Abstract: Workers inability to act according to laid down rules and regulations within the industry have invariably contributed to their unsafe actions leading to accident. The purpose of the study was to determine safe acts of workers towards health and safety (H&S) compliance. Delphi survey method of data collection was adopted for the study. Experts were asked to complete the Delphi questionnaire survey based on the impact of given factors in predicting safe act of workers towards Health and Safety compliance. The ratings were based on either the impact was considered to be very high or high. Data obtained was analysed and results were presented in a table and a chart. Findings from the study show that only three measurement variables (ensure equipment or tools are in good condition before usage, ensure the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and ensure proper positioning of tasks) were considered by the experts to have reached consensus with IQD cut- re. Further findings showed strong consensus with very high impact (VHI: 9.00-10.00).Results from the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) showed that only five indicator variables (SAW10,SAW 16,SAW7, SAW8 and SAW9) were considered as determinant of Health and Safety compliance. Further findings showed that one indicator variable (PPE) was found to be common in the Delphi survey and EFA results.The factor loadings for all items were greater than 0.5593.This findings indicate that high priority was given to SAW 10 in determining Health and Safety compliance in the construction industry

Aigbavboa, C. O.

Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku

Zakari, M.

English

University of Johannesburg Institutional Repository

zakari.mustapha1967@gmail.comZakari, M.1, Aigbavboa, C. O.2 and Thwala, D.W. (2016) An Exploratory Factor Analysis Of Safe Acts OfWorkers Towards Health And Safety Compliance In: Mojekwu,J.N., Nani G., Atepor, L., Oppong, R.A..,Adetunji,M.O., Ogunsumi, L., Tetteh, U.S., Awere E., Ocran, S.P., and Bamfo-Agyei, E. (Eds)  Procs 5thApplied Research Conference in Africa. (ARCA) Conference, 25-27 August 2016, Cape Coast, Ghana. 193-199Page 193AN EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SAFE ACTS OFWORKERS TOWARDS HEALTH AND SAFETY COMPLIANCEZakari, M.1, Aigbavboa, C. O.2 and Thwala, D.W.1,2&3Department of Construction Managemnet and Quantity Surveying, Faculty ofEngineering and the Built Environment, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.ABSTARCTWorkers inability to act according to laid down rules and regulations within the industry haveinvariably contributed to their unsafe actions leading to accident. The purpose of the studywas to determine safe acts of workers towards health and safety (H&S) compliance. Delphisurvey method of data collection was adopted for the study. Experts were asked to completethe Delphi questionnaire survey based on the impact of given factors in predicting safe act ofworkers towards Health and Safety compliance. The ratings were based on either the impactwas considered to be very high or high. Data obtained was analysed and results werepresented in a table and a chart. Findings from the study show that only three measurementvariables (ensure equipment or tools are in good condition before usage, ensure the use ofpersonal protective equipment (PPE) and ensure proper positioning of tasks) were consideredby the experts to have reached consensus with IQD cut- re. Further findingsshowed strong consensus with very high impact (VHI: 9.00-10.00).Results from theExploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) showed that only five indicator variables (SAW10,SAW16,SAW7, SAW8 and SAW9) were considered as determinant of Health and Safetycompliance. Further findings showed that one indicator variable (PPE) was found to becommon in the Delphi survey and EFA results.The factor loadings for all items were greaterthan 0.5593.This findings indicate that high priority was given to SAW 10 in determiningHealth and Safety compliance in the construction industry.Keywords: Exploratory factor analysis, safe acts of workers, compliance, health and safety.zakari.mustapha1967@gmail.comZakari, M.1, Aigbavboa, C. O.2 and Thwala, D.W. (2016) An Exploratory Factor Analysis Of Safe Acts OfWorkers Towards Health And Safety Compliance In: Mojekwu,J.N., Nani G., Atepor, L., Oppong, R.A..,Adetunji,M.O., Ogunsumi, L., Tetteh, U.S., Awere E., Ocran, S.P., and Bamfo-Agyei, E. (Eds)  Procs 5thApplied Research Conference in Africa. (ARCA) Conference, 25-27 August 2016, Cape Coast, Ghana. 193-199Page 194INTRODUCTIONThe construction industry is among the industries with unreasonable rates of accidents bothpermanent and non-permanent disabilities and even fatalities. Mustapha et al. (2015) were ofthe view that not all accidents are preventable, since risk is beyond the human intervention.Mustapha et al., (2015) opined that majority of accidents happen when workers do not abideby safety rules leading to their unsafe acts. Moreover, when management are adamant tounsafe conditions within the work environment. Health and safety in the constructioninvolves all level of the workforce. Boshoff (2015) asserted that in creating a positive safetyculture in any work environment requires participation of all workforce, effectivecommunication and trust between the all role players. This implies that culture is veryparamount in any work environment.inadequate training coupled with harsh work environment and unsafe methods of workinginter alia are among the causes of non-compliance with OSH regulations in developingal.(2007) supported this argument with lack of adequate training as a hindrance to OSHregulations compliance and further indicated that safe work environment can determine howissues of compliance with OSH regulations are taken care of by construction firms. Iduborand Osiamoje (2013) posits that adequate Occupational Health and Safety (OSH) training andeducation enhance the OSH performance e.g., compliance with OSH regulation.When all thenecessary OHS requirements are met, then workers will perform their duties diligently toprevent any accident from occurring or minimise it. The paper attempts to enumerate howsafe act workers will contribute to H&S compliance in the construction industry in Ghana.RESEARCH DESIGN/METHODOLOGYTwenty (20) experts made up of academicians and construction professionals from BuildingTechnologists, quantity surveyors were selected at random from West African BuiltEnvironment Research (WABER), International Conference on Infrastructure Developmentin Africa (ICIDA) and Applied Research Conference in Africa (ARCA) were invited duringthe first stage of the study. Thirteen (13) experts responded to participate and completed thefirst round, but only nine (9) experts remained throughout the study. The nine experts wereconsidered adequate based on literature recommendations from scholars who have previouslyused the technique. Hallowell and Gambatese (2010) suggested a minimum of eight panellistsince most studies incorporate between eight and sixteen panellists. The size of a panel is alsorepresentation and capacity of the facilitator. The experts were made up of academics andconstruction professionals. The rating of the questionnaires was based on the impact of otherfactors in predicting safe act of workers towards H&S compliance. Microsoft EXCEL,spread-sheet software was used in the analysis of the data obtained. The results werepresented in a form of a bar-chart.zakari.mustapha1967@gmail.comZakari, M.1, Aigbavboa, C. O.2 and Thwala, D.W. (2016) An Exploratory Factor Analysis Of Safe Acts OfWorkers Towards Health And Safety Compliance In: Mojekwu,J.N., Nani G., Atepor, L., Oppong, R.A..,Adetunji,M.O., Ogunsumi, L., Tetteh, U.S., Awere E., Ocran, S.P., and Bamfo-Agyei, E. (Eds)  Procs 5thApplied Research Conference in Africa. (ARCA) Conference, 25-27 August 2016, Cape Coast, Ghana. 193-199Page 195Further, Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software Package was used to evaluate thereliability, discriminant validity and convergent validity of the instrument. The ExploratoryFactor Analysis (EFA) was based on269 cases and discussion on Safe Act of Workers (SAW)With five (5) indicator variables as shown in Table 2. The factor extraction method used todetermine the unidimensionality of the elements during the EFA was Principal AxisKaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was based on the method usedby Farrington et al. (2009) to assess the factor-analysability of data. KMO should range from0 to 1 and a minimum value of 0.60 was suggested as good for factor-analysis (Tabachnick &Fidell, 2007). A value greater than 0.50 as a minimum cut-off value and a desirable cut-offvalue of 0.80 or higher was recommended by Kaiser (1970).Hair et al.(2006) suggested a cutoff value of KMO greater than or equal to 0.70.Instruction for ExpertsIf the impact is considered to be high, then 7 boxdepending on whether your opinion is inclined more towards high or very high impact.Pleaseuse your experience, expertise and judgement to rate what you perceive the average negativeor positive influence of the various features are for Health and Safety compliance and theGhanaian SMEs contractors at large would be if the described elements were lacking orpresent.Table 1. Impact scaleNo impact Low impact Medium impact High impact Very highimpact1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10SAFE ACTS OF WORKERSSWorkers are responsible for their health and safety and any unsafe act of a worker may notnegatively impact or endanger others (Boshoff, 2015).Hence, workersare expected to actaccording to laid down rules and regulations within the industry to any unforeseen.The OHSAct enshrined all employers to provide and maintain a safe and healthy work environmentthat has no risk to employees (Boshoff, 2015). Smallwood et al. (2008) asserted thatcompliance with OSH regulations brings about benefits not limited to avoiding direct andindirect costs. Therefore, it is the duty of the employer to ensure that workers are providedwith everything required in relation to OHS and all benefits to encourage them to performsafe acts within their work environmentzakari.mustapha1967@gmail.comZakari, M.1, Aigbavboa, C. O.2 and Thwala, D.W. (2016) An Exploratory Factor Analysis Of Safe Acts OfWorkers Towards Health And Safety Compliance In: Mojekwu,J.N., Nani G., Atepor, L., Oppong, R.A..,Adetunji,M.O., Ogunsumi, L., Tetteh, U.S., Awere E., Ocran, S.P., and Bamfo-Agyei, E. (Eds)  Procs 5thApplied Research Conference in Africa. (ARCA) Conference, 25-27 August 2016, Cape Coast, Ghana. 193-199Page 196FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONFrom the sixteen measurement variables shown in Figure 1, only three attributes (ensureequipment /tools are in good condition before usage, ensure the use of personal protectiveequipment (PPE) and ensure proper positioning of tasks) were considered by the experts tohave reached consensus with IQD cut-measurement variables have very high impact (VHI: 9.00-10.00) on safe act of workerstowards H&S compliance and indicates strong consensus. Consensus was also reached onnine other measurement variables with IQD cut-indicates good consensus for the nine measurement variables and the impact on H&Scompliance was high (HI: 7.00-8.99). Four measurement variables reached consensus withvariables and impact on H&S was medium (MI:5.00-6.99).Using the median as a means of reaching consensus, fourteen (14) attributes were consideredto have reached consensus, with the exception of two measurement variables (avoidannoyance and horseplay at the workplace and do not service equipment that is in operation)which did not reach consensus as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1: Safe Acts of Workers (SAW)Results from the study revealed that the following sixteen factors or measurement variableswere considered by the experts to have varying impact on the safe acts of workers towardsHealth and Safety compliance.1. Inspect workplace before commencing any activity ( HI)2. Tidy up workplace at the end of any activity (HI)3. Use appropriate tools/equipment (MI)zakari.mustapha1967@gmail.comZakari, M.1, Aigbavboa, C. O.2 and Thwala, D.W. (2016) An Exploratory Factor Analysis Of Safe Acts OfWorkers Towards Health And Safety Compliance In: Mojekwu,J.N., Nani G., Atepor, L., Oppong, R.A..,Adetunji,M.O., Ogunsumi, L., Tetteh, U.S., Awere E., Ocran, S.P., and Bamfo-Agyei, E. (Eds)  Procs 5thApplied Research Conference in Africa. (ARCA) Conference, 25-27 August 2016, Cape Coast, Ghana. 193-199Page 1974. Do not work under the influence of alcohol and other drugs (MI)5. Do not smoke in flammable materials store (MI)6. Ensure  equipment /tools are in good condition before usage (VHI)7. Use correct proper lifting, handling or moving of objects (VHI)8. Ensure proper stacking of objects /materials in safe locations (HI)9. Avoid annoyance and horseplay at the workplace (HI)10. Do not service equipment that is in operation (MI)11. Ensure the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) (VHI)12. Do not remove safety guards from the workplace or equipment (HI)13. Do not throw or accidentally drop objects from high levels14. Ensure proper positioning of tasks (VHI)15. Concentrate on the task at hand (HI)16. Work in good physical conditions (HI)From the impact ratings of the factors, findings revealed that three of the factors ormeasurement variables have a very high impact (VHI: 900-10.00), while nine other factors ormeasurement variables have high impact (HI: 7.00-8.99) and four other factors ormeasurement variables have medium impact.The measures of reliability, convergent and discriminant validity for each of the five items ofSafe Acts of Workers (SAW) realised through EFA (Table 2) are discussed. Table 2 showsthat the corrected item-total correlation was greater than the suggested cut-off value of 0.30.This implies that the items were good measures of the element and the Cronbach alpha wasgreater than0.739 at 0.800indicating acceptable internal reliability (Nanually and Bernstein,1994). The Kaiser-Meyer-p<0.000 were also obtained, indicating consistency with the recommended KMO cut offvalue of 0.70 and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity of p<0.05 suggested by Hair et al., (2006).These results suggested that factor analysis could be conducted with the data. Thecommunality were also above 0.3 and the in Total Variance Explained fourteen (14) factorswere above 1.00. Eleven items (SAW 1 SAW 6 and SAW 11-SAW 15) were droppedduring the EFA. The factor loadings for all items were greater than 0.5593 as reported inTable 2, which were greater than the recommended value of 0.40 as suggested by (Field,2005; Hair et al. 2002).zakari.mustapha1967@gmail.comZakari, M.1, Aigbavboa, C. O.2 and Thwala, D.W. (2016) An Exploratory Factor Analysis Of Safe Acts OfWorkers Towards Health And Safety Compliance In: Mojekwu,J.N., Nani G., Atepor, L., Oppong, R.A..,Adetunji,M.O., Ogunsumi, L., Tetteh, U.S., Awere E., Ocran, S.P., and Bamfo-Agyei, E. (Eds)  Procs 5thApplied Research Conference in Africa. (ARCA) Conference, 25-27 August 2016, Cape Coast, Ghana. 193-199Page 198Table 2: Safe Acts of Workers (SAW)CONCLUSION AND FURTHER RESEARCHThe purpose of the study was to examine safe acts of workers that will contribute to Healthand Safety compliance. Most of the factors or measurement variables have either very highimpact or high impact on safe acts of workers towards Health and Safety compliance. Eventhough, IQD was used to reach consensus for the study with varying impacts, but the medianranging from (7.00-10.00) can also be used to reach consensus. All the five items had factorloading close to 1.00 indicating consistency. The dropped items had their total correlationless than the suggested cut-off value of 0.30 which suggested that the items were poormeasures of the element SAW for CFA to be conducted. Further research will be conductedto evaluate the validity of the factors.REFERENCESAdenuga, O. A., Soyingbe, A. A. and Ajayi, M. A. (2007) A study on selected safetymeasures on construction Companies in Lagos, Nigeria, RICS (Cobra).Boshoff, T. (2015) Health and Safety and the Employment, South African Labour Guide,Available: http://www.labourguide.co.za/ [8 October 2015].in the intergenerationalinal Behav. Ment. 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Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015LAssessment, New York McGraw Series in Psychology, United States of America,Vol. 17, pp. 275-280, Available:http://psychology.concordia.ca/fac/kline/library/k99.pdf [7 February 2016].with the health and safety regulations in the South African construction industryArchitectural Engineering and Design Management, Vol.8, pp. 180-191.Health and Safety in SouthCIDB report.Tabachnick, B. and Fidell, L. (2007) Using Multivariate Statistics, 5th Edition, Allyn andBacon: New York.withhealth and safety regulations in South Africa In: Smith, S.D (Ed) Procs 28thAnnualARCOM Conference, 3-5 September 2012, Edinburgh, UK, Association ofResearche.

An exploratory factor analysis of safe acts of workers towards health and safety compliance

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