Herbicide Tillage Herbicide + TillageEstimated cumulative N2O-N loss (g N ha -1) 2004              Estimated cumulative N2O-N emissions in the zero-N treatment for 3 termination methods and 3 termination times in 2004 at Star City, Saskatchewan.      Slow Release N Fertilizers Background • N losses occur due to volatilization, leaching and denitrification. • Production of ammonium and nitrate well in advance of crop demand can contribute to accelerated losses. • N losses can be reduced by matching supply of available N closely to crop uptake by using slow release N fertilizers.  Materials and Methods 1. Control (0 N); 2. Urea @ 30 kg N ha-1 SB in spring; 3. Urea @ 60 kg N ha-1 SB in spring; 4. Urea @ 90 kg N ha-1 SB in spring; 5. CRU @ 30 kg N ha-1 SB in spring; 6. CRU @ 60 kg N ha-1 SB in spring; 7. CRU banded @ 60 kg N ha-1 in fall; 8. Urea banded @ 60 kg N ha-1 in fall; 9. Urea split @ 30 kg N ha-1 SB at seeding + 30 kg N ha-1 broadcast at tillering; and 10. Blend application banded in spring @ 30 kg N ha-1 urea + 30 kg N ha-1 CRU. Summary of Results • CRU may reduce ammonia-N emissions. Emissions are usually low, except where band-sealing is poor. • Overall, the N2O-N losses were low and CRU tended to reduce GHG.     0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0N 2O emission (kg N ha -1 ) Urea CRUMelfort              Effect of fall-applied N on N2O-N loss under RT during growing season (2006) at Star City, Saskatchewan.      8001410600114092016801590 1690940 128091012609901850107025000500100015002000250030002005 2006 2005 2006ZT CT 0 N CRU-FB U-SB CRU-SB U-FB          Nitrous oxide N (N2O-N) emissions from soil as affected by timing of application for uncoated urea versus coated urea (CRU) at Star City, Saskatchewan.                Ammonia-N (NH3-N) losses from fall and spring banded CRU and urea (Brandon ZTF site, courtesy of Dr. C. Grant).  Liquid Swine Manure Background • Liquid swine manure (LSM) contains high concentrations of ammonium, which is rapidly nitrified when applied to soil.  • Nitrification not only produces N2O, but also supplies nitrate – the substrate required by denitrifiers.  • LSM provides easily decomposable organic C, this can induce anaerobiosis by stimulating O2 demand, and increase the potential for soil-emitted N2O loss.  Materials and Methods • Long-term study was initiated in 2000 at Star City to determine the influence of application rates and frequencies/timings of LSM and to compare those N2O emissions to commercial N fertilizer.  N 2O-N loss (g N ha-1)0100200300400500Ammonia (g N ha -1 )Fall Spring pre-seeding After SeedingCT-CoatedCT-UncoatedRT-CoatedRT-Uncoated• LSM was injected at 3000, 6000 and 9000 L ha-1for1x (annually), 2x (after every 2 years) and 3x (after every 3 years) rates. • Cereal/oilseeds seeded each year and harvested for yield. • Nitrous oxide collected from early spring to late fall in 2003-2007. Summary of Results • Regardless of rate and timing, N2O emissions from long-term LSM treatments were higher than urea – both on a 5-year cumulative basis and as a percentage of N lost as N2O.  • Applying LSM at the 3-times rate once every third year had higher emissions than applying the manure at the 1.0X rate each year, implying that 1.0X rate is more environmentally friendly.   bccbbcbbcaabcabaabbbabababcbc cabcaa05001000150020002500300035004000450050002003 2004 2005 2006 2007Year control            Cumulative N2O-N emissions estimated for each of five sampling periods for various liquid swine manure (LSM) treatments (2.0X LSM treatment received applications in 2004, and 2006; 3.0X LSM treatment received applications in 2003 and 2006) at Star City, Saskatchewan.               g N 2O-N ha-1urea 1.0x LSM 2.0x LSM 3.0x LSM2a-1O-N hg Narious trea tm ents from  a  s tudy a t S tar C ity , Saskatchew an.Cvum ulative  (5-year) em issions o f N 2O -N  and  percentage  o f N  app lied  lost as N 2O  from  *Values fo llow ed  by the sam e le tte rs  are not s ign ifican tly  d ifferen t a t p  =  0 .05.1 .39 .2  a3 .0x LS M0.84 .6   bc2 .0x LS M1.06.5  b1 .0x LS M0.63.7 cdU rea-1 .4  dC ontro lN  lost as  N 2O -N  %5-year C um ulative  E m ission  *kg N  ha -1Anaerobically Digested Swine Manure Background • Management of animal wastes for intensive livestock operations (ILO) must be economical, environmentally friendly and socially acceptable. • Anaeraobic digestion is a promising technology that could provide a cost-effective option to manage animal waste from ILO and may reduce GHG emissions by utilizing methane produced during digestion to displace fossil-fuels and by reducing emissions during lagoon storage.  Materials and Methods • Three year study (2006-2008) at two field sites, (Swift Current and Star City) was conducted to compare agronomic performance and gaseous N loss of land-applied (injected) anaerobically digested swine manure (ADSM) to conventionally treated swine manure (CTSM).  • Barley seeded each year, and harvested for seed and straw yield. • Nitrous oxide collected using non-static vented chambers. • Ammonia volatilization measured using “double-sponge open-chamber” technique. Fall: • CTSM and ADSM at 3x rate applied once at beginning of study (9000 and 6375 gal/ac). • CTSM & ADSM at 1x rate applied annually  (3000 &  2125 gal/ac). • Spring: • CTSM & ADSM at 3x rate applied once at beginning of study. • CTSM & ADSM at 1x rate applied annually. • UAN at 1x rate applied annually.  • Control. Summary of Results • Ammonia losses for all treatments at Star City and for 1x application rates at Swift Current were low (< 1 kg yr-1); more substantial (2-10 kg yr-1) losses occurred on the 3x application rates at Swift Current. • Ammonia loss from ADSM = CTSM except CTSM-3x rate. • Nitrous oxide losses highest from CTSM > ADSM = UAN.                                              Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank: GAPS/ETAA, ADF, CPIG and CGE-Inc. for financial assistance; PAMI for applying liquid swine manure; K. Strukoff, C Fatteicher, K. Hemstad-Falk, C. Nielsen, D. Schick,  J. Scott, K. Montgomery and K. Hemstad-Falk for technical help; Dr. R. Farrell, University of Saskatchewan, for GHG analyses; Erin Cadieu for printing the poster.  Lossresponse3-year net lossLoss response3-year net lossN source and ratezTimezSwift CurrentStar City51 b4 b107 a6 d7 cd26 cd4 d31 bc7 cdg N kg-1applied N ha-112100 b800 c31400 a1500 c600 c5500 bc800 c10300 b2100 cg N ha-15 b8 b6 b10 ab6 b13 ab6 b24 a10 bg N kg-1 applied N ha-1timated ammonia-N (NH3-N) loss over three sampling periods from various treatments  Star City and Swift Current, Saskatchewan.EsatThe amounts of total N applied over three years were 214, 205, 403, 360, 257, 255, 343, 326 and 180 kg N ha-1ly in the fall and spring treatments as indicated in the table (moving from top to bottom).respective1100 b1700 b1700 b2500 b800 bADSM-3xADSM-1xCTSM-3xCTSM-1xUANSpring2600 b1200 b8100 a3000 bADSM-3xADSM-1xCTSM-3xCTSM-1xFallg N ha-1kg N2O-N ha-1N source and rateApplication meTi6.0 (1.1)15.3 (3.7)4.5 (0.7)3.27.4 (2.0)z5.5 (1.1)21.5 (4.5)16.8 (3.8)3-year cumulative2.26.72.31.63.42.03.47.320082.15.41.10.81.12.21.85.92007ed annual and three-year cumulative N2O-N loss from various treatments at Star City, atchewan.EstimatSaskzIn brackets, the values represent the percentage of applied N lost.1.73.21.10.8ADSM-1xCTSM-1xUANControlSpring2.91.316.33.6ADSM-3xADSM-1xCTSM-3xCTSM-1xFall2006

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Influence of tillage, crop residue, controlled-release N fertilizer, and liquid swine manure management on greenhouse gas emissions in Saskatchewan, Canada

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